Post on 30-Dec-2015
description
GLOBAL GLOBAL PROGRESS PROGRESS
REPORTREPORT
on implementation of the WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control
2012
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20122
Scopes of global progress report
Overall progress in implementation of the Convention
Implementation of the Convention by provisions
Prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-related mortality
Priorities and challenges in implementing the Convention
Conclusions
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20123
Provides a global overview of the status of implementation of the Convention, on the basis of the 126 reports provided by the Parties in the 2012 reporting cycle;
Tracks progress made in implementation of the Convention between different reporting periods;
Draws conclusions on overall progress, opportunities and challenges, and provides key observations by article.
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20124
Overall progress in implementation of the Convention
Current status of implementation
Progress in implementation between reporting periods
Examples of recent strong achievements
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20125
Articles with the highest reported implementation rates (with more than 65% average implementation rates across the 126 Parties analysed):
Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)
Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness)
Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)
Article11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)
Current status of implementation
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20126
Articles with reported implementation in the range 40% to 60%:
Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)
Article 5 (General obligations)
Article 10 (Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)
Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of information)
Article 14 (Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation)
Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco)
Article 9 (Regulation of the contents of tobacco products)
Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship)
Current status of implementation (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20127
Articles with the lowest reported implementation rates (of less than 25%):
Article 18 (Protection of the environment and the health of persons)
Article 22 (Cooperation in the scientific, technical and legal fields and provision of related expertise)
Article 19 (Liability)
Article 17 (Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities)
Current status of implementation (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
20129
Progress in implementation between reporting periods
Changes in percentages of average rates of implementation by article
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201210
Articles that attracted relatively high positive changes over the reporting periods:
Article 8: +15 percentage points
Article 13: +12 percentage points (for the comprehensive advertising ban)
Article 12: +11 percentage points
Article 16: +7 percentage points
Article 20: +5 percentage points
Progress in implementation between reporting periods
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201211
Article 22: +4 percentage points; and
Article 14: +3 percentage points
Overall (all substantive articles): +4 percentage points
(from 52% (by 2010) to 56% (in 2012))
Progress in implementation between reporting periods (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201212
Article 8
Australia, Canada – smoking bans including partly covered
or outdoor areas
Article 9
Brazil – ban on the use of additives
Article 11
Australia – plain packaging; Uruguay, Mauritius – increase inthe size of pictorial warnings
Examples of recent strong
achievements
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201213
Article 13
ban on displays of tobacco products at the point of sale: Australia (at subnational level), Canada, Finland, Ireland, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Palau and Panama; and
ban on advertising of tobacco products at points of sale: Australia (at subnational level), Finland, Ireland, Nepal and Ukraine
Examples of recent strong achievements
(cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201214
74 Parties reported having comprehensive tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes (Article 5.1)
102 Parties reported having designated a national focal point for tobacco control; 76 Parties have a tobacco-control unit (Article 5.2(a))
91 Parties reported having established national coordinating mechanisms for tobacco control (Article 5.2(a))
Article 5 (General
obligations)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201215
Article 5
(cont’d)
Adoption of legislative, executive, administrative and other measures
(as per Article 5.2(b)) in relation of ratification of the WHO FCTC
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201216
Article 5.3 (Protection of public health policies from the tobacco industry)
68 Parties reported taking steps to prevent tobacco industry interference
34 Parties took measures to make information on tobacco industry activities available to the public
Specific references on Article 5.3 included in national legislations: Burkina Faso, Djibouti and Namibia
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201217
Article 5 (cont’d) – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
More Parties report having developed and implemented comprehensive tobacco control strategies and programmes
79% of Parties strengthened their existing or adopted new tobacco control legislation after ratifying the Convention
Increasing number of Parties cover Article 5.3 in their national legislation
Reduced capacity for tobacco control at administrative and technical levels in about one fifth of Parties
National coordinating mechanisms should be strengthened
In 15 Parties tobacco control legislation is still missing
Lawsuits initiated by the tobacco industry
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201218
Total tax rates levied by Parties on cigarettes by WHO region(% of average retail prices)
Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201219
Percentages of Parties reporting on types of tobacco excise taxation
across reporting periods, by WHO region
Article 6 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201220
Mean average prices per pack of 20 cigarettes (US$) for different
reporting periods, by WHO region
Article 6 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201221
Article 6
(cont’d)
38 Parties reported that they prohibit or restrict duty-free sales to international travelers
57 Parties prohibit or restrict imports by international travelers of tax- and duty-free tobacco products
14 Parties provided information on earmarking tobacco taxes for health
35 Parties provided data on economic burden of tobacco use
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201222
Article 6 (cont’d) – Key
observations
Achievements Challenges
Increased proportion of Parties levying excise taxes or apply specific or mixed excise systems
Collection and provision of taxation/pricing data, especially in the case of tobacco products other than cigarettes
Lack of data on economic burden of tobacco use in around ¾ of Parties
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201223
Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)
Number of Parties (of 120 Parties that provided information on this
area) applying various degrees of bans on tobacco smoking, by setting
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201224
Article 8 – Extent of smoke-free regulations
Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year timeframe for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking,
by thenumber of types of public places in which such bans apply
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201225
Article 8 – Enforcement of
measures
88 Parties reported having mechanisms/infrastructures for the enforcement of smoke-free measures (monitoring/prosecution arms)
Compliance monitoring
• Health, sanitary, labour and educational inspectorates (national/subnational)
• NGOs
• Police force
• Mechanisms to receive and address citizens’ complaints
Penalties/prosecution
• Embedded in national legislations
• Types and level of administrative penalties laid down in codes of administrative offences/violation
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201226
Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year time
frame for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking, by
types of public places
Article 8 – Time frame for implementation (5 years, in the guidelines)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201227
Article 8 (cont’d) – Key
observations
Achievements Challenges
Increased rate of complete bans
Extending the bans to partly covered and outdoor areas
Only about half of Parties provide “complete” protection (in all analyzed settings)
Missed timelines for implementation
Complete bans only applying to subnational jurisdictions
Enforcement-related difficulties
Need to improve knowledge on existing legislation (e.g., educational campaigns)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201228
Article 9 (Regulation of the contents) and Article 10 (Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)
Number of Parties implementing
provisions under Article 9
Number of Parties implementingprovisions under Article 10
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201229
Articles 9 and 10 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
Increase in the number of Parties requiring disclosure to government authorities
Some Parties banning additives (e.g. flavours) – Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Panama, South Africa
Requiring reduced ignition propensity standards – EU, Norway, South Africa
Relative lack of legislation requiring the testing and measuring the content and emissions
Lower rates of disclosure to the public – mostly tar, nicotine and CO required on the packs
Shortage of independent testing facilities
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201230
Number of Parties implementing provisions under Article 11
Article 11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201231
Number of Parties that have implemented the eight time-bound provisions
under Article 11 (of 119 that reached their individual three-year deadlines)
Article 11 – Time frame for implementation (3 years)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201232
Article 11 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
Parties increasing the size of warnings and including pictures and pictograms
Coordination at subregional levels (CARICOM, EU, GCC)
New strong measures and breakthroughs (plain packaging)
WHO FCTC Health Warnings Database and sharing licenses for the use of pictorial warnings
19 Parties reported not requiring health warnings at all
Comprehensiveness of packaging policies is still low
Less than half of Parties require over 50% and pictorial warnings
Interference of the tobacco industry is intense (filing legal actions or delaying effective legislation)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201233
Areas covered in Parties’ educational and public awareness programmes
Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201234
Number of Parties that reported targeting specific groups in educational
and public awareness programmes
Article 12 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201235
Article 12 (cont’d)
Areas covered in Parties’ educational and public awareness programmes
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201236
Article 12 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
115 Parties implemented some educational and public awareness programmes
Children, young people and the general public are the most frequently targeted groups
Communication programmes on newly adopted tobacco control legislation
More Parties share details of their educational programmes in their reports
Gender specific messages are still not widespread
Fewer messages on economic and environmental consequences of tobacco use
Broad and sustained media campaigns are resource intensive
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201237
Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship)
Over 2/3 of Parties (86) reported introducing a comprehensive ban on all forms of tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship
53 of the Parties with a ban in place include cross-border advertising, promotion and sponsorship originating from their territory in the ban
Five Parties (Canada, Cook Islands, Ghana, Japan and Mexico) explained that they are precluded from doing so by their constitutions or constitutional principles
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201238
Number of Parties reporting inclusion of selected provisions in their ban on
tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (of 86 Parties that reported a comprehensive ban)
Article 13 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201239
Number of Parties implementing timeline-bound provisions under Article 13
(of 109 Parties that reached their individual deadlines for implementation)
Article 13 – Time frame for implementation (5 years)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201240
Article 13 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
9 Parties reported introducing a ban of displays of tobacco products at POS
4 Parties reported of having implemented a ban on advertising at POS
Banning cross-border advertising originating and entering the territory
Tobacco advertising on the Internet
Timely implementation of the advertising ban (less than half of Parties)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201241
Article 14 (Measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation)
Half of the Parties reported having developed integrated national cessation guidelines based on scientific evidence and best practices
Over half of the Parties (76) reported including tobacco-dependence diagnosis and treatment and counselling services in their national tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes
Almost 2/3 of Parties (81) integrate tobacco dependence services in their health-care systems; in 1/4 of Parties such services are fully, in another 1/4 they are partially reimbursed
1/3 of Parties (46) included tobacco dependence treatment in the curricula of medical professionals
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201242
Number of Parties reporting a specific programme to promote cessation of
tobacco use
Article 14 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201243
Article 14 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
Use of novel approaches and new technology to promote cessation (smartphone applications, interactive media devices (touch-screen technology, text messaging, and web-based messaging, use of social networking site Facebook)
Gender specific programmes (UK: cessation guidelines for pregnant women; Canada, France: special programmes on cessation to women)
Increase in the number of Parties which include NRT in their essential drug lists
Low rates of inclusion of tobacco dependence treatment in the curricula of health professionals
High market prices for pharmaceutical products that may help users to quit
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201244
Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)
2/3 of Parties (84) reported enacting or strengthening legislation to control illicit trade; and 7 more begun to develop such legislation
More than half of Parties (69) provided data on seizures of illicit tobacco products
17 Parties provided data on the share of smuggled tobacco products on the national tobacco market (ranging from 0.20% (Sweden) to 40% (Botswana))
Over 1/4 of Parties (36) reported that they developed a tracking and tracing regime
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201245
Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 15 provisions
Article 15 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201246
Article 15 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 15 provisions.
Relatively low implementation of tracking and tracing regimes
Need for a reinforcement of tools and capacities for the effective implementation of this article
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201247
Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)
90% of Parties (112) reported prohibiting sales of tobacco products to minors and 2/3 of Parties (84) reported prohibiting sales by minors
The legal age of majority was specified as ranging from 16 to 21 years
Examples of activities undertaken to raise awareness among tobacco sellers of the rules concerning sales to minors and to monitor compliance with such rules is available from several Parties
Good practices on reducing the accessibility of tobacco vending machines to prevent minors from using them are available from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada and San Marino
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201248
Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 16 provisions
Article 16 (cont’d)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201249
Article 16 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
One of the highest overall implementation rate for this Article
24 Parties reported recently amending their national legislation in this area
Parties which still allow the use of tobacco vending machines take measures to make them less accessible to minors
Monitoring compliance and enforcement of measures on sales to minors
Various sales practices still allowed and/or difficult to enforce (street sales, sales of individual sticks and small packs)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201250
Article 17 (Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities)
2 Parties reported (of 129 reporting) growing tobacco in their jurisdictions
the reported share of the value of tobacco leaf production in GDP is around or below 1%
good examples of approaches to providing alternative livelihoods are available from a few Parties (Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201251
Article 18 (Protection of the environment and the health of persons)
Recent progress reported by Parties in areas such as:
• introducing policies to regulate tobacco manufacturing
• implementing measures to improve energy savings and reduce emissions in the course of tobacco production
• inspecting tobacco manufacturing facilities regularly to verify compliance with production standards
• establishing sanctions for environmental pollution caused by tobacco manufacturing
• developing guidelines for good agricultural practices in the use of fertilizers, plant protection products and water consumption
• ensuring that agricultural pesticides are only sold by dealers on prescription from agricultural engineers
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201252
Articles 17 and 18 – Key observations
Achievements Challenges
good practice examples available from a few Parties on the provision of alternative livelihoods and protection of the environment in relation to tobacco growing and manufacturing
implementation of these articles are still to be strengthened
need for improved data collection on specific programmes and relevant research
need for strengthened platforms for information exchange
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201253
Article 19 (Liability)
35 Parties reported having implemented measures that tackle criminal and civil liability, including compensation, for the purposes of tobacco control
Examples on progress provided by a few Parties in areas such as
• implementation of measures in respect of civil or criminal liability with a view to enforcing tobacco-control policies
• developing legislative measures for civil or criminal liability
Brazil indicated that legislation was being developed to establish the compensation to be paid by the tobacco industry to the Government for the treatment costs of tobacco-related diseases
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201254
Achievements Challenges
around one quarter of Parties reported having implemented liability measures
a few Parties reported on their legislative framework and/or specific examples
few Parties reported operationalizing their existing frameworks for criminal and civil liability in relation to tobacco control
scarcity of successful and well-documented court cases to serve as examples of good practice
Article 19 – Key observations
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201255
Number of Parties reporting implementation of research activities, by topic
Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of information)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201256
surveys within the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (Global Youth Tobacco Survey; Global Adult Tobacco Survey; Global School Professionals Survey; Global Health Professions Students Survey)
tobacco use among young people (Netherlands)
tobacco policy monitoring, with special regard to supply and labelling of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke (Panama)
impact of tobacco-control policies on smoking rates and patterns of quitting (Republic of Korea)
exposure to tobacco smoke in hospitality venues (Spain)
comorbidity of tobacco use with alcohol consumption (Togo)
tobacco industry interference with tobacco policy development (Ecuador).
Article 20 – Reported research areas
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201257
around or less than half of Parties cover, in their surveillance systems,
• patterns of tobacco consumption
• exposure to tobacco smoke
• determinants of tobacco consumption
• consequences of tobacco consumption
• social, economic and health indicators related to tobacco consumption.
examples of practices concerning regular collection of tobacco-related national data provided by Lithuania, Malta, Republic of Korea, South Africa
Article 20 – Surveillance systems
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201258
Achievements Challenges
strengthening of research and surveillance capacity reported by a number of Parties
training and support to those engaged in tobacco control and facilitation of exchange of information reported by around half of Parties
lack of research programmes, including basic research (e.g, collection of prevalence data)
insufficient national capacity and funding for research, monitoring and evaluation
lack of established and functioning national system for epidemiological surveillance in around half of Parties
relative lack of gender-specific research and research in the treatment of tobacco dependence
Article 20 – Key observations
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201259
Status of reporting by the Parties
combined submission rate of first (two-year) and second (five-year) reports: 73%
since the start of reporting under the Convention (February 2007), the Secretariat had received at least one implementation report from 159 (91%) out of 174 Parties
in 2012, in the first reporting cycle linked to the regular COP session, 126 (72%) of 174 Parties that were due to report actually submitted an implementation report
notable improvement in the completeness of reports
strengthened efforts to assist Parties in reporting, including Internet-based training sessions and individual assistance and clarifications to Parties provided by the Secretariat
Article 21 (Reporting and exchange of information)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201260
Percentage of Parties reporting on assistance they provided or received,
by areas of assistance
Article 22 (International cooperation)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201261
Achievements Challenges
1/3 of Parties reported on assistance provided or received
16 Parties also reported encouraging implementation assistance through membership in international organizations
most of the assistance received or provided was in the area of establishing and strengthening national tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes
Parties report more on assistance received than on assistance provided
Need for further strengthening international cooperation to facilitate compliance with various requirements of the Convention and further promoting cooperation through existing global, regional and subregional mechanisms and through the United Nations system
Article 22 – Key observations
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201262
Prevalence of tobacco use
Estimated regional averages for prevalence of smoking and smokeless
tobacco use among adults (%)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201263
Prevalence of tobacco use (cont’d)
Estimated averages for prevalence of smoking tobacco among adults
by country income group (%)
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201264
More than one third of the Parties (50) reported on tobacco-related mortality data, up from only 15 Parties in 2010
Source of mortality data in the 50 Parties that reported such data:
• 31 Parties collected data from local studies
• 14 cases Parties referred to academic journal articles
• in five cases Parties provided mortality estimates supplied to them by WHO.
Need for strengthening research involving patterns of tobacco related morbidity and mortality in many Parties; in addition, the methodologies of various studies should be aligned to ensure that monitoring of morbidity and mortality data provides a sound basis for strengthened implementation of the Convention.
Tobacco related mortality
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201265
In the reporting instrument, Parties are required to report data on the prevalence of SLT use, licit supply, seizures, taxation and prices of SLT products.
2/3 of the Parties that submitted a report in the 2012 reporting cycle included data on SLT in their reports, but the completeness of the information provided varies greatly.
In general, SLT products are taxed at lower rates than smoking tobacco products, but several Parties (Norway, Serbia, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom) reported recent increases in taxes applied to SLT products.
Some Parties provided details of their legislation, regulations or policies concerning SLT products (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, European Union, Malta, New Zealand).
Three Parties (Australia, Iceland, Nepal) reported on recently completed or ongoing research concerning SLT.
Smokeless tobacco products – summary of reported data
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201266
The most frequently reported priority areas are:
• adoption, implementation and enforcement of tobacco control legislation, strategies and action plans and strengthening capacities for tobacco control (Article 5)
• protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8)
• education, communication, training and public awareness (Article 12)
• taxation of tobacco products (Article 6)
• packaging and labelling of tobacco products (Article 11)
• treatment with regard to tobacco dependence and cessation (Article 14)
• tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13).
Priorities in implementing the Convention
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201267
interference by the tobacco industry in tobacco-control policy development
lack of or insufficient political will
insufficient level of financial resources for tobacco control
lack or weakness of intersectoral coordination within the country, including the lack of understanding, interest or commitment of sectors other than health regarding the need for intersectoral action for tobacco control.
Constraints and barriers
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201268
1. The transition to the new reporting cycle linked to regular sessions of the COP has been relatively smooth, with 72% of the Parties submitting reports in the 2012 reporting cycle.
2. Implementation rates continue to show disparities between different policy measures; highest implementation rates on Articles 8, 12, 16 and 11. Lowest implementation rates on Articles 18, 22, 19 and 17.
3. With regard to implementation of time-bound requirements of the treaty, the picture is also mixed; full and timely compliance seems to be hard to achieve in most Parties.
4. When comparison is made of progress between the initial (2007–2010) and 2012 reporting periods, the measures related to education, communication and training (Article 12), advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13), and protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8), emerge as those with the highest positive changes in implementation rates.
Conclusions
GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT
201269
5. Several Parties reported on recent measures that mark strong achievements that could inspire accelerated implementation internationally.
6. The measures related to international cooperation and mutual assistance between the Parties continue to be in general underutilized, and thus have great potential for improvement.
7. Comparable data show a continued or emerging decrease of smoking prevalence in several Parties, particularly those with robust tobacco-control policies.
8. Novel products, often effectively marketed, are increasingly appearing on the market (e.g, new smokeless tobacco products).
9. More than half of the Parties that reported in the latest reporting cycle noted a substantial number of constraints and barriers that prevent them from fully implementing the Convention.
Conclusions (cont’d)