Sharon Witt

October 2009

To develop independence and responsibility for your own learning;

To be able to identify students’ own approach to essay writing;

To understand academic conventions.

It is acknowledging the sources you have used to inform your thinking in an assignment, whether they be journals, books electronic sources etc

Referencing allows any reader the opportunity to go to a source and read the original material themselves

You must cite the original source and provide a full reference whenever you:

Quote- use some- one’s exact words Copy – use figures or tables etc Paraphrase – convert some- one else’s ideas into

your own words Summarise – use a brief account of someone’s

work, opinions, theories or data

Avoid plagiarism – falsely claiming some- one else’s words or ideas as yours

Show the breadth of your research Make it possible for the reader to locate

sources independently Strengthen your argument by providing

evidence for your opinions

Wilful attempt to cheat the publisher or examiner

Copying without acknowledging the source

Includes published and unpublished work: another student’s

work material from the

internet

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7452877.stm (June 2008)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7370922.stm (April 2008)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7194850.stm (January 2008)

bibliography not included or very limited,

lack of referencing in the text,

inaccurate referencing – multiple errors

an incomplete assignment

quoting from a text that is itself quoting from a further text,

lack of clarity in identifying sources poor use of English – multiple errors in spelling, grammar

and punctuation

Collect quotations and notes in a notebook or on paper designated to a particular assignment – or add to Word document on the computer!

Take the full reference details – author, publication year, title, place of publication, publisher and page no.

If you are photocopying an article, chapter or section, photocopy the title page also and staple it to the front of the text.

Avoid using the internet as your major source

Coherent discussion is not achieved by cobbling together material that is largely the result of cutting and pasting

Tutors spend much of their working lives reading.

They are sensitive to changes in writing styles and can discern dodgy text.

Structured and well organised

The bibliography enables the reader to trace materials and read further.

It proves that you have read around the subject and are aware of the key ideas.

The bibliography includes a range of sources.

Referencing is in evidence throughout the text.

Both referencing and bibliography are accurate

Designate a notebook for the particular assignment

Make full notes of sources as you read,

author’s name and initials (Who?)

year of publication (When?)

Title of book/article/website etc. (What?)

Place of publication (Where?)

Entries listed alphabetically in order of authors’ names

List multiple documents by the same author chronologically

List multiple documents by the same author within the same year using letters, e.g. MacGilchrist (2006a), MacGilchrist (2006b)

Do not partition the bibliography Open this as a file at the start of the

assignment preparation

Nothing should be in the bibliography that is not in the assignment text.

All references in the assignment text are listed in the bibliography

The following slides show examples of bibliographical entries.

Formats vary according to sources.

Author’s surname followed by initial (s)Year of publication in bracketsTitle italicised Place of publicationPublisher’s name NB. Punctuation to be exact in all formats

Spanos, W. (1993) End of Education Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.

Authors’ surname and initials presented as they appear on the title page of the publication .

N.B use commas to separate the authors and an ampersand before the last author)

Year of publication in bracketsTitle italicised Place of publicationPublisher’s name

Gerwitz, S., Ball, S. & Bowe, R. ( 1995) Markets, Choice and Equity in Education London: Oxford University Press.

Chapter author’s surname and initials Year of publication in brackets‘Title of chapter ’ (not italicised) followed by in:Initials and last name of editor (ed)Title of book in italicsPlace of publicationPublisher

Gillborn, D. ( 1999) ‘Race, nation and Education: New Labour and the New Racism’ in: J. Demaine,(ed) Education Policy and Contemporary Politics Basingstoke: Macmillan

Author’s surname and initialsYear of publication in brackets‘Title of article’ ( not italicised)Title of journal italicisedVolume number (Edition Number )Page range

Aitkin, D.( 1990) ‘How research came to dominate higher education’ Oxford Review of Education 17 (3) pp.235-248

Full url and access date in brackets

www.summerhillschool.co.uk (7.11.08)

Author’s surname and initialsYear of publication in bracketsTitle of article (italicised)Full url (date accessed)

Byron, T.(2008) Safer Children in a Digital World: the report by the Byron Review, http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/byronreview/ (7.11.08)

Refer to Faculty of Education Guidance on Written assignments

Set up a word document page with the title Bibliography and have a go at referencing some of the books and articles here.

Reusable learning tools may help :

http://www.rlo-cetl.ac.uk/joomla/index.php

Whenever you use some- one else’s information in your assignment you must immediately acknowledge the source of the information by giving : 1. The author’s surname (do not include

initials or Christian names – they use your word count!);

2. The year of publication;3. The page numbers (only necessary if

you make a direct quote or paraphrase an idea form a particular page).

The more sophisticated your incorporation of quotations into your prose the more fluent and authoritative your writing will be .

Some examples of phrase structures for introducing quotations are:

_________ comments that ‘ …….’ As _______ states ‘…….’______ illustrates this by stating ‘……..’

Place the citation at the point where you have included the information

The location of the citation should make it easy for the reader to link the citation with the information you present .

Smith ( 1999,p.79) states that Australians in general enjoy good health , although studies on rural populations ( Wesson 2003) indicate that there are significant pockets of disease in country towns

Direct: Short quotations or phrases are

placed in inverted commas within the body of your text:

According to Garbarino et al. (1992), “Satisfactorily interpreting and responding to questions in interviews is a complex process” (p.180).

Longer quotations (40 or more words) should be separated from the text by being indented from the margin, and single spaced. These DO NOT have inverted commas:

Satisfactorily interpreting and responding to questions in interviews is a complex process. The respondent must interpret the language of the question. She must monitor the interviewer’s gestures, tone of voice, inflection, expression, and rate of speech to see whether they alter the sense of the question. She must understand what type of question is being asked and what type of response that question elicits (Garbarino et al., 1992, p.180).

Only include long quotations if the whole text is crucial to your subsequent discussion

Multiple authors are referred to within the text fully for the first time and then:

Singleton et al. (1998)

They are listed fully in the bibliography:Singleton, J.L., Supalla, S., Litchfield, S. & Schley, S. (1998) ‘From sign to word: Considering Modality Constraints’ in: Topics in Language Disorders 18 pp. 16-29

Guidance on Harvard Referencing and bibliography is published in the course handbook.

Keep a copy of referencing by you when you write Start to notice how other people reference when you read Use the first assignment as a formative

assessment and make a note of tutor comments re referencing

Resilience !

1. Goodman, S, Lillis, T. Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (2003) Language, Literacy and Education: A Reader, Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books in assoc. with the Open University.

2. Reusable learning tools Website - http://www.rlo-cetl.ac.uk/joomla/index.php;

3. Southampton University - http://www.soton.ac.uk/library/subjects/references/index.html

4. Yates, M. (2008) Faculty of Education BA Honours in Primary Education Handbook for Students 2007-8, University of Winchester,

5. Year 1 Study Skills notes.