GPC 126GPC 126

Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology

Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCCDean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC

METU-NCCMETU-NCC

Spring 2017Spring 2017

PsychopharmacologPsychopharmacologyy

Lecture 5Lecture 5

Lecture 5This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in the text

Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby

Neil R. Carlson

All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.

Special OpportunitySpecial OpportunityThe research team of

R. Perim Atalay & Ibrahim Sonmez

Wish to announce a vacancy on their research team. Candidates must possess the following qualifications:1.Be currently enrolled in GPC 126 or PSYC 3742.Be eager to work and contribute toward preparing an amazing class presentation.

See either of the team members to arrange for an interview.

Lecture 5This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in the text

Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby

Neil R. Carlson

All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.

Plan for the day

3. Review the basic categories of psychoactive drugs.

1. Research Team Topics

4. Discuss specific classes of psychoactive drugs and their actions & effects.

2. Review of basic definitions of pharmacological terms and phrases

5. Caffeine Consumption Record Form

But First….some housekeeping

Research Teams

Night Watchers: Effects of smoking on the fetus

Research Teams

MermaidsPsychology of Love and Attraction

Research Teams

Sharks Parkinson’s Disease

Research Teams

Beetles Bulimia Nervosa

Research Teams

Wildwings Cerebral Palsy

Research Teams

Amigos Alzheimer’s Disease

Research Teams

Queen Bees Psychology of Happiness

Research Teams

Cockroaches Dyslexia

Research Teams

Wild Westerners Hemispherical Dominance

Research Teams

Sleep Lovers Narcolepsy

Research Teams

Rolling PandasSleep & Dreaming

Research Teams

Huskies Medical Marijuana

Research Teams

Dragons LSD

Research Teams

Dark Horse Obsessive compulsive disorder ??

Can this be discussed in terms of neuroscience or neurobiology???

Research Teams

Doubtless RaccoonsVelociraptors Sky HawksDesert Eagles Dark PassengersElephants Dark HorseRough Bees HeadshrinkersLady Leopards Galactic UnicornsFlying Sea Horses

PsychopharmacologyPsychopharmacology

Definitions

PsychopharmacologyPsychopharmacologyThe scientific study of the actions of substances and how they affect all three domains of human behavior (cognitive, affective, and psycho-motor).

Psycho-pharmacologyBoth naturally occurring as well as manufactured substances are studied because of their psychoactive characteristics.

The basic questions are :What do these substances do?How do they work?

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

A psychoactive drug, psycho-pharmaceutical, or psychotropic refers to any chemical substance that can migrate across the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system causing changes to brain function. These changes in brain functioning can result in further changes to:

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

These changes in brain functioning can result in further changes to:

Overt BehaviorOvert Behavior

ADD/ADHDAttention deficit disorderAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

PerceptionPerceptionLysergic acid diethylamide LSD

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

MoodMood

ElavilWellbutrin

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

ConsciousnessConsciousness

Sedatives/hypnotics

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?

CognitionCognitionStimulants and others….

Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm

Psychopharmacology

Drug Action: Drug Action: The specific interaction or mechanism by which substances interact with neural receptors (how does it do it)

Drug Effect: Drug Effect: The specific and often widespread changes in physiological or psychological functioning. (what does it do?)

Psychopharmacology

History of Drug Use

Psychopharmacology

History of Drug Use

Archeological evidence at least 10,000 BCE

Historical evidence from at least 5,000 BCE

Betel Nut

Coca Leaves

Cannabis

Psychopharmacology

History of Drug Use

Seems that psychoactive substances have always been with us…from the beginning of man……as medicines to heal and bring relief….and to kill…..(Poisons and weapons)

Some of these substances include….

Psychopharmacology

History of Drug Use

Betel Nut

Psychopharmacology

History of Drug Use Betel Nut

The seed from the Areca PalmMixed with leaves and chewed releases arecoline with effects similar to nicotine.Evidence exists from at least 2000 BCE

Psychopharmacology

Coca LeavesCoca Leaves (cocaine)

Psychopharmacology

Peyote Cactus Peyote Cactus

Used by native American cultures for more than 2000 years for healing and spiritual/religious

ceremonies

Psychopharmacology

Cannabis

The book of Pên-ts’ao Ching, attributed to the Emperor Shen-nung of about 2000 B.C.E. provides the first historical evidence of the medical use of cannabis. Used to treat:Menstrual fatigueGoutRheumatismMalariaConstipation

As anesthesia prior to surgery.

Used widely across Asia to:Stimulate appetite of sick peopleInduce sleepDiarrhea

Psychopharmacology

Alcohol

Psychopharmacology

Earliest evidence of wine production comes from Georgia….7000 BCE

Alcohol

Behold the rain which descends from heaven upon our vineyards, there it enters the roots of the vines, to be changed into wine, a constant proof that God loves us, and loves to see us happy. Benjamin Franklin….

Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.

Psychopharmacology

Long used in the Americas and brought to Europe by Columbus….

Tobacco Tobacco Second most common drug in the world

Psychopharmacology

Tobacco Tobacco

Second most common drug in the world

Entheogen: psychoactive substance used in religious ceremonies….hallucinogen

Smoke carried prayers upward toward the “Great Spirit”…..

Psychopharmacology

Caffeine Caffeine The world’s most popular mood altering drugThe world’s most popular mood altering drugCaffeine is a strong CNS stimulant that can be found in more than 60 different plants and also made synthetically and added to food products. In it’s pure form it is a white, bitter tasting, powder.

Psychopharmacology

Family Medicine

Herbal teaHerbal teaTavuk çorbası

Psychopharmacology

Folk Medicine

The healing practices and ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to some in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.

Source: Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. pp 440.

Psychopharmacology

Folk Medicine

Source: Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. pp 440.

The history of Islamic medicine has deep roots in Azerbaijan. Early man used herbs and vegetation in his first efforts to cure illnesses. The experience he gained during the centuries was passed down generation to generation and developed into folk medicine. With the appearance of writing, the development of oral and written branches of folk medicine became separated. Scientific medicine became based on the written word.

Psychopharmacology

Modern psychopharmacology

Modern psychopharmacology began with the use of psychiatric drugs to treat psychological problems primarily through sedation using opiates and barbituates.

Laudanum (tincture of opium)

Early patent medicines contained opium and were powerful narcotics. These were medicines sold “over the counter”…no prescription or doctor’s order was required.

Psychopharmacology

Modern psychopharmacology

In the early stages, psychopharmacology was primarily used for sedation.

Psychopharmacology

Modern psychopharmacology

During the 1950s drugs began to be used for the treatment of mental disorders :

Chlorpromazine for psychoses,

Lithium carbonate for mania,

Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

benzodiazepines, for treatment of depression

Psychopharmacology

Modern psychopharmacology

Since 1960: Revolution in pharmaceutical research and manufacturing.

Psychopharmacology

This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:

1. Better research methods: Placebo-controlled, double-blind studies.

Psychopharmacology

This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:

2. Better methods for analyzing blood chemistry

Psychopharmacology

3. Dramatic increase in biochemical brain research into the effects of psychoactive substances on brain functioning.

This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:

Psychopharmacology

4. Rapidly expanding understanding of the role and function of neurotransmitters.

This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:

DDescriptionescription

EExplanationxplanation

PPredictionrediction

CControlontrol

Psychopharmacology

…but how do drugs work?

Psychopharmacology

Drugs work by Modifying Chemical Signals andchanging the way neurons communicate with each other…..

Psychopharmacology

Psychoactive drugs exert their sensory and behavioral effects almost entirely through action on neurotransmitters, and modifying one or more aspects of synaptic transmission.

Psychopharmacology

Drugs may act by

1) serving as a chemical that triggers the action of a neurotransmitter;

2) Slowing or stopping the production of neurotransmitter;

3) preventing storage of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic vesicle;

Psychopharmacology

Drugs may act by

4) stimulating or inhibiting neurotransmitter release;

5) stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptors;

6) inhibiting neurotransmission breakdown; or

7) blocking neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron.

Psychopharmacology

HormonesA hormone (from Greek ''ὁρμή'' - "impetus") is a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is essentially a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another.

Psychopharmacology

Endocrine Glands

Psychopharmacology

Endocrine Gland production can have a dramatic effect on behavior.

Psychopharmacology

Classes of Classes of Psychoactive Psychoactive

DrugsDrugs

Psychopharmacology

1. Depressants

2. Stimulants

3. Opiates

4. Hallucinogens

5. Neruoleptics (antipsychotics)

Psychopharmacology

1. CNS Depressants Inhibit neurological activity-Slow

down brain activity

Depressants (hypnotics or sedative)s. These drugs slow and inhibit neurological activity. Depressants produce fatigue in the user. Alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates and the prescription drug Valium are examples of depressants.

Common usage medically and illicitly.Common usage medically and illicitly.

Anti-AnxietyAnti-Anxiety Lowered blood pressureLowered blood pressurePain reliefPain relief Lowered heart rateLowered heart rateSedationSedation Slowed respirationSlowed respirationMuscle relaxationMuscle relaxation Complete anesthesiaComplete anesthesiaAnticonvulsantAnticonvulsant DeathDeath

Psychopharmacology

1. CNS Depressants Inhibit neurological activity-Slow

down brain activity

Medical Use

Anti-AnxietyPain ReliefSedationMuscle relaxationAnticonvulsant

Used illicitly

Lowered blood pressureLowered heart rateSlowed respirationComplete anesthesiaDeath

Psychopharmacology

2.2. Behavioral StimulantsBehavioral Stimulants: Caffeine

and Nicotine Cocaine, Ecstasy, and amphetamines (diet meds.)

Stimulants increase brain activity.

Commonly used stimulants are caffeine and nicotine. Amphetamine and cocaine are also stimulants. Some stimulants are used recreationally and others, such as anti-depressants, have medicinal purposes and are available by prescription.

Psychopharmacology

Military Breakfast

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology

Caffeine: A powerful CNS stimulantCaffeine: A powerful CNS stimulant

Psychopharmacology

3. Opiates: pain killers heroin morphine and codeine

Opiates alleviate painful sensations. Opiates are derived from opium and produce effects by interacting with opiate receptors in the brain. Opium is naturally produced in opium poppies. Codeine and morphine are clinically-administered opiates used to treat pain. The illegal drug heroin is an opiate. Opiates are highly addictive.

Opiates

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology

Opium poppies have been cultivated since at least neolithic times (new stone age). The plant has been grown as a source of food, anesthesia and for ritual purposes.

The archeological record suggests that Sumerian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, Minoan, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab cultures all made use of opium where it was used primarily for pain relief. Ancient surgeons relied upon opium as an anesthetic during surgery.

Psychopharmacology

4. Hallucinogens PCP, LSD

Hallucinogens are substances that alter the cognition and sensory perception of the user. Marijuana, psilocybin and mescaline are naturally-derived hallucinogens. Such drugs as LSD and ecstasy are synthetic hallucinogens. Unlike other psychoactive drugs, most hallucinogens are not lethal at high doses. Most hallucinogens are classified as Schedule I drugs by the United States, meaning the government deems them unsafe and of no medicinal value.

Psychopharmacology

Peyote (mescaline)

Psychopharmacology

Psilocybin MushroomsPsilocybin MushroomsIndole alkaloids

Used since pre-history and recent evidence from Johns Hopkins University and Imperial College, London, suggest that when used correctly, it is an antidepressant.

Psychopharmacology

Lysergic Acid Diethylamidepsychological effects: 1.Altered thinking processes, 2.Closed and open eye visuals,3.Synesthesia: Hear pictures or see sounds4.Altered sense of time.5.Spiritual experiences

LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage and has low toxicity.

However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible

Psychopharmacology

LSD

Psychopharmacology

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Psychopharmacology

5. Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics) Treatment of Bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. These drugs work by inhibiting the reuptake of neurological signals, or inhibiting dopamine within the brain

An antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) is a psychiatric medication used to treat psychosis (delusions or hallucinations) as well as disordered thought (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)

Side effects (particularly with prolonged use) may include

Shorter life expectancy WeaknessWeight gain motor impairmentDecreased brain volume Repetitive body movementsDiabetes Sexual dysfunction

Psychopharmacology

2013National Drug IQ Challenge

Psychopharmacology

1. An opioid is a mind-altering chemicalThat can come from a plant (the opium

poppy) or be man-made. Which of these drugs is NOT an opioid?

A. VicodinB. MorphineC. HeroinD. Cocaine

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

D. CocaineD. Cocaine

Psychopharmacology

2. What percentage of people who smoke marijuana every day become addicted?

A. 5 -10%B. 80-90%C. 25-50%D. 60-75%

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

C. 25-50%C. 25-50%

Psychopharmacology

3. For several years now, there have been more deathsfrom prescription pain reliever overdoses than fromheroin and cocaine combined. The deaths usually result from:A. Damage to the brain, causing a strokeB. Heart valve collapseC. Respiratory failure (breathing stops)D. Choking

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

C. Respiratory failureC. Respiratory failure

Psychopharmacology

4. People who take drugs can develop tolerance overtime. This means:

A. They become nicer, calmer people.B. They easily get sick to their stomach.C. They need to take more of a drug to get the same effect.D. They get physically stronger.

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

CC

Psychopharmacology

5. Sharing your ADHD medications with a friend is:

A. Okay because a doctor prescribes these medications.B. Prescription drug abuse.C. Only abuse if the friend uses them to get high.D. Legal.

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

BB

Psychopharmacology

6. What is NOT true about “bath salts,” often sold in head shops:

A. They can cause intense cravings similar to whatMethamphetamine users experience.B. They usually contain some type of stimulant drug alongwith other unknown ingredients.C. They are really only dangerous if snorted or injected.D.They have sent hundreds of people to the emergency room.

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

CC

Psychopharmacology

7. K2 or Spice is a mixture of chemicals and herbsSometimes called “fake marijuana.” If you smoke it, what

will you be inhaling?

A. Natural materials from eucalyptus leaves.B. Incense approved by the FDA.C. Powerful chemicals similar to the active ingredient inmarijuana, but much stronger and untested in humans.D. Dried wildflowers

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

CC

Psychopharmacology

Taking drugs can lead to HIV/AIDS—either through sharedneedles or risky sexual behaviors. About how many peoplein the US become infected with HIV each year?

A. 7,000 B. 12,000C. 50,000 D. 110,000

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

CC

Psychopharmacology

9. What is the worst thing that can happen to you if you “sniff”

an inhalant?

A. You can pass out.B. You can die.C. You can start coughing uncontrollably.D. You can get serious muscle spasms.

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

BB

Psychopharmacology

10. Which best describes a good drug treatment program:

A. Never uses medicines to treat addiction. B. Tailors treatment to the needs of each patient.C. Doesn’t drag on past 2 or 3 weeks.D. Expels anyone who relapses while in treatment

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

BB

Psychopharmacology

11. What do all drugs of abuse have in common when itcomes to the brain?

A. They disrupt a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, whichinfluences thirst, appetite, and body temperature.

B. They overstimulate the cerebellum, the part of the brain that helpsus coordinate movements.

C. They cause a spike in dopamine levels, which makes us feelpleasure and want to repeat the experience.

D. They increase the grey matter in the cerebral cortex, making usmore aware and alert.

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

C C

Psychopharmacology

12.Which drugs work by mimicking a chemicalnaturally found in the brain?

A. HeroinB. MarijuanaC. NicotineD. AlcoholE. All of the aboveF. A, B, and C

2013 National Drug IQ Challenge

F F

Psychopharmacology

AlcoholAlcohol is a CNS depressant and the most commonly used recreational drug in the world.

Effects vary with dosage frequency and chronicity

Low doses: relaxation, lowered anxietyquiet settings: drowsinessactive settings: uninhibited and confident.

High doses: Amnesiareduced muscular coordinationslurred speechimpaired fine-motor skillsdelayed reaction time

Extreme doses: Alcoholic Toxicity: Loss of consciousness and death

Field Sobriety Test

Psychopharmacology

Antidepressants

Psychopharmacology

AntidepressantsReduce symptoms of mood disorders primarily through the regulation of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are the oldest class of antidepressants. They encourage increased levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-HT and increase the actions of these neurotransmitters at their receptors. MAOIs have been somewhat disfavored because of their reputation for more serious side effects.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) work through binding to the presynaptic transporter proteins and blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine or 5-HT into the presynaptic terminal, prolonging the duration of transmitter action at the synapse.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) selectively block the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT). This increases the availability of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. The main parameters to consider in choosing an antidepressant are side effects and safety. Most SSRIs are available generically and are relatively inexpensive.

Psychopharmacology

Treatment of DepressionTreatment of Depression

Increased risk of suicide in children and adolescentsIncreased risk of suicide in children and adolescents

Psychopharmacology

Treatment of Depression Treatment of Depression

http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/exercise-depression

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043

English Idiom

There is no free lunch!Meaning: There is a cost for everything…..

Therapeutic Effects

Vs

Side effects

and finally, some more housekeeping

Please help me return the classroom to it Please help me return the classroom to it original condition…..original condition…..

1. Take your rubbish with you……

2. Place the student desks in their original order.

Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür ederim, ありがとう , Asante, gratias ago vos,Dank u, Takk skal du ha, спасибо ……

Harika!!

Too many drugs??