Goal 9

The US between the World Wars

9.01

Elaborate on the cycle of economic boom and bust in the

1920’s and 1930’s

The Impact of Presidential policies on economic activity--Harding, Coolidge, Hoover,

and Roosevelt

Warren Harding

• “Return to Normalcy”-Republican elected in 1920; promised to return to America peacetime

• Teapot Dome Scandal- Harding’s Sec. of Interior Albert Fall arrested for leasing gov. owned oil fields to private business

Calvin Coolidge

• “business of America is business”

• Laissez-faire; government will stay out of the affairs of business

• Hawley Smoot Tariff- large protective tariff

Herbert Hoover

• President when depression begins

• Thought depression would fix itself

• Rugged Individualism- people take care of their own family everything would be okay; no need for government handouts

Franklin D. Roosevelt(FDR)

• Direct Relief to help people during Great Depression

• Relief, Recovery, Reform

• FDR’s government programs of giving food and money known as “New Deal”

Rise and decline of major industries in the United States

Mechanization

• Jobs were lost to machines

• Production of durable goods such as cars and washing machines increases

• Unemployment increases and a surplus of goods is created

Factors leading to Stock Market crash and the Great

Depression

1. Overproduction

• Main cause

• Surplus = lower sale price

• Lower sale price = lower profit

• Lower profit = inability to pay workers

• Inability to pay workers = unemployment

2. Speculation

• Buying large quantities of stocks hoping the price will go up and you can turn a quick profit

3. Buying on Margin

• Borrowing money from a stockbroker to buy stock with hopes to make a profit to pay back the broker

• The broker can make a “margin call” for their money to be repaid

4. Easy Credit

• Buy now pay later

• Installment buying…getting the product and making payments (car)

• People begin to spend money on debt and can’t buy any new products

5. Lack of Foreign Trade

• WWI; Treaty of Versailles hurts Europe’s ability for foreign trade

• Hawley Smoot tariff

6. Unequal Distribution of Wealth

• Small percent of people control large percent of the money

• Large gap between rich and poor

Black Tuesday

• Oct 29, 1929

• Stock Market crashes

• Over $3 Billion lost

• Triggers the Great Depression

9.02 / 9.03

-Analyze significant social, intellectual, and technological

changes in the US

- Analyze life during the Great Depression

The Impact of Mass Media

Radio

• TV of that generation

• Allowed people to listen to programming

• Allowed people to hear news

• Allowed people to hear advertisement

Advertising

• Created a “need” for products such as deodorants, soap, etc.

• Used celebrities to endorse products

Jazz

• New music of the era

• Derived from the African-American community

• Duke Ellington

Films

• Silent Movies• Charlie Chaplin• First “talkie” was

The Jazz Singer

Lost Generation

• Group of artists that didn’t fit into society after WWI

• F Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby: about materialism of the 20s

• Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms: talked about the meaningless of war

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Flowering of African American art, music, and literature

• Expressed cultural pride and discontent with racism in America

Langston Hughes

• Major black writer of the Harlem Renaissance

Louie Armstrong

• Famous Jazz musician of the Harlem Renaissance

Prohibition

Organized Crime

• 18th Amendment prohibit alcohol

• Competition for control of the illegal liquor trade

• Gangsters such as Al Capone

Speakeasies

• Illegal bars that served alcohol

• Bootleggers- people that illegally produced alcohol

Leisure Time and Spectator Sports

Babe Ruth

• Sultan of Swat; King of Swing

• Famous baseball player; most famous athlete of the 20s

• Comparable to Michael Jordan or Tiger Woods of today’s era

Charles Lindberg

• 1st to fly solo across the Atlantic

• New York to Paris• 33 1/2 hours• “Lucky Lindy”• Plane: The Spirit of

St. Louis

Life During the Depression

• No unemployment or welfare

• Homeless built shantytowns such as this one. They referred to these homeless areas as “Hoovervilles.”

Breadlines

• Many had to stand in breadlines such as this one to receive their only meal of the day

Soup Kitchens

• Many went to soup kitchens to get their only meal

Problems of Prosperity

• Farmers do not enjoy prosperity. Farm prices drop while the cost of farming increases.

• People are getting rich by speculating and buying on the margin.

• People also acquire consumer goods through installment plans (credit)

The Dust Bowl

• Farmers continue to suffer.

• Prices continue to drop and a severe drought in the mid 1930’s crushed the farm industry.

• Many farmers leave the midwest and head to farms on the east and west coasts.

• Okies

The Bonus Army

• Many WWI vets demanded their retirement pensions early

• Vets march on Washington

• Hoover locks himself in his office

Fireside Chats

• FDR uses the radio to communicate with America about getting out of the depression

• Weekly broadcast• “the only thing we

have to fear is fear itself”

9.04

Describe challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and

gender

Back to Africa

• Marcus Garvey• Founded the UNIA• Unsuccessful• Garvey was found

guilty of embezzlement and was deported

Fundamentalism

• Belief that The Bible is literal and should be seen and taught as such

• Prevailing idea in the rural south

Scopes Trial

• Dayton, TN passed a law prohibiting the teaching of evolution

• John T. Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution

• Case focused more on evolution or creationism instead of guilt or innocence

Billy Sunday

• Evangelical preacher

• Fundamentalist• Anti-communist

Changing role of Women

• Flapper: new woman of the 20s

• Promiscuous, smoke, drank alcohol

• Margaret Sanger: began planned parenthood and abortion clinic

9.05

Assess the impact of the New Deal reforms in enlarging the role

of the federal government.

New Deal

• Social Securtiy-pensions for the elderly

• FDIC-protected depositors’ money in the bank

• SEC-regulated trading on stock market

• PWA-built schools, hospitals, roads, dams-----public works

• CCC-gave young men jobs in parks

New Deal-cont.

• AAA-paid farmers not to grow crops

• TVA-built dams in the Appalachian region

• WPA-created work: blue collar workers

3 R’s

• Relief-give out money

• Recovery-help economy recover

• Reform-take measures to prevent a crash from happening

Critics of New Deal

• Father Charles Coughlin-redistribution of wealth

• Dr. Francis Townsend-early retirement

• Huey Long-Share our Wealth; Robin Hood idea of take from reach and give to the poor

More FDR

• Frances Perkins-first female to the cabinet

• Brain Trust

• Elected 4 times

• Attempts to expand size of Supreme Court