Post on 28-Dec-2015
description
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE in
THE BRITISH ISLES AND SCANDINAVIA
1st to 12th Century
INFLUENCES: GEOGRAPHICAL
In Northern Europe (remote from Rome) development depended largely on sea and river routes
Skill in navigation during the early middle ages led to the Nordic colonization of Iceland and Greenland and to cultural and commercial contact with Ireland and Britain
INFLUENCES: GEOGRAPHICAL
Natural resources in Scandinavia were:
Agrarian products from the South and East
Forestry and Fur-trading from the North
The export of copper iron ores led to strong mercantile connections.
INFLUENCES: GEOLOGICAL
The geological formation of Great Britain was varied.
English Hardwood forests = Roof-framing materials for important buildings and lesser buildings were timber-framed
**Indigenous building stones = Early development of masonry
INFLUENCES: CLIMATIC
Generally low northern light = large or multiple openings in walls
Severe northern climate = massive construction and steeply-pitched roofs
In Scandinavia, however, roof pitches were often reduced in order that it should assist in retaining heat within buildings.
INFLUENCES: HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
1. BASILICAN PLAN
2. USE OF WESTERN AND CENTRAL TOWERS
3. DISTINCTIVE DECORATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES
4. CUSHION CAPITAL AND RIB VAULT
“Basilican”-A public building of ancient Rome having a central nave with an apse at one or both ends and two side aisles formed by rows of columns, which was used as a courtroom or assembly hall.-A Christian church building of a similar design, having a nave with a semicircular apse, two or four side aisles, a narthex, and a clerestory.
ROMAN PERIODANGLO-SAXON
PERIOD
ARCH’L CHARACTER: BASILICAN PLAN
It had a western apse and a triumphal arch derived directly from Roman precedent as a sanctuary screen.
It had a series of porticoes rather than aisles. The western tower was originally only two storeys with a tribune. There is a rectangular choir space which was separated from the nave by a screen, a reconstructed apse and an outer crypt.
“apse” -a projecting part of a building (as a church) that is usually semicircular in plan and vaulted.
“porticoes”-a colonnade or covered ambulatory often at the entrance of a building.
“crypt”-an underground vault or chamber, especially one beneath a church that is used as a burial place.
SILCHESTER: BRITAIN CHURCH PLAN
ROMAN BASILICAN PLAN
APSE
TRIUMPHAL ARCHS
BRIXWORTH: NORTHANTS CHURCH PLAN
ANGLO-SAXON BASILICAN PLAN
PORTICO
ARCH’L CHARACTER: USE OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN TOWERS,DISTINCTIVE DECORATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES
LONG-AND-SHORT QUIONING
STRIPWORK (narrow pilasters forming decorative patterns)
TWIN OPENINGS (sometimes with triangular heads, supported on mid-wall shafts)
BOLD MOULDINGS
SIMPLE RECTANGULAR SECTION
BULBOUS, MORE COMPLEX FORM
MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION
DOUBLE-SPLAYED WINDOWS“pilaster” a shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital and base and usually imitating the form of a column.
EARL’S BARTON: TOWER
LONG-AND-SHORT QUIONING
STRIPWORK
TWIN OPENINGS
ARCH’L CHARACTER: CUSHION CAPITAL AND RIB VAULT
RIB VAULT