Post on 26-Dec-2015
World WarII
THE SHADOW OF WAR
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1921-1941
GUIDING QUESTION
How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920
and 1941?
(To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy
in the 1920s and 1930s?)
DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: ENGAGEMENT WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTS
Peace with Germany, 1921 League of Nations - “unofficial observers”
Washington Conference (1922)
Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922
Nine-Power Treaty – “Open Door” in China
Significance: battleships and aircraft carriers only; no enforcement mechanism
Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (1928) Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement mechanism
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
Dawes Plan (1924)
DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930S: FROM ENGAGEMENT TO
ISOLATIONISM
Hoover – troops out of Haiti (1932), Nicaragua (1933)
“Good Neighbor Policy”
1933 – US renounced intervention (Roosevelt Corollary)
1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti
1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment
1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead armed intervention
U.S. recognized the Soviet Union (1933)
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937German aggression
1935 – compulsory military service; air force
and armored divisions
Rhineland, 1936
Austria, 1938Munich Conference
(Sept 1938)
appeasementMarch 1939 – Germany took remainder of
Czechoslovakia
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (August
1939) Invasion of Poland (Sept 1,
1939)
blitzkrieg Denmark
Norway
France
Dunkirk
Battle of Britain (Aug. 1940 - June 1941)
Invasion of Soviet Union
(June 1941)
Soviet AggressionEastern Poland (Sept 1939)
Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania (1940)
“moral embargo” against USSR
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
FDR’s “Quarantine” speech (1937, after Japanese invasion of China)
“Preparedness”
Change in US Policy Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted no part
in war
FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began chipping away at neutrality legislation any way he could to assist
GB
cash-and-carry policy (1939)Selective Service Act (Sept 1940)
Destroyers for Bases Deal (Sept 1940)
Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940
GALLUP POLLS: EUROPEAN WAR AND WORLD WAR 1938–1940
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
“Arsenal of Democracy” Lend-Lease Act (March
1941) “shoot on sight” (July 1941) Atlantic Charter (Aug 1941)
America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)
Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)
JAPANESE AGGRESSION 1931-1941
JAPANESE AGGRESSION THROUGH 1941
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
DISPUTES WITH JAPAN
economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil)Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)
2400 killed (over 1100 on Arizona), 1200 wounded;
21 warships sunk or severely damaged; over 300 planes destroyed or severely damaged
The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor(U.S. Army)
FDR before Congress asking for a Declaration of War against Japan, Dec. 8, 1941
JAPANESE EXPANSION AND EARLY BATTLES IN THE
PACIFIC
GUIDING QUESTION
To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society,
economy and government?
WAR ON THE
HOME FRONT
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
1.Industrial Production
War Production Board converted industries,
allocated materials, and organized drives to recycle
any usable products.
By 1944, war production double that of all Axis
powers
Factories changed their production decided by the
WPB.
Example: automobile factories started making tanks and planes within
weeks.
EFFECTS OF WAR
SPENDING
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY2.
Office of Price Administration
rationing
3.
Controlling Labor
”no-strike” pledges
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act)
(1943) union membership: major
increase
Ration Card
Labor Union Membership, 1920-1960
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
4.Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War
I(tripled compared to the
depression)5. Financing the War: $321
billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone
Liberty Bonds
War Bond
Military Expenditures and the National Debt, 1929-1945
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY6.
Propaganda Office of War Information
Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI
anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
EFFECTS ON SOCIETY
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE
ECONOMYEnd of the Depression
High employmentFarm crisis endedpersonal income
increasedrationingsavings
Union membershipCorporate
consolidation
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY
Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES.
Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)
concentrated in government clerical jobs
"Rosie the Riveter"Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime,
child care
Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKrHfTGWxQ4
Government WWII video
IMPACT ON SOCIETY: MINORITIES & RIGHTS
Second Great Migration Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)
Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units
Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) -
pressure on companies with gov’t contractsFDR’s response:
Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants
Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination
Results: Significant
decrease in number willing to accept status of second class citizens.
Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened civil rights efforts
Segregated Units
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTSJapanese
AmericansInternment
Executive Order 8066
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
In re Endo (1944)
Japanese American Internment Camps
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY
Internment Camp Video
JAPANESE-AMERICA
N INTERNMEN
T
Japanese-American store
Members of the Mochida family awaiting
evacuation bus
Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco
Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival
at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2,
1942
JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNME
NT
Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA,
April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records Administration)
War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942
The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER
New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).
Vast expansion of power for federal governmentElection of 1944
FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term
Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives
Harry S Truman
Presidential Election of 1944
Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–1995
WAR IN EUROPE
DEFEATING GERMANY
Operation Torch (1942-May 1943)
Gen. George C. MarshallSecond front in France?Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan
1943)
Air War incendiary raids
on Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden
Invasion of Italy
Mussolini
D-DAY
INVASION OF NORMANDY
Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Day
D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944 After the Normandy Invasion
DEFEATING GERMANY
Allied invasion of France Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)
Fall of Germany
Berlin (June 2, 1945)
Hitler suicide (April 30)
Surrender May 8, 1945 (V-E Day)
WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
GUIDING QUESTION
Why did the United States decide to use atomic bombs against
Japan?
(strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the
Soviet Union in the postwar era?)
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Philippines
Bataan Death March
Battle of Coral Sea (May 7-8,
1942) Midway
(June 4-7, 1942)
Island-hopping
Gen Douglass MacArthur
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal
ISLAND-HOPPING IN THE PACIFIC
American Troops Before Amphibious Landing
US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943
Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island
Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944)
kamikazes
Iwo Jima (Feb-March 1945)
Okinawa (April – June 1945)
Flag Raising on Iwo Jima
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE
FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)
Harry S Truman (President 1945-53)
Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman
addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEManhattan Project
(begun 1942)
Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945
Unconditional surrender or face “utter destruction”
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day)
Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”
Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAY
HIROSHIMA AFTER THE
BOMB BLAST, AUGUST 6,
1945
HIROSHIMA AFTER THE BOMB BLAST, AUGUST 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA AFTER THE ATOMIC BOMB, AUGUST 6, 1945
NAGASAKI ATOMIC
BOMBING
AUGUST 9, 1945
Arguments for use
Japanese refused to surrender. It was
estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was
needed to bring the war to an end.
US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an additional 18
months to 2 years.
US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to
huge Japanese losses if there was an invasion of
Japan.
Japanese leadership was informed of the
destructive power and nature of the bomb and
offered a period to surrender but declined.
Arguments opposed
Bombs were untested and their destruction unknown
Neither city was a major military target and the attacks
would mainly kill Japanese civilians.
Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination
would have negative effects on the population.
Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass
destruction in war
JAPANESE SURRENDER ON THE USS MISSOURI SEPT 2, 1945
RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
300,000 dead, over 800K wounded$320 billion cost
National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 billion by 1945
End of DepressionJoined United Nations
Only major power without significant physical damage
7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service
in WWII
WWII Memorial, Washington, DC
Dedicated on April 29, 2004
SOURCESBrinkley, American History: A Survey 10eAmerica: Pathways to the Present (2003)
National Archives and Records AdministrationThomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank -
http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html
Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm
American Journey OnlineDivine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.
Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html
Faragher, Out of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
Jones, Created EqualKennedy, American Pageant 13e
Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NYHenretta, America’s History 5e,
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralRoark, American Promise 3e,
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralhttp://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)