Post on 19-May-2015
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx
• Overview: Sagittal view of nose/mouth/throat
• Nasal Cavity and Breathing
• Mouth and Chewing
• Throat and Swallowing
• Larynx and Singing
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sagittal Section Head• Cranial cavity• Brain/Spinal cord• Vertebral bodies• Epaxial muscles• Hard/soft palate• Oral cavity• Esophagus• Trachea• Epiglottis• Naso-• Oro-• Laringo-
pharynx
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing
Function:• Inlet for air to lung• Warm/filter air
(mucous membranes on ethmoid conchae)
• Smell(nerve endings on nasal membranes)
M&M, Fig. 21.1
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Conchae of Ethmod Bone
• Scroll-like bones• Covered in mucous membrane for
– Smell– Filter air– Warm air
M&M, Fig. 7.10
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sinuses• All connected to nasal
cavity• All lined with mucous
membranes• Cold/allergies—fill
with mucous=sinus headache
• Maxillary• Ethmoid• Frontal• Sphenoid
M&M, Fig. 7.11
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing
COMPONENTS• Lips• Cheeks• Palate• Jaws and teeth• Salivary glands
FUNCTION• Bite and chew food• Form words• Taste• Kiss
Vestibule—in front of teethOral cavity proper—behind teeth
Lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (almost no keratin)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
LipsFUNCTION• Close mouth• Keep food in• Make speech sounds• Tactile
STRUCTURE• Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal
muscle (orbicularis oris)• “Red margin” transition from
keratinized skin to oral mucosa– Red because clear color lets
underlying vessels show through– No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus
needs to be wet (or lip balm)
M&M, Fig. 11.6
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
CheeksFUNCTION• Form side of moth
STRUCTURE• Buccinator muscle—
instrumental in swallowing, connects back to pharyngeal constrictors
M&M, Fig. 11.6
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Palate
• Hard palate anterior– Maxilla– Palatine
• Soft palate is posterior extension, soft tissue
• Palatoglossal arch
(palate to tongue) • Palatopharyngeal arch
(palate to pharynx)• Tonsils between arches• Uvula…???
M&M, Fig. 22.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaws
FUNCTION• Hold teeth• Occlude in chewing
STRUCTURE
•Upper jaw—maxillary bone
•Lower jaw--mandible
M&M, Fig. 7.3
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Teeth• Deciduous teeth—”milk”
or “baby” teeth• Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs.• Replaced by permanent
teeth 6-12 yrs.• Wisdom teeth (3rd
molar) erupts 17-25 yrs or remains in jaw
Key to healthy teeth and gums: •Flossing•Visiting dentist regularly (every 6 mos.) and starting at young age (3-4 yrs.)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaw muscles• Masseter, temporalis—
elevate mandible (“close jaw”)
• Medial pterygoid—lateral (side-to-side) chewing
• Lateral pterygoid—translates mandible anteriorly (part of opening)
• Digastric (not shown)—depresses mandible (“opens jaw”)
• Chewing is circular motion
M&M, Fig. 11.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
TongueFUNCTION• Position food between
teeth• Form words in speechSTRUCTURE• Intrinsic muscles
(allow for shape change with fibers in various directions)
• Extrinsic muscles—attach tongue to skeleton– Genioglossus– hyoglossus
M&M, Fig. 22.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Salivary glands• Intrinsic—all over
mucous membranes of tongue, palate, lips, lining of cheek
• Extrinsic—secrete more saliva when eating (or anticipating)– Parotid– Submandibular– sublingual
M&M, Fig. 22.10
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Saliva• Moistens mouth• Dissolves food to be tasted• Wets and binds food• Contains amylase to start starch digestion
(saltine to sugar experiment)• Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavity-
causing acids produced by bacteria• Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes
and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful micro-organisms
• Contains proteins that stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the mouth
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing• Back of mouth to larynx• Food and air mix and cross
•When it goes wrong—choking!!
FoodPHARYNX
Air
Tra
chea
Eso
phag
us
STRUCTURES•Entry—pharyngeal arches•Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid)•Pharyngeal constrictors squeeze food through
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Pharynx and Swallowing
Focus on muscles and arrangement of mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea
Pharynx/Swallowing in detail!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Larynx and Singing
FUNCTION• Channel air out of trachea• Vibrate to produce sound for
speech/songSTRUCTURES• External skeleton or frame (cartilage)• Internal vocal cords and associated
muscles
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Skeleton of larynx
• Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY)
M&M, Fig. 21.5