Hazardous Materials Awareness

Welcome to

• Without reference, determine the general principles of a First Responder at the Awareness Level with at least 80% accuracy.

ATTAINMENT STANDARD

INTRODUCTION

• First Responders at the Awareness Level shall be trained to meet all competencies of NFPA 472 Chapter 2 (1997 Edition).

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• Shall receive additional training to meet applicable requirements of the:– U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)– Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)– Occupational Safety & Health Administration

(OSHA)

INTRODUCTION

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DEFINITION

• Persons who, in the normal course of their duties, could be the first on scene of an emergency involving hazardous materials.

• Expected to recognize the presence of hazardous materials, protect themselves, call for trained personnel, and secure the area.

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GOAL

• The goal of the first responder working toward the awareness level shall be to obtain competency in the knowledge and skills necessary to perform the following tasks safely:

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GOALANALYZE THE INCIDENT

• Determine the hazardous materials present and basic response information by completing the following tasks:

1 Detect the presence of HazMat’s2 Survey from a safe distance3 Collect information from the North

American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG)

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GOALIMPLEMENT ACTIONS

• Consistent with the Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP), the organization’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), and the current edition of the NAERG bycompleting the following tasks:

1 Initiate protective actions.2 Initiate the notification process.

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ANALYZING THE INCIDENT

• Given various facility and/or transportation situations or both, with and without hazardous materials present, identify principles of analyzing a hazardous materials response at the awareness level with at least 80% accuracy.

DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS & DANGEROUS GOODS

• Identify the definitions of hazardous materials (Dangerous Goods in Canada).

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• Definition: The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), a hazardous material is one that falls within 11 hazard classes some of those which have subcategories known as divisions.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (DOT)

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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (DOT)

• Additionally, DOT states that “Hazardous materials pose an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of operating or emergency personnel, the public, and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal, or transportation.”

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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (EPA)

• Definition: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) term for chemicals that, if released into the environment above a certain amount, must be reported, and, depending on the threat to the environment, federal involvement in handling the incident can be authorized.

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EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (EPA)

• Definition: EPA term for chemicals that must be reported to the appropriate authorities if released above the threshold reporting quantity.

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TOXIC CHEMICALS (EPA)

• Definition: EPA term for chemicals whose total emissions or release must be reported annually by owners and operators of certain facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use a listed toxic chemical.

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HAZARDOUS WASTES (EPA)

• Definition: EPA term for chemicals that are regulated under the Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act.

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HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS (OSHA)

• Definition: Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) term that denotes any chemical that would be a risk to employees if exposed in the work place.

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HIGHLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

• Definition: OSHA term that denotes any chemical that would posses toxic, reactive, flammable or explosive properties.

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DANGEROUS GOODS (Canada)

• Definition: All hazardous materials are called dangerous goods in Canadian Transportation.

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DOT HAZARD CLASSES & DIVISIONS

• Identify DOT Hazard classes and divisions of hazardous materials and identify common examples of materials in each hazard class or division.

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Primary Hazardsof DOT Classes & Divisions

• Identify the primary hazards associated with each of the DOT hazard classes and divisions of hazardous materials by hazard class or division.

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Placards & Labels

• Identify U.S. and Canadian placards and labels that indicate hazardous materials.

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• The DOT has classified hazardous materials according to their primary danger and assigned standardized symbols to identify the classes.

Classes & Divisions

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• Materials are grouped by their major hazardous characteristic and manymaterials will have other hazards as well.

Example: A material may be poisonous, corrosive, and flammable but will only be grouped with whichever is considered the worst.

CLASSES & DIVISIONS

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Class 1 (Explosives)

• Major Hazard: Explosion

• Any substance or article, including a device, that is designed to function by explosion (i.e...... an extremely rapid release of gas and heat) or that, by chemical reaction with itself, is able to function by explosion.

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Divisions

• DOT has divided Class 1 hazards fall into 6 divisions.

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Class 1.1

• Mass explosion that affects almost the entire load

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Class 1.2

• Projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard

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Class 1.3

• Fire hazard and either a minor blast or minor projection hazard

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Class 1.4

• Presents a minor explosion hazard

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Class 1.5

• Very insensitive explosives with mass explosion hazard

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Class 1.6

• Extremely insensitive explosives

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Class 2 - Compressed Gases

• Major Hazard: BLEVE• Sub Hazards

– Flammable – Oxidizer– Poisonous– Nonflammable

• Divided into 3 divisions

NFPA Objective 2-2.1.2

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Class 2.1 Flammable Gases

• A material that is a gas at 68º F or less at 14.7 psi or has a boiling point of 68º degrees or less at 14.7 psi.

– Ignitable at 14.7 psi in a mixture of 13% or less by volume with air

– Has a flammable range of at least 12% regardless of the lower limit.

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Class 2.2 Nonflammable, Nonpoisonous Gases

• Any material or mixture that exerts an absolute pressure of 41 psia at 68º F.

• Compressed gases, including liquefied gas, pressurized cryogenic gas, and compressed gas in solution.

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Class 2.3 Poisonous Gas

• Vaporize easily and very dangerous to life, even in small amounts.

• Known to be so toxic to humans as to pose a hazard to health during transportation.

• Presumed to be toxic because of laboratory testing.

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Hazard Zones Associatedwith Division 2.3

• Utilizes LC-50 (Lethal Concentration 50%)

• Concentration of a material, expressed as parts per million which kills half of the lab animals in a given length of time.

• Significant in determining the toxicity of a material; the lower the value, the more toxic the substance.

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2.4 Corrosive Gas (Canada)

• Gases which have a corrosive hazard(Canadian transportation only)

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Class 3 Flammable Liquids

• Major Hazard: Burns readily

• Flammable and Combustible liquids

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Flammable Liquids

• Any liquid having a flash point (FP) of not more than 141 degrees F.

– Three divisions• 3.1 - FP < 0 degrees F• 3.2 - FP 0 to < 73 degrees F• 3.3 - FP 73 to < 141 degrees F

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Combustible Liquid

• Any liquid that does not meet the definition of any other hazard class and has a flash point above 141 degrees F and below 200 degrees F.– NOTE: A flammable liquid with a flash point at

or above 100 degrees that does not meet the definition of any other hazard class except 9, may be reclassified as combustible.

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Class 4 (Flammable Solids)

• Major Hazard: Rapid combustion with a liberation of mass quantities of smoke (toxic).

– Divided into 3 divisions• 4.1 Flamable Solids• 4.2 Spontaneously Combustible• 4.3 Dangerous When Wet

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4.1 Flammable Solids

• Three types

– Wetted explosives

– Self-reactive materials

– Readily combustible solids

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Wetted Explosives

• Explosives wetted with sufficient water, alcohol, or a plasticizer to suppress explosive properties.

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Self-Reactive Materials

• Materials that are liable to undergo, at normal or elevated temperatures, a strongly exothermic decomposition.

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Readily Combustible Solids

• Solids that may cause a fire through friction and metal powders that can be ignited.

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4.2 Spontaneously Combustible Materials

Pyrophoric Materials

• A liquid or solid that, even in small quantities and without an external ignition source, can ignite within 5 minutes after coming in contact with air.

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4.2 Spontaneously Combustible Materials

Self-heating material

• A material that, when in contact with air and without an energy supply, is liable to self-heat.

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4.3 Dangerous When Wet Materials

• Material that, by contact with water is liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable or toxic gas at a rate of greater than 1 l/kg of the material, per hour.

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Class 5 (Oxidizers)

• 2 Divisions

• Major Hazard 5.1:Supports combustion and intensifies fire.

• Major Hazard 5.2:Unstable/reactive explosives

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• Materials that may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or enhance the combustion of other materials.

5.1 Oxidizers

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5.2 Organic Peroxides

• Any organic compound containing oxygen in the bivalent O-O structure that may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.

• Organic peroxides have been further broken down into types a-g(worst to least hazardous).

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Class 6 Poisons

• 2 DivisionsNOTE: Poisonous gases are Class 2 Division 3– 6.1 Poisonous Material

• Major Hazard: Toxicity

– 6.2 Infectious Substances• Major Hazard: Infectious

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6.1 Poisonous Materials

• A material, other than a gas, that is either known to be so toxic to humans as to afford a hazard to health during transportation, or in the absence of adequate data on human toxicity, is presumed to be toxic to humans, including irritating materials that cause irritation.

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6.2 Infectious Substances

• A viable microorganism, or its toxin, that causes disease in humans or animals.

• Infectious substance and etiologic agents are the same.

• No Placards (labels only)

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Class 7 Radioactive

• Major Hazard: Radioactive poisonous burns

• Definition: Materials having a specific activity greater than 0.002 microcurie per gram.

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Class 8 Corrosives

• Major Hazard: burns/emulsification skin damage.

• Definition - A liquid or solid that causes visible or irreversible alterations in human skin tissue at the site of contact, or a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum.

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Class 9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

• A material that presents a hazard during transport, but that is not included in another hazard class

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Class 9

• Division 9.1 - Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods (Canada)

• Division 9.2 - Environmentally Hazardous Substances (Canada)

• Division 9.3 - Dangerous Wastes (Canada)

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Other Regulated Materials (ORM-D)

• A material that presents a limited hazard during transportation due to its

• Form• Quantity• Packaging

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Forbidden Materials

• Materials prohibited from being offered or accepted for transportation. Does not apply if the materials are diluted, stabilized, or incorporated in devices. There is no placard for these items since they aren't transported.

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Marine Pollutant

• Is a material that has an adverse effect on aquatic life.

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Elevated Temperature Material

• Is a material that, when offered for transportation in a bulk packaging, meets one of the following conditions:– Liquid at or above 100ºC (212ºF)– Liquid with a flash point at or above 37.8ºC (100ºF)

that is intentionally heated and is transported at or above its flash point.

– Solid at a temperature at or above 240ºC (464ºF)

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HazMat Vs. Other Emergencies

• Identify differences between hazardous materials incidents and other emergencies.

– Potential for large scale harm– Specialized training required

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Locations of Hazardous Materials

• Identify typical occupancies and locations in the community where hazardous materials are manufactured, transported, stored, used, or disposed of.

– Warehouses Laboratories– Tank Farms Truck Terminals– Weapons Depots Flight Line– Hospitals Maintenance Facilities

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Locations of Hazardous Materials

• Personnel developing the pre-incident plans should seek assistance from the facility manager in identifying hazardous materials locations and recording them on the plan in a way that will be useful to the first-arriving companies.

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• Hazardous materials that are manufactured, stored, processed, or used at a particular site are NOT subject to regulations affecting transported materials.

Locations of Hazardous Materials

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NFPA Objective 2-2.1.5

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage Area

Front of Pool Supply Store

Container Shapes

• Identify typical container shapes that may indicate hazardous materials.

– Radioactive

Protective overpacks

Casks

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Container Shapes

• Pressurized products

– Cylinders

• Rounded ends

• Cryogenic cylinders (insulated)

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Container Shapes

• Pressurized products (continued)

– MC-331 pressure cargo tank trailer– Pressure tank car– Tube modules– Tube trailers– High pressure tube cars

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MC 331

Pressure Rail Car

Container Shapes

• Cryogenics (a tank-within-a-tank)

– MC-338

– Cryogenic tank car

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MC 338

Cryogenic Rail Car

Container Shapes

• Corrosives

– Carboys

– MC-312

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MC 312

Container Shapes

• Flammable Liquids

- Drums- Jerricans- MC-306- Non-pressure tank car

• Dry Bulk

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MC 306

Non Pressure Rail Car

Hopper

Facility & Transportation Markings

• Identify facility and transportation markings and colors that indicate hazardous materials.

– Placards - Pipeline markings– NFPA 704 - Container markings– Military markings– Special hazard communication markings

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Markings & Colors

• Transportation markings and colors that indicate hazardous materials.– Placards

• United Nations Class Number • Four digit identification number• Symbols and colors• Name of material

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UN/NA ID Numbers

NFPA Objective 2-2.1.7

POISONGAS

2

1026

• UN Class numbers (bottom of placard)

• Hazard class or ID numberon placard or orange panel

• Symbols and colors

• Name of material

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Markings & Colors

NFPA 704• Suggested method for identifying hazardous

materials

• Scale of 0-4 (4 being the worst hazard)

• Used only for facilities when mandated by local ordinances

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Markings & Colors

– Military hazardous materials markings

• Class 1, Division 1 • Class 1, Division 2• Class 1, Division 3• Class 1, Division 4

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Class 1, Division 1

• Materials that present a mass denotation hazard

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Class 1, Division 2

• Presents an explosion with fragmentation hazard

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Class 1, Division 3

• Materials with amass fire hazard

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Class 1, Division 4

• Materials that present a moderate fire hazard

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Special Warnings

• Chemical hazards

Highly Toxic

Harassing Agents

White Phosphorus Munitions

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Special Warnings

Apply No Water Wear Protective Breathing Apparatus

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NFPA Objective 2-2.1.7

Markings & Colors

• Special hazard communication markings

• Pipeline markers– Metal sign placed adjacent to a hazardous

materials pipeline right of way.– Contains information about

• product and signal word• ownership of the line• emergency telephone number

Petroleum

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Markings & Colors

• Container Markings

– Markings on a container will provide some indication as to the type of product it holds

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NFPA 704 Marking System

• Given an NFPA 704 marking, describe the significance of the colors, numbers, and special symbols.

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NFPA 704 Marking

• Suggested method for identifying hazardous materials

• Scale of 0-4 (4 being the worst hazard)

• Used only for facilities when mandated by local ordinances

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NFPA 704 Colors & Their Meanings

1. Blue = Health2. Red = Flammability3. Yellow = Reactivity4. White = Special

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W

SPECIAL INFORMATION

Avoid Use of Water

Oxidizer (OX) (OXY)

Used by some to indicate Alkaline materials

Used by some to indicate Acidic materials

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Identify where to find Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

– Why they are necessary

– OSHA has required all establishments to keep on file an MSDS for each chemical stored or used on site

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Identify basic information on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that indicates hazardous materials.

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MSDS Sample Information

Shipping Papers

NFPA Objective 2-2.1.10

Shipping Papers

• Identify entries on shipping papers that indicate the presence of hazardous materials.

- Proper shipping name- Hazard class and division- Product identification number- STCC number- CAS number (chemical’s social security number)

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NFPA Objective 2-2.1.9.3

Shipping Papers

• Match the name of the shipping papers found in transportation (air, highway, rail, and water) with the mode of transportation.

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Shipping Papers

• Identify the person responsible for having the shipping papers in each mode of transportation.

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Shipping Papers

• Identify where the shipping papers are found in each mode of transportation.

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Shipping Papers

• Identify where the papers can be found in an emergency in each mode of transportation.

– Normal location• Highway• Rail• Water• Air

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Location of Shipping Papers& Responsible Person

Highway - cab of vehicle - Driver Rail - Engine or caboose - with

conductor or engineer Water - Wheelhouse or pipe-like

container on a barge - Captain or master Air - Cockpit/flight-deck or attached to

package - pilotNFPA Objective 2-2.1.9.5

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Clues Used to IdentifyHazardous Materials

• Identify examples of clues (other than occupancy/location, container shape, markings/colors, placards/labels, MSDS, and shipping papers) that use the senses of sight, sound, and odor to indicate hazardous materials.

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Limitations of Using Your Senses!

• Describe limitations of using the senses in determining the presence or absence of hazardous materials.

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Targets of Criminal/Terrorist ActivityUsing Hazardous Materials

• Identify types of locations that could become targets for criminal or terrorist activity using hazardous materials.

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Criminal/Terrorist Activity Indicators

• Identify at least 4 indicators of possible criminal or terrorist activity involving hazardous materials.

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Difficulties Determining Namesof Hazardous Materials

• Identify difficulties encountered in determining the specific names of hazardous materials in both facilities and transportation.

– Facilities

– Transportation

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Sources for Obtaining Namesof Hazardous Materials

• Identify sources for obtaining the names of, UN\NA identification numbers for, or types of placard associated with hazardous materials in transportation.

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Obtaining Names of Productsin Facilities

• Identify sources for obtaining names of hazardous materials in a facility.

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Protecting Yourself & Others

• Identify the basic precautions to be taken to protect themselves and others in a hazardous materials incident.

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Victim Medical Care

• Identify the precautions necessary when providing emergency medical care to victims of hazardous material incidents.

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Ignition Sourcesat HazMat Incidents

• Identify the typical ignition sources found at the scenes of hazardous materials incidents.

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Harmful Effectsof Hazardous Materials

• Identify ways hazardous materials are harmful to people, the environment, and property at hazardous materials incidents.

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Routes of Entry

• Identify general routes of entry for human exposure to hazardous materials.

– Contact– Absorption– Inhalation– Ingestion

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Collecting Information& Initiating Response Actions

• Given the name, UN/NA identification number or type placard, a current copy of the North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) a local emergency response plan and standard operating procedures, and a facility or transportation scenario including hazardous materials, collect hazard information, initiate protective actions, and initiate the notification process within 60 minutes.

Determine the AppropriateGuidebook Pages

• Four digit ID# (yellow pages)

• Spelling of the product (blue pages)

• Placards (table of placards)

• Dealing with an unknown

Information Available

NAERG General Hazards

• Identify the two general types of hazards found on each guide page.

– Fire and Explosion Hazard

– Health Hazard

– “P” presents a polymerization hazard

NAERG Response Information

• Given the identity of various hazardous materials (name, UN/NA identification number, or type placard), identify the following response information:

– Emergency actions from guide pages– Protective Clothing– Initial isolation & protective action distances

NAERG Personnel Protective Clothing

• Given the name of a hazardous material, identify the recommended personal protective clothing from the following list:

– Street clothing and work uniforms– Structural fire fighter’s protective clothing– Positive pressure SCBA– Chemical protective clothing and equipment.

Protective Actions

• Identify the definitions for each of the following protective actions:

– Isolate hazard area and deny entry– Evacuate– Sheltering in-place protection

NAERG Protective Zone Shapes

• Identify the shapes of recommended initial isolation and protective action zones.

– Initial isolation zone is circular.

– The protective action zone is a square shape.

INITIALISOLATIONDISTANCE

1/21/2DOWNWINDDOWNWINDDISTANCEDISTANCE

1/21/2DOWNWINDDOWNWINDDISTANCEDISTANCE

PROTECTIVEACTION ZONE

INITIALISOLATION

ZONE

Initial Isolation Zone and Protective Action Zone

Downwind Downwind DistanceDistance

Small Versus Large Spills

• Describe the difference between small and large spills as found in the table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

– Small spill

– Large spill

Small Spill Large Spill

NFPA Objective 2-4.1.4.4

Initial & Protective Action Distances

• Identify the circumstances under which the following distances are used at a hazardous materials incident:

– Table of initial isolation and protective action distances

– Isolation distance in the numbered guides

Green Versus OrangeBordered Pages

• Describe the difference between the isolation distances in the orange-bordered guide pages and the protective action distances in the green-boarded pages.

– Green-bordered

– Orange-boarded

Where is Your LERP & SOP’s?

• Location of both the Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP) and the organization’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

Role of the Awareness LevelEmergency Responder

• Guidelines are found in:

– The local emergency response plan.– The organization’s standard operating

procedures.– North American Emergency Response

Guidebook

Techniques Usedto Isolate & Deny Entry

• Identify the techniques used to isolate the hazard area and deny entry to unauthorized persons at hazardous materials incidents.

Criminal/Terrorist Specific Actions

• Identify the specific actions necessary when an incident is suspected to involve criminal or terrorist activity.

Initial Notification Procedures

• Given either a facility or transportation scenario involving hazardous materials, regardless of the presence of criminal or terrorist activities, the first responder at the awareness level shall identify the appropriate initial notifications to be made and how to make them, consistent with the local emergency response plan or the organization's standard operating procedures.

Initial Notification Procedures

• To make the appropriate notifications the awareness level responder must:

– Be familiar with the notification process

– Rapidly set the proper notification process in motion

Final Exam

• Administer the Awareness computer-based final exam on CerTest and the required performance test evaluations.