Post on 24-Jul-2020
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ljifo;"rL
zAb ;+If]k ....................................................................................................... 3
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z ................................................................................................ 5
cWofo !M k[i7e"ld ............................................................................................. 8
!=! ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf............................................................................... 8
!=!=! ;8s b'3{6gf ...................................................................................... 9
!=!=@ dxfdf/L ............................................................................................ 9
!=!=# e"sDk ............................................................................................. 10
!=!=$ klx/f]] .............................................................................................. 11
!=!=% af9L ............................................................................................... 11
!=!=^ lxdkft tyf lxdklx/f] ......................................................................... 12
!=!=& v8]/L ............................................................................................. 12
cWofo @M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff / ljBdfg
sfg"gL tyf gLltut Aoj:yf............................................................................... 14
@=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ..................... 14
@=@ ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ........................................................... 15
@=# /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof ............................................................. 19
cWofo #: ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ................................... 22
#=! kl/ro………………………………………...…………………….22
#=@ dfu{bz{s l;4fGt…...…………………………………………………22
#=# bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, p2]Zo / nIo .............................................. 23
#=$ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ ............................................................................. 27
cWofo $: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q !-ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{ ........................................... 30
$=! k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsng ................................................................ 31
$=@ ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ................................... 46
$=# k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx ................... 47
$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ......................................... 50
2
cWofo %: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q @-;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f ..................................................................................................... 55
%=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f ................................................. 57
%=@ sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ..............................................................61
%=# ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ....................... 71
%=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf ........................................ 73
cWofo ^: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #-ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/
hf]lvd hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g ................................... 76
^=! pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g .............................................................. 77
^=@ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4 ............................................. 85
^=# ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g ................................................. 87
^=$ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 ..... 90
cWofo &: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $-k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0fdf
æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆsf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ................................ 94
&=! k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .................................... 95
&=@ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ........................... 100
&=# ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g.......................................... 108
&=$ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f ............................. 111
&=% vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .............................................................. 113
&=^ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cjwf/0ff k|jw{g .... 122
cWofo *: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf ............................. 128
cWofo (: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;dLIff / ;+zf]wg ..................... 130
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ................................................................................................ 132
3
zAb ;+If ]k
AD O{:jL ;+jt\ Anno Domini
AMCDRR ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL
PlzofnL dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction
BCPR ;Í6 lgjf/0f tyf k'gnf{e Ao"/f] Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery
CBO ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+u7g Community Based Organization
CCA hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng Climate Change Adaptation
CDRRC s]G›Lo ljkb \ p4f/ tyf k|ltsfo{
;ldlt
Central Disaster Rescue and Response Committee
DDC lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt District Development Committee
DDRC lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt District Disaster Relief Committee
DHM hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DRR ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Disaster Risk Reduction
DRM ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Disaster Risk management
DOA s[lif ljefu Department of Agriculture
DOF jg ljefu Department of Forest
DOHS :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu Department of Health Services
DOMG vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu Department of Mines and Geology
DSCWM e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed
Management
DUDBC zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu
Department of Urban Development and Building
Construction
DWIDM hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
ljefu
Department of Water Induced Disaster Management
FAO vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g Food and Agriculture Organization
FNCCI g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and
Industry
GDP s"n u|fXo:y pTkfbg Gross Domestic Product
GLOF lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 af9L Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
GON g]kfn ;/sf/ Government of Nepal
GPS Unf]an kf]lhzlg+u l;:6d Global Positioning System
HFA Xof]uf] sfo{ ;+/rgf Hyogo Framework for Action
HFF lxdfnog k|m+6n kmN6 Himalayan Frontal Fault
ICIMOD cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo
ljsf; s]G›
International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development
INGO cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf International Non-Governmental Organization
LAPA Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu
:yfgLocg's"ng sfo{of]hgf
Local Adaptation Plan of Actions to Climate Change
4
LRMP e"ld ;|f]t gSzf+sg kl/of]hgf Land Resource Mapping Project
LSGA :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g Local Self Governance Act
MBT d]g afpG8«L y|:6 Main Boundary Thrust
MCT d]g ;]G6«n y|:6 Main Central Thrust
MOALM&C s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L
dGqfno
Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and
Cooperatives
MOFAGA ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno
Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration
MOHA u[x dGqfno Ministry of Home Affairs
MOFE jg tyf aftfj/0f dGqfno Ministry of Forest and Environment
MOUD zx/L ljsf; dGqfno Ministry of Urban Development
NAPA Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu /fli6«o
cg's"ng sfo{qmd
National Adaption Programme of Action to Climate
Change
NCA b}jLk|sf]k -pBf/_ P]g Natural Calamities (Relief) Act
NEA g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f Nepal Electricity Authority
NGO u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Non-governmental Organization
NPC /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u National Planning Commission
NPR g]kfnL ¿lkofF Nepalese Rupees
NRA /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f National Reconstruction Authority
NSDRM
DRR&MA
LGOA
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o
/0fgLlt
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg P]g
:yflgo zf;g ;+rfng P]g
National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Act
Local Government Operation Act
NUDS /fli6«o zx/L ljsf; /0fgLlt National Urban Development Strategy
OPMCM k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf]
sfof{no
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
SAARC blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u
;+u7g
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
UN ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 United Nations
UNDP ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afn sf]if United Nations International Children’s Emergency
Fund
VDC ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt Village Development Committee
WECS hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf]
;lrjfno
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WFP ljZj vfB sfo{qmd World Food Programme
WHO ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g World Health Organization
5
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Aoj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{ljleGg efu, wf/f
/ cg';"rLdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5. ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ wf/f %!-5_ sf]k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf]
;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt cGtu{t hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf k|fs[lts
k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ s'/f
pNn]v 5 . To;/L g} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL & n] k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L, p4f/
tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e sfo{nfO{ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 .
cg';"rL * dfljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf]
5.To:t} cg';"rL ( n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rLdf ;d]t ljkb\
Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«o :t/df x'g] k|lta4tfdf ;xefuL x'b} ubf{
;g\ @))%-@)!% sf] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrfdf klg k|lta4tf hgfP cg'¿kljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
/fli6«o /0fgLlt, @))( th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] xf] . pQm /0fgLltn] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrfdf
ck]Iff u/LPh:t} ljkb\ pTyfgzLn g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf u/]tf klg xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿ a9L
k|ltsfo{ tyf /fxt s]lGb|t /x] .
;g\ @)!% kl5sf s]xL P]ltxfl;s cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfx¿ / k|lta4tfx¿ dWo] ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf,lbuf] ljsf; nIo @)!%-@)#) / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DalGw
k]l/; ;Demf}tfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ x'g\ .
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf@)!%-@)#) Pp6fcGt/f{li6«o dfu{bz{g ug]{
ljZjAofkL b:tfj]h xf] eg] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @))( k|d'v
/fli6«odfu{bz{g xf] . ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 l;s]sf s'/fx¿ / klxrfg u/LPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿,
;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk, ;g\ @)!$ / @)!& sf] af9L/ xfn}sf cGo ljkb\x¿af6 l;s]sf kf7x¿
xfd|f nflu Jojxfl/sdfu{bz{g x'g\ . oL ljifox¿nfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf lnO{ tof/ u/LPsf] of]
/0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ nlIft u/L tof/ u/LPsf] 5 .of]
/0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] nflulgDg adf]lhdsfrf/ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ / c7f/ k|fyldstfk|fKt
sfo{x¿to u/LPsf5g\ .
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q !Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !M k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvd cfFsng
6
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ @M ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ #M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ $M ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q @: ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ %M ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ ^M sfg"gL tyf lgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ &M ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ *M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]lztfsf] ;'lglZrttf
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd
hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ (M pTyfgzLntf a[l4sf nflu nufgL k|jw{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !)M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !!M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL j[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !@M hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf clea[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $M k|efjsf/L ljkb\k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf
“cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f” sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !#M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !$M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !%M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !^M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !&M vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !*M k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ
cjwf/0ff k|jw{g
x/]s k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ cGtu{t /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿;fdfGotof ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)@)
;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ cNksflng, ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)@% ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ dWosflng,;g\ @)!*
b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ bL3{sflng/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg'kg]{ ls|ofsnfkx?sf nflu
lg/Gt/ elg k|:tfj u/LPsf 5g\ . o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;/n / sfof{Gjog of]Uo
agfpg k|of; u/LPsf] ePtf klg o;sf] cBfjlws / cfjlws ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cfjZos
7
x'g]5.o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] cfjlws ;dLIff / cBfjlws ug{ u[x dGqfnosf] kxndf cGo
dGqfnox¿, ljefu, lghL If]q/ cGo ;fem]bf/sf] ;+o'Qm cg'ejsf] cfwf/df nuftf/ k|of; x'g]5 .
o; ljkb\hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf @)!*-@)#) sf gf} cWofox¿ 5g\.
klxnf] cWofodfk[i7e"dLsf] ¿kdf g]kfndfljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf af/] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f k|:t't
u/LPsf] 5. bf];|f] cWofodfljkb\ hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff,
ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf lgtLut Aoj:yf/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf
tof/L k|lqmof af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fpFg] k|of; u/LPsf] 5. t];|f] cWofon] ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ k|:t't u5{. rf}yf] cWofob]lv
;ftf}+ cWofodf sfo{of]hgfsf] lglDt rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿df k|To]ssf lj:t[t /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿cnu cnu k|:t't u/LPsf 5g\. cf7f}+ cWofon] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ljQLo ljsNkx¿ k|:t't u5{/ gjf}+ cWofodf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg
tyf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljlw ;dfj]z u/LPsf] 5.
8
cWofo !Mk[i7e"ld
!=! ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf] pQ/df ljzfn lxdfno kj{t >[+vnfb]lv blIf0fdf ;dy/t/fO{ ;Dd ;/b/
!&)lsnf]ld6/b"/L /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] sd b"/L leq klg ljljwef}uf]lns l:yltx'gfn] g]kfn k|fs[lts
ljljwtfsf] wgL b]z ePtf klg g]kfnLx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf vt/gfs k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'
kl//x]sf] 5.g]kfn k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f ljljw k|sf/sf ljkb\x¿sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf]n] x/]s jif{
cf};t %))eGbf a9L ljljw ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\, kl/0ffd:j¿k ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf
dfgjLo Iflt x'G5 / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d]t c;/ k5{ . kl5Nnf] $% jif{ -;g\!(&! b]lv @)!%_
sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf $),))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿n] ljkb\sf sf/0f cfˆgf] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\.
of] ;+Vof x/]s lbg @ hgfsf] Hofg uP eGbf a9L xf] . pRr d[To' b/sf] cnfjf, pSQ cjlwdf
&%,))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\eg] nueu #),)),))) k|efljt ag]sf 5g\. oL
ljkb\x¿n] g]kfn e/ dflg; tyf ;d'bfonfO{ Ps eofgs af]em yf]k/]sf] 5. g]kfndf clwsf+z
lhNnfx¿df nuftf/ ljkb\ cfpg] ub{5, hxfF b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]kaf6 hg;+Vofsf]
() k|ltzt eGbf a9L d[To'sf] pRr hf]lvddf x'G5g\ .
d'Vo ljkb\x¿dfu}/k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿ h:t} dxfdf/L, clgsfn, 89]nf], sL6 jf ;"Id hLjf0f'
cft+s, kz' tyf r/fr'¿ËLdf x'g] km\n', KofG8flds km\n', ;k{b+z, hgfj/ cft+s, vfgL, xjfO{,
;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, ljiffQm UofF;, /;fog jf ljsL/0f r'xfj6, UofF;
ljikmf]6g, ljiffQm vfB ;]jg, jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f, jg ljgf; jf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] Iflt tyf
k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{df x'g] b'3{6gf tyf k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿ h:t} lxdkft, cl;gf, lxdklx/f],
lxdklx/f] ljikmf]6g, clta[li6, cgfj[li6, af9L klx/f] tyf e"–:vng, 8'afg, v8]/L, cflb x'/L
atf;, ZLtnx/, tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, r6\ofª, e"sDk, Hjfnfd"vL ljikmf]6g, 89]nf] h:tf 36gfx¿
kb{5g\ . g]kfn ljZjdf e"sDkaf6 !! cf}+ clt hf]lvd tyf af9L / klx/f]af6 #) cf}+ clt hf]lvd
b]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5.o;sf cnfjf a9bf] ljsf; k|lqmof ;Fu} g]kfnn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, jg
ljgfz, afFw tyf t6aGw la:kmf]6g, k'n elTsg], vfgL, xjfO{, ;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf
cflb h:tf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿;d]t ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 .
ef}ule{s ¿kdf ultzLnkj{t >[vnf, cl:y/ / clt le/fnf] hldg tyf sdhf]/ ef}uf]lns
agfj6sf sf/0f dg;'gsf] ;dodf b]z}el/ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}ule{s tyf hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kx¿
x'g] ub{5g\ . sl/a *# k|ltzt g]kfn lxdfn tyf kxf8L e"efudf / !& k|ltzt ;dtn t/fO{df
k5{ . kxf8L efu klx/f] / e"Ifosf]] hf]lvddf 5 eg] t/fO{ / r'/] If]q af9L, v8]/L, cfunfuL /
9
dxfdf/Lsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qdf lxdklx/f] / lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9Lsf] vt/f 5 . k'/}
g]kfnL e"efu ;ls|o e"sDkLo If]qdf kg]{ x'gfn] kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf a:tLx¿ pRr e"sDkLo
hf]lvddf 5g\ .oL ljkb\afx]s, b]zdf cGo dfgj l;lh{t ljkb\sf 36gfx¿klgx'g] u/]sf 5g\
.g]kfndf ljkb\ lgDTofpg] d'Vo k|sf]kx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
!=!=! ;8s b'3{6gf
a9bf] ljsf; k|lqmof ;Fu} g]kfndf a[l4 x'Fb} uO{/x]sf] zx/Ls/0f / ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/n]
;8s b'3{6gfx? aif]{gL a[l4 x'Fb} uO{/x]sf 5g\ . rfnssf] nfk/jfxL, dlb/f ;]jg u/L uf8L
rnfpg', tLa| ultdf uf8L rnfpg', k}bn ofq'x?sf] nfk/jfxL, cJojl:yt kfls{Ë, cJojl:yt
;8s kf/ ug]{ k|0ffnL, ;fF3'/f] ;8s, le/fnf] ;8s, v/fa ;fO{8 8«]g, df]8x?df sdhf]/ b[Zotf
cflb ;8s b'3{6gfsf d'Vo sf/0fx? x'g\ .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] ;g\ @)!$ sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To'
x'g]sf] b/ s'n d[To'b/sf] #=!*k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5. of] d[To'b/ pd]/ ;d'x d[To'b/ ;Fu
;dfof]hgubf{ k|lt Ps nfv hg;Vofdf @@=#@ AolQm x'g cfpFb5. ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f x'g]
d[To'b/sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ljZjsf] krf;f} /fi6« /x]sf]5. ;g @))! b]lv xfn ;Ddsf] tYofÍ
s]nfpFbf ;8s b'3{6gfjf6 x'g] d[To'b/ al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut % jif{sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf
aif]{gL s/La !),))) ;8s b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f aif]{gL s/La !,**( AolQmn]
Hofg u'dfpF5g\ eg] s/La !#,))) AolQmx? 3fO{t] x'G5g\ .oL tYofÍx?sf] ljZn]if0fn] g]kfndf
b}lgs @& j6f b'3{6gf tyf %hgf eGbf a9Lsf] d[To'x'g] u/]sf]b]lvG5. ;8s b'3{6gfsf] sf/0fn]
dfq s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a )=* k|ltzt jflif{s cfly{s Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
!=!=@ dxfdf/L
g]kfnsf hg;d'bfox¿ dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 cToGt c;'/lIft 5g\ . kfgL, ls/f / hLjf0f'af6
;+qmd0f x'g] /f]usf sf/0f w]/}sf] Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5. ;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf dxfdf/Lsf
sf/0f !^,%^$ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf emf8f kvfnf, sfnf Hj/, 7]pnf, x]kf6fO{l6;,
Pgˆn'PGhf, 6fOkmfO{8, bd, x}hf, of}g /f]u, Ifo/f]u / s'i7/f]u ;+qmd0f x'g] /f]ux¿ x'g\.
lj= ;+= @)^% ;fndf r}t b]lv ebf};Dd g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdL If]q emf8f kvfnfsf]
dxfdf/Laf6 k|efljt eof] . sl/a @*@ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP .!( lhNnfdf emf8f kvfnfsf] c;/
b]lvof] . hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf dfq sl/a !@%)) AolQm k|efljt eP eg] !@* hgfn] Hofg u'dfP
. o:t} ¿s'ddf $^ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP .
lj= ;+= @)^% ;fn df3df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s k+IfLaf6 x'g ] PGˆn'PGhf -a8{ ˆn'_ b]vf k¥of] .
o; efO/;n] emfkf lhNnf l:yt sfs/le§fdf s'v'/fkfng k|efljt u¥of]. efO/; lgoGq0f ug{
10
pQm If]qsf] @*,))) s'v'/fx¿ dfl/P. sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, lrtjg, sfe|], x]6f}+8f / b]zsf] cGo
efux¿df klg xfn;fn} pQm efO/; km}lnPsf] kfO{Psf] 5. ;fy} aif]{gL g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgx?df
;of}+ dflg;n] dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . hgfj/ / hg :jf:Yodf
k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] PGˆn'PGhf efO/; nufotsf dxfdf/L cg'udgsf] nflu lgoldt lgu/fgL k|0ffnL
ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5.
!=!=# e"sDk
g]kfn;lqmo e"sDkLo If]qdf cjl:yt /x]sf]] 5.g]kfndf lxdfnoeGbf blIf0f tkm{sf dWo
kj{tx¿;Fu hf]8\g] ljzfn lxdfnosf] cfwf/ :yndf d]g ;]G6«n y|:6, ;fgf lxdfno /
l;jflnssf] ;+ud:yndf d]g afpG8«L y|:6 / l;jflnssf] blIf0f tkm{ lxdfno k|mG6n kmN6 ;d]t
k|d'v tLg b/f/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s b/f/x¿k"j{b]lv klZrd tkm{ lqmofzLn 5g\ / o;}sf
sf/0fg]kfndf ;fgf tyf 7"nf kl/df0fsf e"sDkx¿uO{/x]sf x'G5g\. oL b/f/x¿o"/]lzog Kn]6 tn
O{l08og Kn]6sf] xnrnsf sf/0f k}bfePsf x'g eGg] e"ue{ljbx¿sf] egfO{ 5 .
O{l08og Kn]6 pQ/ tkm{ k|lt jif{ @) ldlnld6/ ;l//x]sf] 5 / ltAat -o"/]lzofsf] blIf0fL lsgf/f_
tnsf] efu Plzog Kn]6;Fu ldNb5, kmnj¿k lxdfnonfO{ dflylt/ ws]Ng cfjZos kg]{ zlQm
pTkGg ub{5 h;n]ubf{ o; If]qnfO{ ljZjdf ;a}eGbf ultzLn :yfg agfPsf] 5.e"pku|xx¿sf]
pkof]u u/]/ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6dåf/f u/LPsf] dfkgn] g]kfnsf] dWo efu sf7df8f}+sf]
k"jf]{Q/ lbzfdf cjl:yt lxdfno k|lt jif{ &±@ ldlnld6/ al9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5. o;}sf/0f
g]kfndf O{:jL ;+jt\ !@%%, !$!), !%)%, !%%%, !*)#, !*##, !*(&, !()%, !(#$, !(%),
@))% / @)!% df 7"nf e"sDkx¿cfPsf lyP.
lj= ;+= @)&@a}zfv !@ut] uf]/vf s ]G› ljGb' ePsf] &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf]
sf/0f g]kfnn] hgwgsf] w]/} Iflt a]xf]g'{ k¥of]. tTkZrft\ @)&@ ;fn a}zfv @(ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s
s]G› ljGb' ePsf] &=# /]S6/ :s]nsf] 7"nf] k/fsDkgn]/ lg/Gt/ cfO{/x]sf cGo k/fsDkgx¿n]
hgwgsf] yk Iflt a9fof].pQm e"sDkn] lxdklx/f], ;'Vvf klx/f], af6f] cj/f]w h:tf ljkQLx¿
l;h{gf u¥of]. g]kfnsf #! lhNnfdf o;sf] a9L k|efj k¥of] / !$ lhNnfnfO{ t clt k|efljt
lhNnf 3f]if0ff u/Lof]. y'k|} a:tLx¿ a;f]af;sf nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ eP / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf
P]ltxfFl;s If]qx¿ tyf ;Dkbf :ynx¿ gi6 eP.
pQme"sDksf] sf/0f*,(&( dflg;x¿ d/] / @@,#)) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ 3fOt] eP. sDtLdf
$(*,*%@ lghL 3/x¿ tyf @,^%^;/sf/L ejgx¿ gi6 ePsf] cfFsngn] b]vfof]. o:t}
@%^,^(& lghL 3/x¿ tyf #,^@@;/sf/L ejgx¿ cf+lzs ¿kn] Ifltu|:t eP. o;afx]s
!(,))) eGbf a9L sIffsf]7fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf gi6 eP / !!,))) eGbf a9L sIffsf]7fx¿
cf+lzs¿kdf Ifltu|:t ag] .
11
!=!=$ klx/f ] ]
;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf klx/f]sf sf/0f g]kfndf $,*#@ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ . lj=
;+= @)%) ;fndf af9L / klx/f]sf] k|sf]kaf6 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo If]qdf 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt
ePsf] lyof] . /fhdfu{ / le/fnf] kxf8df ;fgf 7"nf u/L@,))) eGbf a9L klx/f] uPsf lyP.
lgl:qmo e};s]sf k'/fgfklx/f]x¿klg k'gM ;lqmo eP. d";nwf/] jiff{, klx/f] / af9Lsf] sf/0f s[lif
of]Uo e"ldsf] $@,((% x]S6/ e"efu k|efljt ePsf] lyof] . y'k|} l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL, /fhdfu{, k'n /
cGo k"jf{wf/x¿ Ifltu|:t ePsf lyP . sl/a % ca{ g]kfnL ¿lkofF a/fa/ s"n Iflt ePsf]
cg'dfg u/LPsf] lyof]. !,!&) dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eof]] eg] kfFr nfv JolQmx¿ k|efljt ePsf
lyP .
lqe'jg, k[YjL, c/lgsf], a'6jn-kf]v/f / gf/fo0fu9-d'ulnª /fhdfu{x¿ ;lxt g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{
kxf8L /fhdfu{x¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf klx/f]sf] ;fdgf u/L/x]sf 5g\ . lj= ;+= @)^) ;fnsf]
>fj0fdf cTolws jiff{n] gf/fo0fu9-d'ulnª /fhdfu{sf] #^ lsnf]ld6/ v08df &) eGbf w]/}
:yfgx¿df klx/f] uPsf] lyof].ljgfzsf/L af9L / klx/f]n] l;h{gf u/]sf] ljkb\sf sf/0f o;af6
aRg hgr]tgfsf] dfWodaf6 s]lx gofF l;sfO tyf cg'ejx¿ klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .
!=!=% af9L
g]kfndf ;fgf 7"nf u/]/ ^,))) eGbf a9L gbLx¿ 5g\ h;sf] s"n nDafO sl/a $%,)))
lsnf]ld6/ 5. oL gbLx¿n] s[lif l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf / hLjglgjf{xsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ t/ ha
tL gbLx¿df af9L cfpF5, af9Ln] d'Votof t/fO{ / pkTosfx¿df ljgfznLnf g} dRrfpF5g\.
g]kfndf gbLsf] hn lgsf; 3gTj )=# lsld k|lt ju{ lsdLn] hn lgsf; dfu{x¿slt glhs /
af9L ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . af9Ln] afnLsf] gf]S;fg ug'{sf ;fy} dfgjLo tyf ef}lts
;DklQdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 / af9L kZrft k|foM dxfdf/L km}lnG5 .ljz]iftM o;af6 u/Lax¿ ;a}eGbf
c;'/lIft x'G5g\.;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf af9Lsf sf/0f $,#$$ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ .
;fdfGotof pRr ;3gtfo'Qm jiff{, w]/} lbg;Dd nuftf/ jiff{, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g / e':vngsf]
sf/0f x'g] afFw lj:kmf]6gn] g]kfndf af9L cfpF5. g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qdf crfgs af9LcfpFg]
/ hgwgsf] gf]S;fgL x'g] u/]sf] cg'ej xfdL ;fd' 5 .kxf8L If]qb]lv cTolws dfqfdf gbLn]
aufP/ NofPsf] lyu]|gL t/fO{sf] ;dtn e"lddf y'lk|g'sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljz]iftM t/fO{df k|foM
t6jtL{ If]qx¿ af9Ln] k|efljt x'G5g\. u|LidsfnLg dg;'gclws ;lqmo ag]kl5 cfiff9, >fj0f /
efb|sf] dWo cjlwdf ;aeGbf a9L af9L cfpFg] ub{5.klx/f]/ lxdgbLn] agfPsf c:yfoL
tfnx¿sf] lj:kmf]6gsf] sf/0f klg crfgs af9L cfpF5. r'/] kj{tb]lv pTkGg vx/]x¿af6
crfgs cfpFg] af9Lsf] sf/0f efj/ If]qvt/fdf 5. oL gbLx¿n] k|foM cfˆgf wf/ kl/jt{g u5{g\
/ cTolws lyu|]gL aufP/ NofpF5g\. tL lyu|]gLx¿ ;dtn e"lddf y'lk|Pkl5 gbL axg] dfu{ /
12
au/sf] prfO{nuftf/ a9\b5. ha oL gbLx¿ blIf0f t/fO{ tkm{ aU5g\ta 8'afg, s6fg ug]{ / v]t
au/ aGg] tyf afnLdf afn'jf y'lk|g]x'G5.
ef/tsf] laxf/ / pQ/ k|b]zdf ;Ldf glhs} gbLx¿df lgdf{0f u/LPsf t6aGwx¿n] hn lgsf;
cj/f]w ubf{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ hndUg x'g] u/]sf] 5. k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, ljz]ifu/L l;dfgfdf ;8s
lgdf{0f sfo{n] klg k|fs[lts hn lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpF5 . gbL axg] dfu{sf] ;tx a9\bf dWod
:t/sf] hn k|jfxsf] ;dodf klg hg;d'bfoaf9Laf6 c;'/lIft x'G5g\. of] ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf
nflu klg o;sf cfˆg} lglb{i6 p4f/ / /fxt ultljlwx¿sf ;fy} k|fs[lts hn lgsf; dfu{x¿
vf]Ng] h:tf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ .kxf8df klg af9Lsf] ;d:ofJofKt 5, hxfF
lxdgbL lj:kmf]6g kl5sf] af9Ln] tNnf] e]udf pNn]Vo Iflt k'¥ofpFg ;S5.
!=!=^ lxdkft tyf lxdklx/f ]
lj= ;+= @)&! cflZjg @* ut] g]kfnsf] dgfª / d':tfª lhNnf l:yt cGgk"0f{ / wf}nflu/Lj/k/sf]
If]qdf lxdkft ;Fu} >[+vnfj2 lxdklx/f] uof]. To; ;fnsf] cflZjg @) ut] aËfnsf] vf8Laf6
pTkGg ePsf] x'bx'b gfdsf] t"kmfgn] ubf{ cfFwL cfPsf] lyof] . lxdkft / lxdklx/f]sf] sf/0f @!
hgf kbofqL ;lxt slDtdf $# JolQmx¿sf] d[To' eof] . cg'dflgt %) hgf hlt JolQmx¿
x/fO/x]sf/ !&% JolQmx¿ si6k|b lr;f]sf] sf/0f z/L/df c;/ eP/ 3fOt] ePsf] ;"rgf ldn]sf]
lyof]. nueu $)) JolQmx¿nfO{ dgfª / d':tfªsf ljleGg If]qx¿af6 p4f/ u/LPsf] lyof] .
o:tf 36gfx¿n] ko{6g If]q / /fli6«o cy{Joj:yfdf ulx/f] c;/ k'¥ofpF5g\. ko{6s tyf :yfgLo
;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; /df};d k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf plrt nufgLn]
o:tf ljkb\ hf]lvd 6fg{ ;lsG5.
!=!=& v8]/L
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / klZrdsf kxf8x¿df jif]{gL x'g]v8]/Ln] s[lif, kof{j/0f / dfgj k4ltdf
gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5. d+l;/b]lv h]i7 ;Ddsf] cjlw ck]Iffs[t ;'Svf x'G5 / dg;'g
cjlwdf nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL gkbf{sf] cjlwdf klgv8]/Lsf] h:t} cj:yf k}bf x'G5. lxdfno kf/L
kg]{ lhNnfx¿ d':tfª / dgfª eg] jif{ e/ g} cToGt} ;'Svf /xG5g\ / t/fO{ tyf klZrdsf
kxf8x¿ cGo If]qx¿ eGbf a9L k|efljt x'G5g\.
dWo kxf8x¿df kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿-d'Votof e"ldut kfgLsf d"nx¿_ ;'Sg] 36gfx¿ j[l4 eO/x]sf]
cg'ej u/LPsf] 5. s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] v8]/LnfO{ s[lifsf lglDt ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hf]lvdsf]
¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L jif{ e/ s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] #* k|ltzt e"lddf dfq l;+rfO{
;'ljwf k'u]sf]] / afFsL e"ld jiff{sf] kfgLdf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] cj:yfdf nfdf] v8]/Ln] s[lif
pTkfbgdf k|lts"n c;/ kf/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ub{5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ kxf8 /
13
t/fO{ If]qx¿df a:g] sl/a %,))) kl/jf/ v8]/Ln] k|efljt x'G5g\. v8]/Lsf] sf/0f cGg
pTkfbgdf Jofks lu/fj6 cfpF5 / ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:ofcem a9\g hfG5.
;g\ @))* sf] lxpFbdf jiff{sf] sdLn] b]z e/ cGg pTkfbgdf uDeL/ x|f; cfof]. ux'F / hf}
pTkfbgdf qmdzM !$ / !& k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfof]. g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/-klZrdsf s]xL
lhNnfx¿df gf]j]Da/ @))* b]lv km]a|'c/L @))( ;Dd cf};t jiff{sf] cfwf eGbf sd jiff{
ePsf]n] cGg pTkfbg cfwf eGbf sd ePsf] lyof] .s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;+o'Qm cfFsngn] ckof{Kt
cGg pTkfbgsf] sf/0f nueu @) nfv dflg;x¿ vfB c;'/Iffsf] pRr hf]lvddf k/]sf / yk
#% nfv rk]6fdf k/]sf lyP eGg] b]vfPsf] 5. tL ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] &%
lhNnfx¿dWo] $) lhNnfdf v8]/Lsf] sf/0fn] vfBGgsf] cefj ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5.
plNnlvt k|d'v hnjfo'hGo, e"ueL{o / :jf:Yo k|sf]kx¿sf cltl/QmcfunfuL, 89]nf], r6\ofª,
cl;gfkfgL, xfjfx'/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g] af9L / jfo' tyf hn k|b"if0f h:tf k|sf]kaf6klg
g]kfn t'ngfTds ¿kn] c;'/lIft g} /x]sf] 5.
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f r/d hnjfo' 36gfsf If]lqo / ;fdlos9fFrfx¿ kl/jt{gx'g ;Sg]
;Defjgf 5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df dg;'gL jiff{sf] 9fFrf kl/jt{g e} dg;'g ;dfKt x'g 9Lnf] x'Fbf
;lqmo dg;'gsf] cjlw nlDag uPsf] ;+s]t kfO{Psf] 5 . pRr tLa|t/ r/d jiff{sf] If]qLo k|j[lQ
jflif{s jf dg;'gL jiff{sf] k|j[lQ eGbf w]/} km/s x'G5 . t/fO{ / r'/] If]q hxfF ck]Iffs[t jflif{s
jiff{ / kfgL kg]{ lbg sd x'G5, pRr tLa|t/ r/d jiff{sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*! b]lv
@)!) ;Ddsf] @!) s]Gb|x¿sf] xfnsf] jiff{sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfne/ k"j{ dg;'g jiff{
al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dg;'g kZrft jiff{ 3l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cem, g]kfne/ nuftf/ ;'Svf
lbgx¿sf] ;+Vofdf Ps dxTjk"0f{ a9\bf] k|j[lQ / kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿sf] ;+Vofdf 36\bf] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf]
5, h;n] b]ze/ ;'Svf cjlw nlDaPsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . ;du|df, b]zsf ljleGg efux¿df ljleGg
jiff{ ;"rsf+ssf] tLa|tfn] If]q ljz]if af9L, klx/f] / v8]/Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;+s]t ub{5 .
ljkb\ k|sf]k / ;+s6pGd'vtfsf] ;+o'Qm kl/0ffd xf] . ;a}eGbf hf]lvd ;d"xdf sd cfo ePsf /
u/La kl/jf/x¿, ;LdfGts[t / alxis[t ;d'bfox¿, dlxnfx¿, afnaflnsf, a[4 / ckfË
AolQmx¿kb{5g\ . ljkb\ hf]lvd ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts 9fFrf / pgLx¿ aLrsf]
cGt/;DaGwdf lge{/ ub{5 . ljkb\sf cfofdx¿ ultzLn 5g\ .;Dd'vtf / ;+s6pGd'vtf 36fP/
tyf pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 u/]/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
14
cWofo @M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^
sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff / ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf gLltut Aoj:yf
@=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ n] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf /fxt tyf
p4f/ s]lG›t cjwf/0ffaf6 ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]lG›t a[xQ/cjwf/0ffnfO{ c+lusf/u/]sf] 5
.pQm /0fgLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿,
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿,/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, /]8qm; cleofgsf c+ux? /
dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+3 ;+:yf P+j ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf];+nUgtf / ;xof]u
/x]sf] lyof] .
o; /0fgLltsf] sfo{Gjogaf6 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ . /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtfdf cfwfl/t gofF lgdf{0f / ljBfno tyf c:ktfn
ejgx¿sf] k|anLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] If]qsf dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL x'g\ . o;} u/L
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lhNnf b]lv ;d'bfo :t/;Dd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf :yfgLo ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf, lhNnf ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf / s]Gb| b]lv lhNnf
tx;Dd :yfkgf u/L ;+rfngdf NofOPsf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;+rfng s]Gb|x¿ s]xL dxTjk"0f{
k|of;x¿ x'g\ . o;/L g} /fli6«o :t/ b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Ddsf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePaf6 o; If]qdf 7"nf] nfe ldn]sf] 5 .
s]xL gbLx¿ Pj+ hf]lvdo'St lxdtfnx¿df :yfkgf u/LPsf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] jf9L tyf
8'jfgaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf s]xL ;fy{s k|ult ePtfklg zf;gsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ck]lIft ¿kdf
hf]lvd;Dj]bgzLn agfpg g;Sbf /0fgLltsf ;+:yfut Joj:yf / hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf h:tf
klxnf] / bf];|f] k|fyldstfk|fKt lqmofsnfkx¿dfck]Iffs[t k|ult x'g ;s]g . ef}uf]lns ;"rgf
k|0ffnL (Geographic Information System)dfcfwfl/tljkb\ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf /
To;nfO{;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ tyf sfo{d"ns hf]lvd ;"rgf / o;sf] k|efjsf/L k|rf/ k|;f/
;+oGqsf]lasf; ug{] sfo{k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 . o;sf cnfjf hnjfo'hGo/ cGo hf]lvdx¿sf]
PsLs[tn]vfhf]vf u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng Pj+ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;du| ljsf;
k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
15
;DaGwL gLltut, ;+:yfut Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog
ugf{n] ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] xF'bf o;tkm{ Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . kl5Nnf] bzsdf
xfl;n u/LPsf dxTjk"0f{ ;kmntfsf afjh'b of] /0fgLltn]] g]kfnnfO{ ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug{ cjnDag u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;n ug{ cem} w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5.
@=@ ljBdfgsfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt cGtu{t
hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ l;+rfO{sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf
k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{
gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL & df k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\ k"j{tof/L,
p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e sfo{nfO{ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 .
o;} u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;d]6]sf] 5
eg]cg';"rL ( df;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf];"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 .
b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#(sfof{Gjog eP ;Fu} g]kfndfljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL;+:yfut
sfo{sf] yfngLeof]. o; P]gn] u[x dGqfnonfO{ ljkb\ kZrftsf]p4f/ tyf /fxt dfk{mthgwgsf]
;'/Iff ug]{ sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{ s]G›Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] .o;} u/LcGo dGqfno,
ljefu, k|lti7fg, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo ;xof]u
lgsfox¿, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / gfu/Ls ;dfhnfO{ ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf to u¥of] . P]gn] gLlt
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df s]G›Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt / ;dGjo Pj+
sfof{Gjogsf nflu If]qLo, lhNnf / :yfgLo :t/dfb}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltx¿u7gsf nflu
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof].
cGt/f{li6«o :t/dfu/LPsf kxnx¿sf] kl/df0f:j¿k ;g\ @))% df cfTd;ft\u/LPsf] Xof]uf]
sfo{9fFrf;Fu} g]kfnsf] ljkb\Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff “ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f”tkm{ ljsl;t
eO/x]sf] 5.o;} ;Gbe{df ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ n] ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu kfFr j6f k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf] ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf @))%-@)!% df ck]Iff u/LP h:t} ljkb\
pTyfgzLn g]kfn agfpg];f]r k|:t't u¥of] . o;n]If]qut ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
k|lqmofdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ clek|]l/t ug'{sf ;fy} ;+:yfut ;+oGq
ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{, Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{, cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ tyf k'gnf{e
sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 .
;]G8fO{ sfo{9fFrf @)!% n]rf/ j6f k|fyldstf If]qx¿ tf]sL ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;dfhsf ;a}
txsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ljkb pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo lnPsf]
16
5 . g]kfnn] klg cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, ljutsf ljkb\x¿sf] cg'ejx¿ Pj+ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
jdf]lhd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;
P]gn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ljkb
Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ps ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] sfo{ Pj+ lhDd]jf/LnfO{
:ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ n] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ cGt/;DalGwt gLltsf] ¿kdf
cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f, k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t
ljkb\sf]PsLs[t Joj:yfkg, gLltut ;'wf/, ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] lasf;, ljkb\ hf]lvd cfFsng /
;"rgf k|jfx ;fy} ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f cEof;df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
tLg jif]{ cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$–@)^&_ n] ljkb\nfO{ ljsf; nIosf] k|flKtdf cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf
klxrfg u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0flbuf] ljsf;sf nflu clgjfo{ /x]sf] ljifonfO{ :jLsf/u/]sf]
lyof]. o; of]hgfn] k|d'v lgsfox¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]
lyof].;fy} rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#–@)&%_ n] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbb}+ cfkt\sfnLg vf]h,
p4f/, pkrf/ tyf tTsfn /fxtsf nflu Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ ljz]if sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{] tyf
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ljsf;sf ;a} cfofd tyf r/0fdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{] gLlt lnPsf]
5 .
e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)#( df af9L, klx/f], e"–Ifo h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f u/L
e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf u/LPsf] 5 .hn;|f]t P]g, @)$( df
hn;|f]tsf] pkof]u ubf{ e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f] jf o:t} c¿ sf/0fåf/f jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo
k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] tTsfnLg :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt,
gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿_ / hgtfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf If]qdf k|efjsf/L ljsf; of]hgf
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm k|j]z ljGb'sf ¿kdf lnO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug{ clwsf/ lbg'sf ;fy} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ufpFljsf; ;ldlt /
gu/kflnsf txdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sf]if :yfkgf ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of]
.
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ n]k|lt:yfkg u/]sf]
5. :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf @-g_ n]ufpFkflnsf tyf
gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ leq ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL;a} r/0fsf sfo{x¿
;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08 adf]lhd ejg lgdf{0f cg'dlt,
17
cg'udg / lgodgsf ;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf;fy} ;'/lIft a:tL ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, lgodg / d"NofÍg cflb sfo{nfO{ ;d]t ufpFkflnsf tyf
gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ leq ;d]6]sf] 5 .o;} u/L ejg P]g,@)%% n] e"sDk,
cfunfuL tyf cGo b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ejgx¿df kg{ ;Sg] IfltnfO{ oyf;Dej sd ug{ ejg
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lgoldt u/fpg ejg lgdf{0f Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 .
/fli6«o s[[lif gLlt, @)^! n] k|fs[lts >f]t, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g Pj+
;b'kof]u ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . o;df k|fs[lts k|sf]k cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, /f]u, sL/f Pj+ cGo
b}jL k|sf]kx¿sf] cf+sng / s[lif /fxt kl/rfngsf nflu lgu/fgL k|0ffnL :yflkt u/L lqmofzLn
/flvg] pNn]v u/LPsf] lyof] . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt-@)&@–@)(@_ n]
ls;fgx¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ pTyfglzn agfpFg df};d tyf hnjfo' k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;'Vvf / kfgL vKg ;Sg] hftsf] cg';Gwfg, ls;fg sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]
:yfkgf, s[lif aLdfsf] k|j{4g, vfB, lap / :ofpnfsf] e08f/0f Joj:yf, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf cflb ls|ofsnfkx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .
pBf]u gLlt, @)^& n]pBf]u Joj;fodf cfunfuLaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ :yfgLo
ufpF÷gu/kflnsf;Fusf] ;dGjodf cf}Bf]lus If]q / sf]l/8f]/df cfw'lgs af¿0f oGqsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ tyf s'g} k|fs[lts ljklQ / ;fdflhs ;]jfdf pBf]un] lbg] cg'bfg jf ;xof]udf cfo s/
5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
lhNnf ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df dfu{bz{g, @)^& n] lhNnf txdf ljkb\
k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df k|s[ofdf ;+nUg ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, /]8qm;,
/fli6«o÷cGt{/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿nfO{ :ki6 lhDd]jf/L
lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df;a} lhNnfx¿df ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu"
u/LPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;8s ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf -@)&)–@)&&_ n] ;'/lIft ;8s k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yf tyf
b'3{6gf kZrft k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ dfkm{t hgwg tyf cfly{s Iflt sd ug]{ ;f]Fr /fv]sf] 5 .o;
sfo{of]hgfn] ;8s ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg, ;'/lIft ;8s tyf cfjfudg, ;'/lIft ;jf/L ;fwg,
;'/lIft ;8s k|of]ustf{ / b'3{6gf kZrft k|ltsfo{ h:tf kfFr cfwf/ :tDex? cGtu{t ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx? to u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ sfo{9fFrf, @)&) n] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / ljkb\kl5sf] vf]h, p2f/ / /fxt
sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg, lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{ / ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :ki6
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t k|ltsfo{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] clkn ug]{ k|lqmof /
18
To;sf] lhDd]jf/L, To;sf nflu Wofg lbg' kg]{ kIf, cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotfsf] ;dGjosf s'/fx¿nfO{
klg pQm sfo{9fFrfn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{9fFrfn] cfktsfnLg ;dodf lgsfout
;dGjosf nflu ljifo If]qut ;d"xsf] k|fjwfg, ljkb\ ;"rgf ;+sng / k|efjsf] ;+oGq / To;sf]
kl/rfngsf] kIfdf klg :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\ kl5sf ljleGg ;do cjlwsf]
k|fyldstfo'Qm sfdsf] klxrfg ub}{ ljkb\kl5 ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] klxrfg / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhg klg
u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf cnfjf k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{esf sfdnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ cGo s]xL lgodfjnL jf
lgb]{lzsfx¿ klg k|of]udf 5g\ . tL dWo] vf]h tyf p4f/sf nflu /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf,
@)&!, k|sf]k kLl8t p4f/ / /fxt;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$, ljkb\ kLl8t k'gjf{; ;+rfng
sfo{ljlw, @)&!, k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ sf]if ;~rfng lgodfanL, @)^#, ljkb\ kZrft\sf]
zj Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^*, k|sf]k kLl8t p4f/ / /fxt ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$,
sf7df08f} pkTosfdf *# j6f v'NnfIf]q sfod ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o, @)^(, ljkb\ kLl8t
k'gjf{; ;+rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&!, / af¿0foGq ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)^& d'Vo
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&! n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ :jf:Yo ;DjGwL gsf/fTds c;/sf]
;Daf]wgsf nflu ;dli6utJoj:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o ;+hfn tyf ;+oGq Pj+ cj;/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
ub}{ ax'kIfLo sfo{of]hgfagfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Pj+ kz'kIfL tyf
sL6x¿af6 dflg;df ;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu k|efjsf/L
;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt to u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf gLlt, @)&@ n] ljkb\ kZrft\sf] k'gnf{e,k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf
sfo{sf] nflu gLltut dfu{bz{g ub{5. @)&@ ;fn a}zfvsf] e"sDkn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf ef}lts
;+/rgfx¿ / a:tLx¿ k'glg{df{0f ug{, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf
lgdf{0f / ;dGjo ug{ /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .
hn pTkGg k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg gLlt, @)&@ n] af9L, klx/f] h:tf hn pTkGg k|sf]kx¿sf]
;+/rgfut tyf u}/ ;+/rgfut k|ljlwaf6 /f]syfd u/L ;f] af6 x'g ;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt
Go"gLs/0f ug{ / gbL, hnfwf/ If]q tyf hnhGo kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f u/L k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwg
Pj+ vfg]kfgL, hnkl/jxg, l;+rfO{, :yn oftfoft cflb h:tf k"jf{wf/sf pkof]lutfnfO{ lbuf]
agfpgljleGg gLltx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o zx/L ljsf; /0fgLlt, @)&# n] ;Gt'lnt / ;d[4 zx/L eljiosf] nflu pTyfgzLntfnfO{
kfFr dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿ dWo] Ps dfg]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] ljkb\ hf]lvd cg's"lnt zx/ /
19
;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntfnfO{ zx/L k|0ffnL / ;d'bfosf] of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ljsf;df
PsLs[t ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf !(# ;b:o /fi6«x¿n];g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu lbuf]
ljsf; nIox¿ Kffl/t u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] ;dfj]zL bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu
pQm nIox¿nfO{ cfTdf;ft u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x¿n] lbuf] ljsf;
nIox¿ @, #, ^, (, !!, !# / !% xfl;n ug{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] r/d hnjfo' 36gf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cg's"ngsf
sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgfx¿;Fu PsLs[t ug{
hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^&, /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd, @)^& tyf :yfGlo cg's"ng
sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf, @)^* tof/ u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLltdf lxdgbL
tyf lxdtfnx¿sf] cBfjlws l:ylt cWoog u/L hf]lvdk"0f{ lxdtfnx¿df k|fyldstfsf]
cfwf/df k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug]{u/fpg], hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
l;lh{t hn–pTkGg k|sf]k Pjd\ hf]lvdsf] k"jf{g'dfg ub}{ k"j{ ;"rgf lbg tyf /f]syfdsf
pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjogu/L ltgsf]] lgoldt lg/LIf0f
tyf sfo{ Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{ ljifox¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ .
;g\ @)!^ cS6f]a/df cfjf; / lbuf] zx/L ljsf;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;Dd]ng (Habitat III) df
cjnDag ufl/Psf] gofF zx/L Ph]G8fn] klg ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ckgfpg] /
sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;Í6sf] cj:yf sd ug]{, k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t k|sf]kdf
pTyfgzLntfPj+k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngnfO{
a9fjf lbg] zx/x¿sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @)!% dfr{df;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf !*& ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] t];|f] ljZj ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f
;Dd]ngdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf @)!%-@)#) cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ .
o;n] ljkb\ hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ tyf ;ft
ljZjJofkL nIox¿lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO
sfo{9fFrfsf] kIf /fi6«ePsf]n] o; “ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf @)!*-
@)#) tof/ u/]sf] 5 .
@=# /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof
g]kfn ;/sf/n]ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu;g\ @)!% kl5 ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
:jLsf/ u/LPsf sfo{9fFrfx¿sf] cfwf/df gofF dfu{lrq klxrfg u/Lljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
/fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L cl3 a9\g' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\
20
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt cg'ej, uf]/vf e"sDk @)&@ sf]
cg'ej tyf l;sfO{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL k]l/; ;Demf}tf, lbuf] ljsf;nIo / ;]08fO
sfo{9fFrfsf cfwf/df o; æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfÆ tof/u/LPsf]5
. o;n] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn sfo{x¿ klxrfg u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
of] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu u[x dGqfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf k|d'vsf]
;+of]hsTjdf sfo{ ;ldlt u7g u/LPsf] lyof] . h;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿ -
k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, jg tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno_ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿-bft[ lgsfo, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cfjf;Lo ;dGjostf{sf] sfof{no,
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+u7g ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
sfo{bn, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L ;~hfn g]kfn, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / lghL If]q_ sf k|ltlglwx¿/x]sf
lyP . sfo{ ;ldlt cGtu{t b]xfo adf]lhdsf ^ j6f If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿ u7g u/LPsf] lyof] .
1. pTkfbg d"ns If]q -s[lif, vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{g, pBf]u_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –s[lif,
e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
2. ;fdflhs If]q -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, ;dfh sNof0f_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno
3. k"jf{wf/ If]q -;x/Lljsf;, oftfoft, l;FrfO, pmhf{, cfjf; tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf_M g]t[Tjstf{
lgsfo – ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –pmhf{, hn>f]t tyf l;FrfO
dGqfno, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gfu/Ls p•og dGqfno
4. k|fs[lts ;|f]ttyf jftfj/0fIf]q -e"ld pkof]u, jg tyf jftfj/0f_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – jg tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno
5. n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;'zf;g If]qM g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf Ho]i7 gful/s dGqfno
6. cfkt\sfnLg ;+rf/, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k"gnf{e If]qM g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – u[x dGqfno,
;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
oL If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L ;~hfn
g]kfn, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL lyP . oL If]qut
21
sfo{;d"xx¿n] o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfdf ;DalGwt If]qsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug{ljleGg r/0fdf
k/fdz{ a}7s tyf 5nkmnx¿ u/L ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng u/]/ ;DalGwt If]qsf /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿l;kmfl/z u/]sf 5g\ .
;]08fO sfo{9fFrfn] l;kmfl/; u/] adf]lhd ;a} If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /xg] u/L
/fli6«o, If]qLo / lhNnf:t/df k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿sf]] klg cfof]hgf u/LPsf] lyof], h;df
ax"–;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿n] cf–cfˆgf If]qdf ePsf c;n cEof;, l;sfO{ ;jfn /
r'gf}tLx¿sf cfwf/df d"ne"t ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf If]q klxrfg u/L æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
/fli6«o gLlt tyf /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfÆ df ;dfj]z ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf lyP .
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] k/fdz{, sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ tyf If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿sf] ;'emfj /
l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ ;d]6Ltof/ u/LPsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ljleGg r/0f / txdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L
;a}sf] /fo, k/fdz{, ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf cfwf/df o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k
lbOPsf] 5 .
22
cWofo #: ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf
#=! kl/ro
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ub}{ lbuf]
ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;Gbe{df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0ftyf Joj:yfkg
sfo{sf nflug]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] /fli6«o b:tfj]h xf] . o; sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\
Joj:yfkgdf “hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f” s]lG›t a[xQ/ cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] sfo{of]hgf
th'{df ubf{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fOsfo{9fFrf @)!%–@)#),PlzofnL dGqL:t/Lo
;Dd]ng @)!^ af6 kfl/t PlzofnL If]qLo of]hgf, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljZjJofkL
sfo{d~rsf] kfFrf+} a}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfgs'g 3f]if0ff nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf cg'¿k
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] j[xt cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sf]sfof{Gjog dfkm{t
k|fKt cg'ejx¿, uf]/vf e"sDk ;lxt xfnsf jif{x¿df ePsf cGo k|d'v ljkb\x¿sf cg'ej tyf
l;sfO{x¿ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf kxnx¿nfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 .
sfo{of]hgfdf rf/j6f d"n k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q, To;sf ;xfos If]qx¿ / /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L ljleGg lgsfox?sf] lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f u/LPsf]
5 .
#=@ dfu{bz{s l;4fGt
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf dfu{bz{s
l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag u/Lg]5g\ .
1. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] x'g]5 . /fHon]
cfjZos k/]df cGt/f{li6«o, If]lqo tyf låkIfLo ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
2. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3, ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;d'bfo, lghL
If]q, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ nufotsf] ;xeflutf tyf ;xof]udf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ ug]{5 .
3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ubf{ JolQmsf] hLjg tyf ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf
pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Dkbfsf] /Iff ub}{ dfgj clwsf/ tyf
ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf k|aw{g u/Lg]5 .
23
4. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;dfhsf ;a} kIf tyf If]q;Fusf] ;xeflutf tyf
;fem]bf/Ldfu/Lg]5 . o;sf nflu ljkb\af6 clt k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f u/Lg]5 .
d'Votof clt u/La ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zL, kx'Fro'Qm tyf lje]b/lxt ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
u/Lg]5 . lnË, pd]/, ckfËtf tyf ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjogdf kof{Kt Wofg lbOg]5 . dlxnf tyf o'jf g]t[TjnfO{ k|a4{g u/Lg]5 .
5. ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutf, ;fj{hlgs
/ lghL If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfsf] :ki6tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, sfof{Gjogdf
;lqmo ;+nUgtf, ;fem]bf/L tyf kl/k"/stfsf] ;'lglZrttf u/Lg]5 .
6. :yfgLo tx tyf ;d'bfonfO{ >f]t, ;fwg tyf lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;zlQms/0f u/Lg]5 .
7. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ax'k|sf]k cjwf/0ff tyf lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf] cfwf/df
5'§f5'§} cBfjlws, a[xQ/, k/Dk/fut 1fgnfO{ cf}krfl/s / ;Ddfgk"0f{ dfGotf lbO{ lj1fgdf
cfwfl/t tYofÍsf] ;xh pknAwtf, v'nf cfbfgk|bfg / k|rf/ k|;f/sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfj]zL
hf]lvd ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lg0f{o u/Lg]5 .
8. lbuf] ljsf; nIo, vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng, jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod u/Lg]5 .
9. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf :yfgLo tyf ljlzi7 ljz]iftfnfO{ a'emL hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
cjnDjg u/Lg]5g\ .
10. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf sf/s tTjx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgL a[l4 u/L
lbuf] ljsf;df ;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofOg]5 .
11. ljkb\ kZrft k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf eljiodf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf l;h{gf
x'g glbg / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ “cem /fd|f], alnof] / ;'/lIft agfcf}+” eGg]
cjwf/0ff cjnDjg u/Lg]5 .
12. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs lzIff / ;r]tgf clea[l4 u/Lg]5 .
13. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf
;fy} :yfgLo >f]t, ;fwg, 1fg, ;Lk tyf >dnfO{ cTolws pkof]u u/Lg]5 .
#=# bL3{sfnLg ;f] +r, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, p2]Zo / nIo
bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r
g]kfnnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft, cg's"lnt tyf pTyfgzLn /fi6«sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ lbuf]
ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r /x]sf] 5 .
24
ck]lIft kl/0ffd
ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' b/ tyf k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL
Nofpg',hLljsf]kfh{g, :jf:Yo, ;DklQ, Joj;fo / ;d'bfodfx'g] hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fug{'
o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] ck]lIft kl/0ffd /xg] 5 .
p2]Zo
k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\af6 hLjg tyf ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿, ef}lts Pj+ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;Dkbfdf x'g] Ifltsf] pNn]Vo
¿kdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg u/Lcfjlws tyf jflif{s
of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogub{}ljkb\ hf]lvd /f]syfd, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf tyf
k'glg{df{0fsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f/ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4u/L ljBdfg ljkb\ hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf]
Go"gLs/0f/ gofF hf]lvdsf] /f]syfdug{' o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
nIo
g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] kl5Nnf] $% jif{ -;g\!(&! b]lv @)!%_ sf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{
g]kfndf x/]s jif{ sl/j ()) -;8s b'3{6gf jfx]s_ JolQmx¿n] ljkb\sf sf/0f cfˆgf] Hofg
u'dfPsf] b]lvG5. o;} u/L jflif{s ¿kdf cf};t ^,$),))) JolQmx¿ ljkb\sf sf/0f k|efljt x'g]
u/]sf 5g\eg] k|To]s jif{ sl/j #),))) 3/x¿ Ifltu|:t jf gi6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfsf
sf/0f dfqg]kfndf k|lt jif{ sl/j @))) JolQmx?sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] !#,))) JolQmx?
3fO{t] x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
ljkb\af6 cfly{s ¿kdf a9Lk|efljt / gf]S;fgL x'g] If]qx¿df pTkfbgd"ns If]q, ;fdflhs If]q /
k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . ;g \!(&!-@)!) sf] cjlwdf ljkb\sf sf/0f ePsf] cfly{s
Iflt / gf]S;fgsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{k|lt jif{ s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a @Ü cf};t Iflt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(** / @)!% sf] e"sDk / ;g\ !((#, @))* / @)!& sf] af9Lsf] sf/0fn] 7"nf]
dfqfdf cfly{s Iflt ePsf] b]lvG5 .;g\ @)!% sf] uf]/vf e"sDkaf6 s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
sl/a Ps ltxfO{ Iflt ePsf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!& sf] t/fO{ af9L tyf 8'jfgaf6 dfq sl/a tLg
k|ltzt Iflt ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu to u/]sf] bLuf] ljsf; nIox¿(Sustainable Development
Goals) / ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf(School Sector Development Plan)nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{
o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\ Iflt Go"g ug{ lgDg nIox¿ lnPsf] 5 .
25
l;=
g+=
;"rs cfwf/ /]vf
-@)!% ;Ddsf]
cf}ift_
cNksfnLg
-@)@) ;Dd_
dWosfnLg
-@)@% ;Dd_
bL3{sfnLg
-@)#) ;Dd_
! /fli6«o :t/df ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' b/ pNn]Vo dfqfdf sd ug]{
!=! ljkb\af6 d[To' x'g]sf] jflif{s
cf};t ;+Vof -;8s b'3{6gf afx]s_ ()) $)) #)) @@%
!=@ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' x'g]sf]
jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof @,))) !,&)) !,@)) &))
@ /fli6«o :t/df ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo dfqfdf sd ug]{
@=! ljkb\af6 k|ToIf k|efljt x'g]
kl/jf/x¿sf] jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof !,#@,))) !!),))) *),))) ^%,)))
@=@ ljkb\af6 3fO{t] x'g] JolQmx¿sf]
jflif{scf};t;+Vof !,*)) !,^)) !,!)) ())
@=# ;8s b'3{6gfaf63fO{t] x'g]
JolQmx¿sf] jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof !#,))) !!,))) *,))) %,)))
@=$ ljkb\af6Iflt x'g] 3/x¿sf] jflif{s
cf};t ;+Vof #),))) @%,))) @),))) !%,)))
# /fli6«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ljkb\sf] sf/0f x'g] k|ToIf cfly{s IfltnfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf sd ug]{
#=! /fli6«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
ljkb\sf] sf/0f x'g] jflif{s cf};t
k|ToIf cfly{s Iflt @Ü )=%Ü )=@Ü )=!Ü
$ dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df ljkb\n] k'¥ofpg] Iflt / cj/f]w pNn]Vo¿kn] sd ug{
pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{
$=! :jf:Yo ejgx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L
pTyfgzLntf ljsf; &%) ()) !@))
$=@ sIff sf]7fx¿sf] dd{t ;+ef/ /
k|jnLs/0f u/L pTyfgzLntf
ljsf; !(,%)) @%,))) #),)))
$=# ljBfno ejgx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f
u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf; &%) !,@%) !,&%)
$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
ljBdfg ljBfnox¿af6 gd"gf
ljBfnox¿sf] ljsf; %)) !,))) !,%))
$=% ;fj{hlgs / ;/sf/L ejgx¿sf]
k|jnLs/0f u/L pTyfgzLntf
ljsf; @,%)) %))) &,)))
$=^ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf:ynx¿sf]
k|jnLs/0f u/L pTyfgzLntf
ljsf; !#) @)) #))
$=& ljdfg:ynx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L
pTyfgzLntf ljsf; & !$ @!
$=* ljBdfg hnljB't pTkfbg u[xx?
tyf afFwx?sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L
pTyfgzLntf ljsf; @! %^ (!
26
l;=
g+=
;"rs cfwf/ /]vf
-@)!% ;Ddsf]
cf}ift_
cNksfnLg
-@)@) ;Dd_
dWosfnLg
-@)@% ;Dd_
bL3{sfnLg
-@)#) ;Dd_
$=( ljB't ;j:6]zgx¿sf]
pTyfgzLntf ljsf; $@ !!@ !*@
$=!) vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t
;Def/ u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf; #))) $%)) ^)))
$=!! Plss[t hn>f]t Joj:yfkgsf]
of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] k|ltzt @% $) ^)
$=!@ pRr hf]lvdo'Qm lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6g af9Lsf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f -;+Vof_ @ # % &
$=!# afof] O{lGhlgol/Ë k|ljlwåf/f gbL
lsgf/fsf] ;+/If0f -ls=dL=_ !,^&% $,%)) &,@@% !),)))
$=!$ hnfwf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f -;+Vof_ #,#$^ #,()) $,$$* %,)))
$=!% Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf kf]v/Lx¿sf]
;+/If0f -;+Vof_ !,&@& @*)) #()( %)))
$=!^ Hfnjfo' :df6{ ufpFx¿sf] ljsf; %) !!# !&)
$=!& Hfnjfo' :df6{ s[lif k|jw{g ug]{ !%) ### %))
% k|b]z / :yfgLo txx¿dfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{
%=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt
tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ k|b]z /
:yfgLo txx¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))
%=@ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txx¿ /
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr cGt/ tyf
k/:k/ ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L
clea[l4 ug{ ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{ -
k|ltzt_ !)) !)) !))
%=# k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf tyf
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu “cem /fd|f] /
alnof] lgdf{0f” sf] l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df >f]tx¿ Joj:yfkg /
sfof{Gjog ug{] ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))
^ ax'k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf tyf cf+sngsf] pknAwtf / kx'Frdf pNn]Vo a[l4 ug]{ ^=! b]zsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] cg'kftdf
ax'k|sf]k cg'udg tyf k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnL] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ePsf]
If]qkmnsf] k|ltzt %) &) !))
^=@ ljkb\ k|efljt If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf]
cg'kftdf :yfgLo jf /fli6«o
;"rgf k|0ffnL dfkm{t k"j{;"rgf
k|fKt ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt @) %) *) !))
27
l;=
g+=
;"rs cfwf/ /]vf
-@)!% ;Ddsf]
cf}ift_
cNksfnLg
-@)@) ;Dd_
dWosfnLg
-@)@% ;Dd_
bL3{sfnLg
-@)#) ;Dd_
^=# ljkb\ hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx?df
k"j{fg'dfgdf cfwfl/t k"j{tof/L
sfo{ljlw tof/ ePsf :yfgLo
txx¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))
^=$ :yfgLo :t/df pkof]uL ljkb\
hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/L Pj+ cf+sng
hg;d'bfonfO{ pknAw u/fpg
;Sg] :yfgLo txx¿sf] k|ltzt @) %) !))
^=% k"j{;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 ljkb\
k|efljt If]qaf6 ;'/lIft :yfgdf
;fl/Psf hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt @% %) !)) !))
#=$k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿
o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L
lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;dli6ut cjwf/0ff (Holistic Approach)nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5
. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fOsfo{9fFrfnfO{ d"n dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf lnO{ o;
sfo{of]hgfn] rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ / c7f/ k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
x/]s k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ cGtu{t cNksfnLg -;g\ @)!*–@)@)_, dWosfnLg -;g\ @)!*–
@)@%_, bL3{sfnLg -;g\ @)!*–@)#)_ / lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg'kg]{ ls|ofsnfkx?sf nflu
lg/Gt/ cjlw tf]sL lgDg adf]lhdsf /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q !Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !Mk|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvd cfFsng
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ @Max'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ #Mk|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0fnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ $Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q @: ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ %M;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ ^Msfg"gL tyflgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ &Mljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ *Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]lztfsf] ;'lglZrttf
28
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q #M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd
hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ (MpTyfgzLntf a[l4sf nflu nufgL k|jw{g
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !)Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !!Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL j[l4
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !@Mhf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf clea[l4
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q $M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf
“cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f” sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !#Mk|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !$Mljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !%M;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !^Mljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !&Mvf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !*Mk'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ
cjwf/0ff k|jw{g
lrq ! g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿
k|fyldstfk|fKtIf]q !: ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{
hf]lvd cfFsngsf nflu ;femf /fli6«o ;+/rgf dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] a[xQ/ a'emfO{
k|fyldstfk|fKtIf]q @:
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd
zf;sLo k4ltsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #M
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{
a[xQ/ hf]lvd
hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t
lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs
nufgL k|jw{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $M
k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ /
k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf tyf
k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f]
/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆsf
nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f
29
ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] ;xL klxrfg ug'{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tkm{sf] klxnf] k|:yfg ljGb' xf] . o;n] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DjGwL lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL 9+uaf6 lgb]{lzt u5{ . ;fYf} k|ltsfo{sf] nflu
k|efjsf/L k"j{ tof/LnfO{ ;d]t ;xL lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . lrq ! df g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ Pj+ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a[xQ/ a'emfO{n] cGo
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿sf] nflu dfu{bz{g ug{] s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
30
cWofo $:k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q !-ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{
ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{sf nflu k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf
;d'bfonfO{ oL k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿n] s;/L k|efj kfb{5g\ eGg] ljifosf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L
x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / hf]lvdsf] k|efjsf] af/]df clwsf+z
dGqfno, ljefu, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;Lldt hfgsf/L ePsf] x'Fbf hf]lvd a'emfO{df
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ hf]lvd sd ug]{ lg0f{o lng ;3fp k'¥ofpg] gofF k2lt
cjnDag ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . hf]lvd cfFsng tyf hfgsf/Lsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
ckgfOPsf :yflkt k2ltx?nfO{ ;d]t g]kfndf cjnDag u/L hf]lvdsf d"NftM tLg tTjx¿
k|sf]k (Hazard), ;Dd'vtf (Exposure) / ;+s6pGd'vtf (Vulnerability) nfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] a'emfO{sf] nflu k|efj df]8lnª (Impact Modeling) / hf]lvd cfFsng (Risk
Assessment) ug{ ;lsG5 . k|efj df]8lnª s'g} k|sf]kaf6 JolQm, ;+/rgf, lhjLsf]kfh{g
cflbdfkfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] cg'dfg xf] eg] hf]lvd cfFsng ;Dk"0f{ ;Defljt 36gfx¿sf] ;du|
k|efj xf] . hf]lvd cfFsngn] Psn jf ax' k|sf]kaf6 x'g]jflif{s cf};t Iflt / ;Defljt clwstd
Iflt lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|efj df]8]nsf] glthfsf cfwf/df lg0f{ostf{x¿n] 36gf x'g' k"j{
g} plrt lg0f{o lng ;Sg]5g\ . k|efj df]8]nx¿ ljQLo of]hgf tyf ;'/Iff, ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f nufgLdf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f / ljleGg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljsNksf] nfe-nfut
ljZn]if0fsf nflu w]/} pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . oL k"j{ tof/L ug{, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f nufgLdf s]lG›t
x'g/ gofF hf]lvd l;h{gf x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu cfjZos gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g ;S5g\ .
k|efjsf/L hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] tYofÍ sfg"gL tyf k|fljlws ¿kn] ;xh pknAw
x'g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu v'nf;|f]t (Open Source) df cfwfl/t k|ljlwsf]
;d]t pkof]u u/L ljgf nfut k'gM pkof]u, k'gd{'b|0f / k'gM ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
hf]lvd k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wgtyfljZn]if0f ug{] / oL
tYofÍx¿ ;a}sf nflu pknAw x'g] Joj:yfn] dfq} Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .
31
g]kfndf k|sf]ksf] k|s[ltcg'¿k x/]s k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Í6pGd'vtf tyf
Ifdtf ;DaGwL 1fg Pj+ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf hg;fª\lVos ljj/0fnfO{ ;d]6/ hf]lvd cfFsng
tyf gSzfÍg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lnË, pd]/, ckfËtf / ljljwtfsf cGo ;"rsfÍx¿sf] cfwf/df
5'§f5'§} (disaggregated) tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 . k|sf]k, ;Í6pGd'vtf tyf Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df lj:t[t tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ cem}afFsL 5 . o:t}hf]lvdsf]
af/]df PsLs[t ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ k4lt / ;~rf/ dfWod Pj+ cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwx¿sf]
ljj]sk"0f{ k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf k"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] 5}g .ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / dfkg sfo{nfO{
;+:yfut ¿kdf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ afFsL 5 .oL ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wgu/L ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] af/]df
a'emfO{ clea[l4 ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ cGtu{t cNksflng -;g\ @)!*–
@)@)_, dWosflng -;g\ @)!*–@)@%_, bL3{sflng-;g\ @)!*–@)#)_ / lg/Gt/ ?kdf
ul//xg'kg]{ lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu lg/Gt/ cjlw tf]sL /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf5g\ .
s_ k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsng
v_ ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo
u_ k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0fnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx
3_ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
$=! k|sf]kadf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cf Fsng
g]kfndf k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt cg'¿k x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;Dd'vtf, ;+s6pGd'vtf/ hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf
gSzfÍg ug'{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u
of]hgf -Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning_ tof/ u/L e"-pkof]u If]q ljefhg ug'{ ;d]t
cfjZos 5 . k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsngsf nflu b]xfosf /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
;8s b'3{6gf hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uLlgsfo
;8s b'3{6gfsf
;Defljt If]qx?df
lg/Gt/ ;8s cg'udg
k|0ffnL (Real-Time
;8s b'3{6gf
;DaGwdf tTsfn
hfgsf/L pknAw
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
32
Road Surveillance
System) :yfkgf ug]{
ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/
;8s b'3{6gfsf
;Defljt If]qx?sf]
klxrfg u/L k|sf]k
cfFsng, gSzfÍg /
k|sf]k If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]
;8s b'3{6gf k|sf]k
gSzf pknAw x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
dxfdf/L hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uLlgsfo
dxfdf/Lsf] lg/Gt/
cg'udg k|0ffnL (Real-
Time Outbreak and
Disease Surveillance
System) :yfkgf ug]{
dxfdf/L ;DaGwdf
tTsfn hfgsf/L
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
.
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
dxfdf/L k|sf]kIf]qsf
nflu dxfdf/L k|sf]k
cfFsng,gSzfÍg /
k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]
dxfdf/L
k|sf]kIf]qsf nflu
dxfdf/L k|sf]kgSzf
pknAw x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df dxfdf/L
hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx¿df
Geo Spatial k|ljlw
;d]t k|of]u
dxfdf/L ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
v08Ls[t
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno, u[x
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
33
u/L;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx¿sf
nflu dxfdf/L hf]lvd
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
;DkGg ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
dxfdf/L hf]lvd
:t/ -pRr, dWod /
;fdfGo_ sf
hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t
:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno, u[x
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno
e"sDkhf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
e"sDk dfkgk|0ffnL
(Real-Time
Earthquake
Monitoring System)
sf] /fi6«JofkL
;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ /
cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{
d'n'se/ lg/Gt/
e"sDkLo
hfgsf/LpknAw
ePsf]x'g]5
lg/Gt/ vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
e"sDkLo k|sf]k
cfFsng, gSzfÍg /
k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
/fli6«o / :yfgLo
:t/df e"sDkLo
k|sf]k cfFsng tyf
gSzfx¿ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
k|b]z;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
34
Soil Liquefaction
k|sf]k cfFsng,
gSzfÍg / k|sf]kIf]q
lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
:t/df Soil
Liquefaction k|sf]k
cfFsng tyf
gSzfx¿ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
lnË, pd]/ /
ckfËtfsf cfwf/df
e"sDk hf]lvdo'Qm
k"jf{wf/x¿ tyf
cf>o:ynx¿sf nflu
e"-;Gble{t (Geo-
referenced) ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
e"sDkLo ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,
P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿,
cf>o:ynx¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf
vfg]kfgLsf
;+/rgfx¿sf nflu
e"sDkLo hf]lvd
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
ug]{ / o;nfO{
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
e"sDkLo hf]lvd
:t/ -pRr, dWod /
Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L
v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu, k'/ftTj
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
35
e"sDk hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–pkof]u
of]hgfx¿sf] th{"[df
ug]{ / o;nfO{
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
e"sDkLo hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–
pkof]u of]hgfx¿
pknAw x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"dL
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DaGwLt
dGqfno tyf
ljefux? k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
klx/f] hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
klx/f] cg'udg k|0ffnL
(Real-Time Landslide
Monitoring System)
:yfkgf ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
klx/f] ;DaGwL
tfTsflns hfgsf/L
pknAw x'g]5
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyf l;FrfO{
dGqfno, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
ljefu, vfgL
tyf e'ue{
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/ / :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|d'v ?kdf klx/f]
k|efljt If]qx¿sf]
klx/f] k|sf]k cfFsng,
gSzfÍg / If]q
lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
klx/f] k|sf]k gSzf
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyf l;FrfO{
dGqfno, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, hn
tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
vfgL tyf e'ue{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,vfgL
tyf e"ue{ ljefu,
ljZjljBfnox?,k|
b]z ;/sf/ /
:yfgLo ;/sf/
36
ljefu
lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df klx/f]
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿
tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf
nflu e"-;Gble{t (Geo-
referenced) ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
klx/f] ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
ljefu, s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,
cf>o:ynx¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf
vfg]kfgLsf
;+/rgfx¿sf nflu
klx/f] hf]lvd cfFsng
tyf gSzfÍg ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
;fj{hlgs
;+/rgfx?sf] klx/f]
hf]lvd :t/ -pRr,
dWod / Go"g_ sf]
hfgsf/L v'nf>f]t
:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
ljefu, s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
37
k|d'v hnfwf/
If]qx¿df e"–Ifo
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
k|d'v hnfwf/x¿sf]
nflu e"–Ifo gSzf
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAwePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
jg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
klx/f] hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u
of]hgfx¿sf] tof/L ug]{
/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
klx/f]hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–
pkof]u of]hgfx¿
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno
[g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
af9Lhf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
k|d'v af9LhGo gbL
hnfwf/x¿df
tfTsflns hn ;tx /
aiff{ cjnf]sg k|0ffnL
(Real-Time Water
Level and Rainfall
Observation System)
k|d'v gbLx¿sf]
Hfn ;tx tyfaiff{
;DaGwL tfTsflns
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
38
sf] lj:tf/ /
cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{
;/sf/
k|d'v af9LhGo
gbLx¿sf nflu af9L
k|sf]k cfFsng,
gSzfÍg / k|sf]k If]q
lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
k|d'v gbLx¿sf]
af9L k|sf]k gSzf
pknAwePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyf l;FrfO{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, hn tyf
pmhf{ cfof]usf]
;lrjfno
lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df af9L
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿
tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf
nflu e"-;Gble{t (Geo-
referenced) ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
af9L ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
hn pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu,s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,
cf>o:ynx¿, ljBfno,
c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL
tyf vfg]kfgLsf
;+/rgfx¿sf nflu
af9L hf]lvd cfFsng
tyf gSzfÍg ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
af9L hf]lvd :t/ -
pRr, dWod /
Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L
v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfno, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu,
ljZjljBfno,
cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x¿, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
39
af9L hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn
e"pkof]u of]hgfx?
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ u/fpg]
af9L hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn
e"pkof]u of]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]tyflxdtfnlj:kmf]6g hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
lxdkft, lxdgbL /
lxdtfn lg/Gt/
cg'udg k|0ffnL (Real-
Time Snow, Glacier
and Glacial Lake
Observation System)
:yfkgf ug]{
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]
tyf lxdtfnsf]
cj:yf lg/Gt/
?kdf hfgsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
k|d'v lxdkft,
lxdklx/f] tyf lxdtfn
k|efljt If]qsf] k|sf]k
cfFsng, gSzfÍg /
If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]
tyf lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6 gx'g ;Sg]
cj:yf ;DaGwL
k|sf]k gSzf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
lxdkft, lxdklx/f] tyf
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿
tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]
tyf lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6g ;Dd'vtf
/ ;+s6f;Ggtfsf]
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
hn tyf df};d
40
nflu lnË, pd]/ /
ckfËtfsf cfwf/df e"-
;Gble{t (Geo-
referenced) ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
lj1fg ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo
;/sf/,ljZjljBf
nox¿, s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu
lxdkft, lxdklx/f] tyf
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g sf]
hf]lvddf /x]sf
k"jf{wf/x¿,
cf>o:ynx¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf
vfg]kfgLsf
;+/rgfx?sf] hf]lvd
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]
tyf lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6g hf]lvd
:t/ -pRr, dWod /
Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L
v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
ljZjljBfno,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿
lxdkft, lxdklx/f] tyf
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g
hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn
e"pkof]u of]hgfx¿sf]
tof/L ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]
lxdkft, lxdklx/f]
tyf lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6g hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u
of]hgfx¿ pknAw
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd-v8]/L,r6\ofª,xfjfx'/L,tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, zLt nx/_
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
41
df};dsf] lg/Gt/
cg'udg k|0ffnL (Real-
Time Weather
Observation System)
nfO{ /fi6«AofkL ¿kdf
lj:tf/ / cfw'lgsLs/0f
ug]{]{
df};d ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L lg/Gt/
?kdf pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
k|d'v Hfnjfo'hGo
k|sf]k If]qsf] k|sf]k
cfFsng, gSzfÍg /
k|sf]k If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
Hfnjfo'hGo k|sf]k
If]qsf] k|sf]k gSzf
pknAw x'g]5
cNksflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,j}slNk
s pmhf{ k|jw{g
s]G›,hn tyf
pmhf{ cfof]usf]
;lrjfno, s[lif
ljefu,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
ljZjljBfno,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvdo'Qm
If]qx¿sf nflu lnË,
pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df e"-;Gble{t
(Geo-referenced)
;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
Hfnjfo'hGo
;Dd'vtf /
;+s6f;Ggtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo
;/sf/,ljZjljBf
nox¿, s]G›Lo
tYofÍljefu
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿
-l;+rfO{, pBf]u, s[lif,
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd
:t/ -pRr, dWod /
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
42
hnljB't,pmhf{, kz'wg,
jg, l;d;f/, hnf;o,
hLljsf]kfh{g, ljBfno,
c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL,
vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf
cflb_, hg;+Vof tyf
cf>o :ynx¿sf]
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
;fdfGo_ sf]
hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t
:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
/fli6«o ljkb
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
dGqfnox?,hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u
of]hgfx¿sf] th{"df
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u
of]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
cfunfuL/ jg89]nf]sf] hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
cfunfuL / jg89]nf]sf]
lg/Gt/ cg'udg
k|0ffnL (Real-Time Fire
Monitoring System)
:yfkgf ug]{
cfunfuL / jg
89]nf] ;DaGwL
lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ :yfgLo ;/sf/,
jg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?
43
d'Vo k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf /
;]jfx¿df cfunfuL /
jg89]nf] lj¿4
;r]tgf lgdf{0fsf nflu
hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L -
Information Kit_ sf]
ljsf; ug]{
cfunfuL /
jg89]nf] ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
jg ljefu
zx/L ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
jg If]qsf] k|sf]ksf
cfunfuL, ag89]nf] /
h+unL hgfj/ cft+s
;+aGwL] k|sf]k cfFsng,
gSzfÍg / If]q lgwf{/0f
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
cfunfuL k|sf]k
If]qsf] cfunfuL /
ag89]nf] k|sf]k
gSzf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng jg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df cfunfuL /
jg89]nf] hf]lvdo'Qm
If]qx¿sf nflu e"-
;Gble{t ;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
cfunfuL/ jg89]nf]
;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng jg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z
;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL,
vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf,
;fj{hlgs, ;/sf/L
tyf lghL ejgx¿,
cfunfuL/ jg
89]nf] hf]lvd :t/ -
pRr, dWod /
;fdfGo_ sf]
hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t
:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs
cNksflng jg ljefu, u[x
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
44
cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfx?
tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf
nflu cfunfuL / jg
89]nf] hf]lvd cfFsng
tyf gSzfÍg ;DkGg
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
¿kdf pknAw x'g]5 :yfgLo ;/sf/
cfunfuL / jg 89]nf]
hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn e"–
pkof]u of]hgfx¿sf]
th"{df u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{]
cfunfuL / jg
89]nf] hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–
pkof]u of]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/
s[lif, e"dL
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno,
jg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f
ljefu,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
cf}Bf]lus -/f;folgs, ljls/0f_ hf]lvd
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
cf}Bf]lus k|sf]k
cfFsng, gSzfÍg /
k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
cf}Bf]lus /f;folgs
k|sf]k gSzf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pBf]u, jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
45
cf}Bf]lus hf]lvdo'Qm
If]qx¿sf nflu lnË,
pd]/ / ckfËtfsf
cfwf/df e"-;Gble{t
(Georeferenced)
;Dd'vtf /
;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng
ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
cf}Bf]lus ;Dd'vtf
/ ;+s6pGd'vtfsf]
5'§f5'§}
(disaggregated)
tYofÍ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pBf]u, jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
s]G›Lo tYofÍ
ljefu
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL,
vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf,
hg;+Vof tyf
cf>o:ynx¿,
cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfx?sf]
cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd
cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg
;DkGg ug]{ /
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg]
cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd
:t/ -pRr, dWod /
;fdfGo_ sf
hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t
:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pBf]u, jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
s]G›Lo tYofÍ
ljefu
cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–pkof]u
of]hgfx¿sf] th"{df
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"–
pkof]u of]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"dL
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno,pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
46
$=@ ax'-k|sf ]k hf]lvd cf Fsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo
g]kfndf ax'–dfkb08df cfwfl/t ax'k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf gSzfÍgx¿ kof{Kt 5}gg\ .
o; ;Gbe{df ax'k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf gSzfÍgsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ;+oGq
:yfkgf ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf
5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ax'k|sf]k ljkb\ hf]lvd
cfFsng k4ltnfO{
;+:yfut ug{;femf
/fli6«o 9fFrf (Common
National Framework)
/ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{
ax'k|sf]k ljkb\
hf]lvd cfFsng
;fwg, ljlw,
;+:yfut Joj:yf /
lgb]{lzsf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljefux?, hn
tyf pmhf{ cfof]u
;lrjfno, k|b]z
;/sf/,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?
k|sf]k, ;Dd'vtf,
;Í6pGd'vtf / hf]lvd
tYofÍ ;+sngdf
Ps¿ktf sfod ug{
cGt/ lgsfo ;+oGq
:yfkgf ug]{
k|sf]k, ;Dd'vtf,
;+s6pGd'vtf /
hf]lvd tYofÍ
;+sngdf Ps¿ktf
sfod ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t
;+u7gx¿, vfgL
tyf e"ue{
ljefu, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
47
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf dxTjk"0f{
k"jf{wf/x¿ -cfjf;,
l;+rfO{, pBf]u, s[lif,
;8s, ljdfg:yn,
hnljB't, pmhf{,
kz'wg, jg, l;d;f/,
hnf;o, hLljsf]kfh{g,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
:jf:Yo rf}sL,
vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf
cflb_, cf>o:yn /
hg;+Vofsf] nflu ax'–
dfkb08df cfwfl/t
lj:t[t ax'-k|sf]k
hf]lvd cfFsng tyf
gSzfÍg ug]{
;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu
v'nf >f]t :j¿kdf
dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ /
cfjf;sf] ax'–k|sf]k
hf]lvd hfgsf/L
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu,hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
ljefu,zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu
ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u
of]hgfx¿sf] tof/L ug]{
/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpFg]
ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"-
pkof]u of]hgfx¿
pknAw ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"dL
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno,g]kfn
;/sf/sf] u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
$=# k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx
48
g]kfndf PsLs[t ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; / ;~rf/ dfWod tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/
k|ljlwx¿sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L sfd ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf
5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljBdfg / plbodfg
ljkb\ hf]lvd
k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ljleGg
ldl8of -;fdflhs,
5fkf, ljB'tLo, >Ao
b[Zo_ sf] k|efjsf/L
k|of]u ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]
Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/
tyf hfgsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+rf/ tyf
;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
b'/;+rf/
k|flws/0f,
kqklqsf, PkmPd
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg
ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf
;fem]bfl/tfsf nflu
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+u7gx¿, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /fhgLlts
bn tyf eft[
;+u7gx?, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux? /
ldl8of aLr /fli6«o
b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd
;xsfo{ ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf
;fem]bfl/tfdf
Jofks ¿kn]
;xsfo{ ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
b'/;+rf/
k|flws/0f,
;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t
;+u7gx¿,
ljsf;sf
;fem]bf/, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn
tyf eft[
;+u7gx?,
/]8qm;
49
cleofgsf
c+ux? / ldl8of
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd
;"rgf ;fem]bf/L ug{ -
df]afO{n PK;, j]a;fO{6,
P;PdP;, /]l8of] /
6]lnlehg h:tf
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;lxt_
;+rf/ tyf k|;f/
/0fgLlt / sfo{ljlw
tof/ kfg]{
;a} txdf ljkb\
hf]lvd ;"rgfsf]
k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ /
k|;f/ ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+rf/ tyf
;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
b'/;+rf/
k|flws/0f
dlxnf, j[4j[4f,
afnaflnsf, ckfË,
ljBfyL{ / cGo
;+s6pGd'v ;d"x;Fu
hf]lvd ;"rgf
;fem]bf/L ug{ ;+rf/
tyf k|;f/ /0fgLlt /
sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{
dlxnf, j[4,
afnaflnsf, ckfË,
ljBfyL{ / cGo
;+s6pGd'v
;d"x;Fu hf]lvd
;"rgf ;fem]bf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+rf/ tyf
;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
b'/;+rf/
k|flws/0f
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txdf cflwsfl/s,
v'nf, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf
Aoj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf ug]{
;a} txdf ljkb\
hf]lvd hfgsf/Lsf]
nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd
;"rgf Aoj:yfkg
k|0ffnL pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn
;/sf/sf]u[x
dGqfno÷/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd hfgsf/L
;fem]bfl/tfdf låkIfLo,
;Ldf jf/ kf/
hf]lvd ;"rgf
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
50
If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o
;xof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg]
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5 k//fi6« dGqfno dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
hn pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu
$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg cWoog, cWofkg,
cg';Gwfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx¿ ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ljBdfg k|lzIf0f s]G›x¿sf Ifdtf
clea[l4 ug]{ / /fli6«o b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|lzIf0f /
cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿
lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljBfnob]lv
ljZjljBfno ;Ddsf]
kf7\oqmddf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL
ljleGg kIfdf ljwfut,
ljifout / cGt/–
ljwfut kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f u/L cWoog,
cWofkg / cg';Gwfg
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f /
Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf
bIf hgzlQm ljsf;
e} ljkb\ hf]lvd
a'emfO{df j[l4ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno,
ljZjljBfnox¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
k]z]j/ ;jf/L
rfnsx?sf] nflu
lgoldt ;8s ;'/Iff
;8s b'3{6gf sd
ug{ k]z]j/ ;jf/L
rfnsx?sf] Ifdtf
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo
51
lzIff sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ug]{
ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/
blnt,dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,
ckfË, ;+s6pGd'v
;d'bfox¿ / ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
;DaGwL kf7\oqmdsf]
ljsf; u/L k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng
ug]{
;+s6pGd'v
;d'bfox¿ /
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
ljkb\ hf]lvd
;DaGwL a'emfO{df
Ifdtf ljsf;
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
ljBfyL{, cljefjs,
lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{,
vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|bfos,
;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf
pkef]Qmfx¿sf nflu
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
/ Joj:yfkgdf v]Ng'kg]{
e"ldsfaf/]
hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L
agfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{,
tflnd k|bfg ug]{ /
ljleGg txdf cg'ejsf]
cfbfg k|bfg ug]{
ljBfyL{, cljefjs,
lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{,
vfg]kfgL ;]jf
k|bfos, ;fd'bflos
;+:yf tyf
pkef]Qmfx¿sf]
ljkb\ hf]lvd
a'emfO{df Ifdtf
j[l4ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno,
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, /fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/,;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+3
;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L
;Ë7gx¿
/fhgLlts bn tyf
eft[ ;+u7gx?sf
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;DalGw
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
52
;b:ox?, lgjf{lrt hg
k|ltlglw, ljifout
lgsfosf ;Dks{ JolQm,
ljkb hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg If]qdf
sfo{/t ;+3
;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f P]g,
lgod, gLlt, /0fgLlts
sfo{of]hgf af/]
cled'lvs/0f ug]{
sfg"gL tyf
lgofds Joj:yf
af/] Jofks
hfgsf/L e} lg0f{o
k|lqmof k|efjsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
dGqfno,/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
;DaGwdf ;r]tgf
hufpg] sfo{qmdx¿sf]
ljsf; tyf ;+rfng
ug{sf nflu ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yf,
u}/–;/sf/L ;Ë7g tyf
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
;DaGwL r]tgf
clea[l4df Aofks
;xsfo{ ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/,;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+3
;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L
;Ë7g tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
Jofkf/L, Joj;foL /
pBdLx¿nfO{ ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f af/]
k|lzIf0f lbO{ pgLx¿sf]
hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf
/ lhDd]jf/Ljf]w a9fpFg]
lghL If]q ljkb\
hf]lvd af/] hfgsf/
eO{ lhDd]jf/ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3
ljkb\ hf]lvd ;DaGwL
r]tgf tyf k|lzIf0fsf
ljkb\ hf]lvd cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf
53
nflu lj:t[t /fli6«o /
:yfgLo :t/sf]
sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; u/L
;+rfng ug]{
;DaGwL r]tgf
clea[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
u[x
dGqfno,/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/,;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+3
;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L
;Ë7g tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf
ljBdfg k|lzIf0f
s]G›x¿sf Ifdtf
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
ljBdfg k|lzIf0f
s]G›x¿sf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
Ifdtf ;'b[9 ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn
k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L
jn, k|lzIf0f
k|lti7fgx?
8«fOleË :s"nx?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
;8s b'3{6gf sd
ug{ 8«fOleË
:s"nx?sf] Ifdtf
ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf k|sf]k,
;+s6pGd'vtf tyf
hf]lvd cfFsng, JofVof
/ ;do ;dodf
hf]lvd cfFsng /
JofVof cBfjlws
ug]{ sfo{df Ifdtf
;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,hn tyf
df};d lj1fg
54
cBfjlws ug]{, hf]lvd
;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u
of]hgf tof/L, ljkb\
k|efj d"NofÍg
;DjGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf
/ k]zfsdL{x¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 sfo{qmd ug]{
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
ljefu,vfgL tyf
e"ue{ ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
hn tyf pmhf{
cfof]u ;lrjfno, e"
tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu,
ljZjljBfnox¿,
cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ngsf ;jfn,
;d:of / ;dfwfg
dfly cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ngsf nflu
gofF k|ljlw tyf
k|0ffnLsf] lasf;
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng ljZjljBfnox?,
O{lGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfg,
g]kfn lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
k|lti7fg, g]kfn
s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt dGqfnox?,
g]kfn k|zf;lgs
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg,
:yfgLo ljsf;
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg,
zx/L ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu,hn tyf
df};d lj1fg ljefu
55
cWofo %: k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q @-;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\
hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f hf]lvd a'‰g], Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{
k|of;sf] husf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tyf
Go"gLs/0fdf gfu/Lssf rf;f] JoQm ug{, sfg"gL clwsf/ / bfloTj af/] cEof; ug{ / u'gf;f
tyf dte]bx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf, gLltut Joj:yf, ;+oGq, ;dGjo /
k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yf ub{5 . o;n] ljkb\af6 ;'/lIft /xg, tof/L ug{, Joj:yfkg ug{ / k'gnf{e
k|fKt ug{ Ifdtf tyf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g]5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ub{5 . ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrfn] ljleGg txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]
klxrfg u/]sf] 5 h;n] ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] k|efjsf/L tyf s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 7"nf] dxTj
/fV5 . o;sf] nflu;a} If]qdf :ki6 b[li6, of]hgf, ;fdYo{, lgb]{zg / ;dGjosf ;fy} ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf klg cfjZos k5{ . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/LnfO{ a9fjf lbg ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4lt ;'b[9 agfpg lgDg s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbg'
cfjZos 5 .
-s_ ;a} If]qdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t / d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;DalGwt sfg"g, lgod
/ gLltx¿sf] Ps¿ktf sfod ug{] . sfg"gL ;+/rgf dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qx¿sf]
e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf k"jf{wf/x¿df ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{] . JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / Joj;fosf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] . ljkb\ hf]lvd
kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+oGq tyf kxnnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . ;dGjofTds / ;+u7gfTds
;+/rgfx? :yfkgf ug{] .
-v_ ;a} txx¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf cjnDag / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
-u_ ljleGg :t/df klxrfg u/LPsf hf]lvdx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ k|fljlws, ljQLo / k|zf;lgs
¿kdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ug]{ .
-3_ ljifout If]qsf gLlt, lgod / sfg"gdf /x]sf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿ h:t}
e"–pkof]u, zx/L of]hgf, ejg ;+lxtf, kof{j/0f ;+/If0f, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, :jf:Yo /
;'/Iff:t/ ;Daf]wg cflbsf] kfngf ;'lglZrt ug{ / k|f]T;fxgnfO{ a9fjf lbg cfjZos
;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ cBfjlws ug]{ .
56
-ª_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljleGg of]hgfx?sf] cfjlws k|ult ;dLIff
tyf n]vfhf]vf ug{ k4lt ljsf; ug]{, ;'b[9 agfpg] Pj+ k|ult ;dLIffsf] ljifodf ljleGg
txsf hgk|ltlgwLx¿, ljwfosx? / ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn tyf ax;nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
-r_ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfg"gL ;+/rgf / :ki6 e"ldsfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfosf
k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lg0f{osf nflu lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] .
-5_ ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ag]sf] ;/sf/L ;dGjo d~rx¿sf]
:yfkgf ug]{ / ;'b[9 agfpg], h:t} ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo
d~rx¿.
-h_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo :t/df gfu/Ls ;dfh, ;d'bfo, /fhgLlts bn tyf eft[
;+u7gx?, cflbjf;L / cfk|jf;L;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{ :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;zQm
agfpg] .
-em_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu gLltut tyf ljQLo Joj:yfsf] nflu ljwfosx¿;Fusf]
5nkmn tyf ax;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
-`_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf nflu sb/, k'/:sf/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{ lghL
If]q, gfu/Ls ;dfh, Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿, j}1flgs ;+:yfx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3;Fu ;xsfo{
ug]{ .
-6_ ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qx¿df ljkb\ lgoGq0f tyf dfgj al:tx¿ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ gLltut Joj:yf
ug]{ .
o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] sfof{Gjogn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ljifout If]qx¿, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;
of]hgf k|lqmof tyf cEof;x¿df ljBdfg hf]lvd sd ug{ / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd jf Iflt
/f]sYffd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy} ;'/lIft ljsf;sf nflu sd hf]lvd If]qx¿df k|f]T;fxg /
pRr hf]lvd If]qx¿df lg¿T;fxg u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg]5.
o;sf] nflu ljsf; kl/of]hgfdf PsLs[t ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' hf]lvd k/LIf0f ljlwsf] ljsf;
u/Lg]5 . oL ljlwx¿n] ;a} kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'/lIft 5g\ /
ltgLx¿n] gofF k|sf/sf ljkb\ hf]lvd l;h{gf ub}{gg\ jf ljBdfg hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpFb}gg\ eGg]
;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u k¥'ofpFg]5g\ . oL ljlwx¿ ljsf; kl/of]hgfdf ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' hf]lvd
ljZn]if0f ug{] Jojl:yt k2lt k|jw{g ug]{ p2]Zon] clek|]l/t x'g]5g\ .
g]kfn ljZjdf ;a}eGbf sd zx/Ls/0f ePsf] t/ ›'t ultdf zx/Ls/0f eO/x]sf b]zx¿dWo] Ps
xf]. zx/L If]qdf ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{ ejg ;+lxtfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If cBfjlws / sfof{Gjog ug'{
h¿/L 5 . ;fy} zx/L ljsf; of]hgfx¿df 9n lgsfz k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
57
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg tyf
dfu{bz{g ug{] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L ;+3b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ adf]lhd
lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfnfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;a} txdf k"j{tof/L
tyf cfkTsfnLg k|ltsfo{ of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 tTsfn ug'{ h¿/L 5 .
pQm ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4lt ;'b[9 ug{ o; k|fyldstf
k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
s_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f
v_ sfg"gL tyf lgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L
3_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
%=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f
u[x dGqfno cGtu{t df}h'bf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf] ;Lldt ;+/rgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvdsf]
a9\bf] sfdsf] rfk y]Ug r'gf}ltk"0f{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g,
@)&$ adf]lhd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu clwsf/ ;DkGg /fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f :yfkgf Pj+ ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] ;+u7gfTds
k'g;{/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltdf klg :yfgLo txnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} nfg'
kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu
/fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f
:yfkgf ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f,
k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{sf nflu
/fli6«o
:t/df;+:yfut
Joj:yf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{no, u[x
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
58
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
;ldlt tyf ;+:yfut
;+/rgf ljsf; ug{
;doaå sfo{of]hgf
agfO{ nfu" ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
zf;gdf k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf]
;+:yfut ;+/rgf
/ sfo{Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|To]s If]qdf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff
PsLs[t / sfof{Gjog
ug{sf] nflu ;+3, k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo txdf
;dGjo ;+oGq :yfkgf
ug]{
k|To]s If]qdf
:ki6 lhDd]jf/L
;lxt ;dGjo
;+oGq ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
ljBdfg hf]lvdo'Qm
;fj{hlgs ;]jf,
hLljsf]kfh{gsf
;fwgx¿ tyf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/x¿ -;fj{hlgs,
;/sf/L / lghL
ejgx¿, xfO8«f]lns
;+/rgf, zx/L
k"jf{wf/x¿, ljBfno /
c:ktfn, /+uzfnf,
lyP6/x¿, ;lk+u dn
cflb_ sf] k|anLs/0fsf]
nflu ljz]if sf]if /
cg'udg ;+oGq :yfkgf
k"jf{wf/x¿
k|anLs/0fdf
ljQLo Joj:yf /
pQ/bfloTj
:yflktePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, cy{
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
59
ug]{
ljifout dGqfnox¿
tyf ljefux¿df ljkb\
hf]lvd ;DalGw lglZrt
lhDd]jf/ (Focal) JolQm,
zfvf jf dxfzfvf tf]Sg]
k|To]s ljifout
dGqfno /
ljefudf ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
;dlk{t s]G›Lo
PsfO pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljefux?, cGo
lgsfox?
ljBfno tyf
c:kftnx¿df ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
;ldlt :yfkgf ug]{
ljBfno tyf
c:kftnx¿df
k|efjsf/L ljkb\
hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno,
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
cfkTsflng sfo{
;~rfng s]G› :yfkgf
ug]{
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf k|efjsf/L
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L
tyf cfKfTsflng
k|ltsfo{ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
:jf:Yo cfkTsflng sfo{
;~rfng s]G› :yfkgf
ug]{
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf k|efjsf/L
cfKfTsflng
:jf:Yo ;]jf
pknAwePsf]
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
60
x'g]5
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf
;+nUg k|d'v ljefux¿
tyf dGqfnox¿sf] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f tyf
Jo:yfkg ;DjlGw
;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf
;'wf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkgsf
nflu k|efjsf/L
;+:yfut
Joj:yfePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, zx/L
ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff
kl/ifb u7g u/L ;lqmo
agfpg]
;8s ;'/Iff
lqmofsnfkx?sf]
cg'udg tyf
;dGjosf nflu
;+:yfut Joj:yf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
dfnjfxs tyf ofq'jfxs
;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] ef/
cg'udg tyf lgoGq0f
;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{
dfnjfxs tyf
ofq'jfxs ;jf/L
;fwgx?sf]
cTolws ef/
cg'udg tyf
lgoGq0f ;+oGq
:yfkgf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu,
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/
ljsf; tyf s[lif
cNksflng :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
ljsf; tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
61
oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu,
6«flkms k|x/L / :yfgLo
txdf ;8s ;'/Iff OsfO{
u7g ug]{
;8s ljefu,
oftfoft Joj:yf
ljefu, 6«flkms
k|x/L / :yfgLo
txdf ;8s
;'/Iffsf] nflu
;+:yfut Joj:yf
ePsf] x'g]5
s[lif ;8s
ljefu,
oftfoft
Joj:yf ljefu,
6«flkms k|x/L,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
%=@ sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
ljutsf sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfx?sf] cfwf/df ;Dkfbg u/LPsf sfo{x?sf] cg'ejx?nfO{
;d]t cjnDag u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ax'cfofldstfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
;d;fdlos sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] x'gfn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf
;a} lqmofsnfksf] ;dGjofTds / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg u/L k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts
ljkb\af6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLpHofg / ;fj{hlgs, gLlh tyf JolQmut ;DklQ, k|fs[lts Pj+
;f:s[lts ;Dkbf / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ agfPsf] 5 .o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL tof/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu
ljleGg ljifout If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfx¿sf] klg ljsf; ug{' kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg P]g,
@)&$ sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL
tof/ ug{]
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg zf;g
Jojl:yt / ;'b[9
ug{ lgodfjnL
tof/ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn
;/sf/sf]u[x
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txx¿n] ljkb\ hf]lvd
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf k|efjsf/L
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
62
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf
tof/ ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
sfo{of]hgf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
:yfgLo ;/sf/ dGqfnox?
/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff
/0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ /
;8s ;'/Iff
sfo{of]hgfnfO{
cBfjlws ug]{
/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff
/0fgLlt tof/ /
;8s ;'/Iff
sfo{of]hgf
cBfjlws ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, lghL If]q,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
;8s ;'/Iff kl/If0f
lgb]{lzsf (Road Safety
Audit Manual) tof/
ug]{
;8s ;'/Iff kl/If0f
lgb]{lzsf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljZj
ljBfnox?,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?
;'/lIft ;8ssf nflu
l8hfO{g lgb]{lzsf
(Design Guideline for
Safer Roads) tof/ ug]{
;'/lIft ;8ssf
nflu l8hfO{g
lgb]{lzsf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljZj
ljBfnox?,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?
g]kfn ;8s dfkb08
tyf g]kfn ;8s ;]lˆ6
;'/lIft ;8ssf
nflu gofF sf]8/
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
63
sf]8x?-# km/s
Osf]nf]lhsn hf]gsf
nfuL_ kl/dfh{g tyf
ljsf; ug]{
dfgs tof/ ePsf]
x'g]5
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljZj
ljBfnox?,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?
;L6 a]N6, x]nd]6sf]
k|of]u / ;fj{hlgs
oftfoft ;'/Iff ;DaGwL
lgodx?nfO{ s8fO{sf
;fy nfu' ug]{ / ;a}
;8s k|of]ustf{x?sf
nflu lj:t[t cfrf/
;+lxtf ljsf; ug]{
;8s k|of]ustf{x?
;r]t / cg'zfl;t
e} ;8s b'3{6gf sd
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ejg lgdf{0f P]g
cBfjlws u/L nfu"
ug{], zx/L tyf u|fdL0f
If]qx¿sf] nflu ejg
;+lxtf kl/dfh{g ug{] /
;a} ufpF tyf
gu/kflnsfsf nflu
ejg lgdf{0f ljlgod
agfpg]
af9L / e"sDk
k|lt/f]wL ejg
lgdf{0fsf nflu
gLltut Joj:yf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k"jf{wf/ of]hgf l8hfOg
/ lgdf{0fsf nflu
ljBdfg dfkb08x¿ /
dfgsx¿ -e"sDk sf]8,
of]hgf gD;{_sf]
k'g/fjnf]sg /
kl/dfh{g ug{]
k"jf{wf/ of]hgf
l8hfOg / lgdf{0fsf
nflu kl/is[t sf]8,
dfgs, lgb]{lzsf
cflb tof/ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
ljZjljBfno tyf
cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿
64
hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿
-cfjf;Lo ejg, xf]6]n,
ckf6{d]G6, cf}Bf]lus
ejg, P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf,
ljBfno, c:ktfn,
;fd'bflos ejg,
cf>o:yn cflb_
k|anLs/0f
(Retrofitting) sf] nflu
lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{
hf]lvdo'Qm
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]
nflu k|anLs/0f
lgb]{lzsf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
ljZjljBfno,
O{lGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfg
If]qut ljsf;
of]hgfx¿df ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{
lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{
ljsf; of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmddf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{
lgb]{lzsf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, cy{
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd k|efj
d"NofÍgnfO{ Jfftfj/0f
;+/If0f P]g tyf
jftfj/0f k|efj
d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsfdf
;dfj]z ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
k|efjd"NofÍg
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f
P]g tyf jftfj/0f
k|efj d"NofÍg
lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
jg tyf
jftfj/0f
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|d'v kl/of]hgfx¿sf]
5gf}6sf nflu ljkb\ /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
hf]lvd ;DjGwL
1fgx¿sf] cfwf/df
k|d'v
cfof]hgfx¿df
hnjfo' / ljkb\
hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL
k|ljwL ;dfj]z ug{
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, cy{
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
65
ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf]
k|f/lDes / lj:t[t
hf]lvd d"Nof+sg
sfo{9fFrf tof/ u/L
lgb]{lzsfx¿df ;dfj]z
ug]{
lj:t[t hf]lvd
d"Nof+sg sfo{9fFrf
tof/ ePsf] x'g]5
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
;/sf/
k|fs[lts ;|f]t
Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL
ljleGg sfo{qmd /
sfo{of]hgfx¿df ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
;dfj]z ug]{
k|fs[lts ;|f]t
Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL
ljleGg sfo{qmd /
sfo{of]hgfx¿df
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;dfj]z
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
jg tyf
jftfj/0f
dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
/ Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if
of]ubfg k'¥ofpFg]
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:s[t
ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f /
Joj:yfkgsf
nfluljz]if of]ubfg
k'¥ofpFg]
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
k'/:s[t ug]{
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; e}
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{
;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
cfkTsflng sf]if tyf
vfB a}+ssf nflu
lgodfjnL / sfo{
;+rfng ljlw tof/ ug]{
k|b]z /
:yfgLotxdf
cfkTsflng sf]if /
vfB a}+ssf nflu
hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxt
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
66
sfo{ ;+rfng ljlw
tof/ ePsf] x'g]5
;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]
;'/Iffsf] nflu /
cfkTsflng l:ytLdf
n}lËs lx+;f /f]syfd
ug{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{
cfkTsflng l:ytLdf
;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]
;'/Iff / n}lËs lx+;f
/f]syfdsf nfuL
lgb]{lzsf tof/ e}
sfof{Gjog ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u,
u[x dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df
;d'bfo txdf
:jo+;]js kl/rfngsf
nflu lgb]{lzsf agfO{
nfu' ug]{
ljkbsf] ;dodf
:jo+;]js kl/rfng
;xh agfpg
lgb]{lzsf pknAw
e}nfu' ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/,:yfgLo
;/sf/, ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+3
;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L
;Ë7g tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L,
k|ltsfo{, k'gnf{e,
k'glg{df{0f tyf
k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]
kl/rfng ;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw kl/dfh{g ug]{
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]
kl/rfng k|efjsf/L
/ kf/bzL{ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
eUgfjz]if / ljleGg
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf]
nflu cfjZos
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
eUgfjz]if / kmf]x/
Jojl:yt ug{
lgb]{lzsf tof/
cNksflng u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
67
lgb]{lzsf agfpFg] ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/
/fli6«o cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|sf]
sfo{;+rfng ljwL
kl/dfh{g ug]{ tyf
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|x¿sf]
sfo{;+rfng ljwL tof/
ug]{
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng
s]Gb|x¿sf]
sfo{;+rfng ljwL
cBfjlws ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf
:jf:Yo cfkTsflng
sfo{ ;+rfng
s]Gb|x¿sf] sfo{;+rfng
ljwL tof/ ug]{
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf :jf:Yo
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng
s]Gb|x¿sf] sfo{
;+rfng ljwL
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ljkb\ kZrftsf] vf]h /
p2f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg dfkb08 ljsf;
u/L lgb]{lzsf agfpg]
vf]h / p2f/ sfo{
k|efjsf/L agfpg
lgb]{lzsf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng u[x dGqfno,
;z:q k|x/L
jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ;d'bfo
k|fb]lzs, :yfgLo /
;fd'bflos ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ;ldtLsf
nflu :yfgLo ljkb\
:yfgLo txdf
k|efjsf/L ljkb\
k"j{tof/L tyf
cfKfTsflng
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
68
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
sfo{;+rfng ljlw tof/
/ lgoldt cBfjlws
ug]{
k|ltsfo{sf] nfuL
sfo{;+rfng ljlw
tof/ ePsf] x'g]5
:yfgLo txsf ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng sfo{ljlw /
lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] -
CAPA, LDRMP,
LAPA, DPRP_ PsLs[t
lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{
:yfgLo txdf ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ngsf nflu
PsLs[t sfo{ljlw
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno, jg
tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0fsf nflu gofF
k|ljlwx¿ ;dflji6
k"jf{wf/sf] l8hfOg ug{
gofF sf]8x¿ /
dfgsx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
gofF sf]8, dfgs /
k|ljlw tof/ ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng ljZjljBfno
tyf cg';Gwfg
s]G›x¿, k'jf{wf/
;DjlGwt
dGqfno tyf
ljefux¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hf]lvd cfFsngsf]
cfwf/df k|d'v gbL
a]l;gdf gbL
Joj:yfkg / hnfwf/
;+/If0fsf] nflu u'¿
of]hgf tof/ ug{]
hn pTkGg k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
nfuL u'¿ of]hgf
tof/ ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
hn tyf pmhf{
cfof]usf]
;lrjfno,
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyfl;+rfO{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
xl/t k"jf{wf/ /
kfl/l:yltsL k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t cg's"ng
(Ecosystem Based
Adaptation) dfkm{t
xl/t k"jf{wf/ /
kfl/l:yltsL
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
cg's"ng dfkm{t
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
jg tyf
aftfj/0f
dGqfno, u[x
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
69
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{]
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nfuL
dfu{bz{g tof/
ePsf] x'g]]5
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno
;/sf/
;8s b'3{6gfdf k/]sf
JolQm, uf8L tyf cGo
j:t'x?sf] vf]h tyf
p4f/sf nfuL lgb]{lzsf
/ dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{]
;8s b'3{6gfdf
k/]sf JolQm, uf8L
tyf cGo j:t'x?sf]
vf]h tyf p4f/sf
nfuL lgb]{lzsf /
dfu{bz{g tof/
ePsf] x'g]]]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
af9L hf]lvd sd ug{
xfO8«f]lns ;+/rgf
lgdf{0fsf nfuL
lgb]{lzsf / dfu{bz{g
tof/ ug{]
af9L hf]lvd sd
ug{ alnof]xfO8«f]lns
;+/rgflgdf{0fsf
nfuL lgb]{lzsf /
dfu{bz{g tof/
ePsf] x'g]]]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
hn tyf pmhf{
cfof]usf]
;lrjfno,
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyfl;+rfO{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hf]lvd-;+j]bgzLn e"-
pkof]u of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
lgodg, k|f]T;fxg /
lg¿T;fxg Joj:yf
ljsf; ug]{
;a} :yfgLo txdf
eljiodf a:tL /
pTkfbgd"ns
k|of]usf nflu pRr,
dWod tyf Go"g
hf]lvd If]qx¿sf]
klxrfgsf] cfwf/df
of]hgfx? tof/
ePsf x'g]5g\
dWosflng s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
70
lghL If]qx¿sf
Joj:yfkg
cEof;x¿df ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
PsLs[t ug]{
lghL If]qdf ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
cjnDag ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng pBf]u, Jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, g]kfn
pBf]u jfl0fHo
dxf;+3,
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p•og dGqfno,
pBf]u, jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
kz'kG5L x]/rfx
;DalGw lgb]{lzsf tof/
ug]{
kz'kG5L x]/rfx
;DalGw lgb]{lzsf
tof/ ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/LdGqfno,
u[x dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
tftf] xfjfsf] nx/ tyf
zLtnx/ Joj:yfkg
lgb]{lzsftof/ ug]{
tftf] xfjfsf] nx/
tyf zLtnx/
Joj:yfkg
k|efjsf/L agfpg
lgb]{lzsf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|fs[lts /
hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf
tof/ ug]{
k|fs[lts /
hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
k|efjsf/L agfpg
lgb]{lzsf tof/
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, hn
tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
71
%=# ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L
d'n'ssf] zf;sLo ;+/rgf ;+3Lotfdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf]
zf;sLo k4ltnfO{ ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;fem]bf/L Pj+ ;xsfo{sf]
cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]
If]qdf /x]sf] Ifdtfsf] ;ldIff / d'Nof+sg u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . l5d]sL
b]zx¿;Fu ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xsfo{ a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f
u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf zf;sLo
Ifdtf klxrfg u/L
Ifdtf clej[l4sf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng
ug]{
Ifdtf clej[l4sf
sfo{qmdx¿
;+rfng e} ljkb\
hf]lvd zf;gdf
Ifdtf ljsf;
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf ;+nUg
;/sf/L tyf u}/
;/sf/L lgsfox¿ /
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?sf] ;~hfn
:yfkgf ug]{
;/sf/L tyf u}/
;/sf/L
lgsfox¿sf]
;~hfn :yfkgf e}
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf ;a}
txdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Jofks ;xeflutf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[x
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,
cg';Gwfg
;+:yfx¿
72
hnjfo' tyf ljkb\
hf]lvd k|efj
d"NofÍsg ljwL
;DalGw tflnd
;+rfng ug]{
tflnd ;+rfng e}
hnjfo' tyf ljkb\
hf]lvd k|efj
d"NofÍgug]{
hgzlQmsf]
ljsf; ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[x
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
jg tyf aftfj/0f
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
/fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,
ljZjljBfno
tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x¿
/fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;~hfn
(National DRR
Platform) nfO{ ;'b[9
agfpg] / k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txdf lj:tf/
ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f /
Joj:yfkgdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Jofks ;xeflutf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
;/sf/L
lgsfox¿,u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,
cg';Gwfg
;+:yfx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
ljZjljBfno tyf
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿,
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkgdf
Aofks ;xsfo{
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
/fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
73
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, bft[
lgsfox¿ tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ ug]{
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,
ljZjljBfno
tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3, bft[
lgsfox¿ tyf
cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgdf ;Ldfkf/
tyf cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]u k|jw{g ug]{
cf;Gg ljkb\ af/]
;Ldf kf/af6
hfgsf/L pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k//fi6« dGqfno,
k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifbsf]
sfof{no
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
%=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gfu/Ls, ckfË / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo /
JolQmx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf / ljkb\af6 ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg k|lqmofdf oL ;d"xx¿sf] kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj / cy{k"0f{
;xeflutf a[l4 u/L ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgsf ;Dk"0f{
k|lqmofx¿df n}lËs
;+j]bgzLn / ;dfj]zL
k4lt nfu' ug]{
k|To]s If]qn]
n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn
/ ;dfj]zL ljkb\
hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg k4lt
cjnDag u/]sf]
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno, u[x
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
74
x'g]5 cleofgsf c+ux?,
ljkb\af6 a9L k|efljt,
pTyfgzLntf sdhf]/
ePsf / ;+s6pGd'vtf
a9L ePsf ljleGg
;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ljkb\
zf;gsf sfddf
;xeflutf a9fpFb}
pgLx¿sf] ;zlQms/0f
/ ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|jw{g
ug{ ljkb hf]lvd
;/f]sf/ ;d"xx¿ u7g
u/L ;+:yfut ljsf;
ug{]
;d'bfo txdf
ljkb\ hf]lvd
;/f]sf/
;d"xx¿sf]
:yfkgf eO{
pgLx¿sf]
;~hfnLs/0faf6
ljkb\ kLl8t /
hf]lvd
;+s6pGd'vJolQm,
kl/jf/ /
;d'bfosf]
;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn tyf
eft[ ;+u7gx?
k|To]s tx tyf If]qdf
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf
n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{
n}lËs ;dfgtf
tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
nflu sfo{ of]hgf
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]\kfn ;/sf/sf
dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?.
ljkb hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmd
/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf
hf]lvddf /x]sf
gful/s / hgtfsf]
kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj /
k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf]
nflu :yfgLo :t/df
ljkb hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgsf
nflu:yfgLo
:t/df ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf
sfo{qmdx?
;+rfng ePsf]
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g
dGqfno,:yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,k|b]z
;/sf/, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn tyf
eft[ ;+u7gx?
75
;fdflhs kl/rfngsf
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng
ug]{
x'g]5
;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t
;d"x, dlxnf, ckfË,
afn–aflnsf tyf j[4–
j[4fx¿h:tf
clt;+s6pGd'v
;d"xx¿sf nflu
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
;DaGwL ljz]if
sfo{qmdx¿sf ]ljsf;
u/L ;+rfng ug]{
ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿
;+rfng e}
dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, j[4
j[4f, ckfË /
;+s6pGd'v
;d'bfosf] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?,
76
cWofo^:k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #-ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf
;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g
JolQm, ;d'bfo / d'n'ss} ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, :jf:Yo / ;f+:s[lts pTyfgzLntfsf]
clej[l4sf lgldQ ;+/rgfTds / u}/;+/rgfTds pkfox¿ dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd lgoGq0f /
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lghL / ;fj{hlgs nufgL dxTjk"0f{ /xL cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] nufgLn] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / pTyfgzLntfsf] k|jw{g dfq xf]Og k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, pTkfbg j[l4 /
/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf klg ub{5 . o:tf pkfox¿ ljkb\kl5sf] l:yltdf zL3| k'gnf{e /
k'gM:yfkgfsf b[li6n] klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . jg h+un, hn>f]t tyf hdLg h:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf]
;+/If0f / ljBfnox¿, :jf:Yo ;'ljwfx¿, ;/sf/L tyf lghL k"jf{wf/x¿ h:tf ;+/rgfut
;Dkbfx¿sf] k|jnLs/0fn] ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf a[l4 u5{g\ . hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, u/LjL lgjf/0f, cfo
cfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfox¿sf] k|jw{g hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / pTyfgzLntfsf] k|jw{gsf nflu
dxTjk'0f{ dflgG5g\ .
ljkb\ hf]lvd jLdfsf] k|rng g]kfndf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . hf]lvd / Ifltk"lt{sf If]qdf
cGoq k|of]udf cfPsf k|0ffnLx¿ -h:t}–n3'aLdf, cf/lIft sf]if, hf]lvdsf] ;d"xs/0f / ;fdflhs
kl/rfng, n3'ljQ k|0ffnL, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb_ g]kfndf :yflkt x'g g;s]sfn] u/La /
;LdfGts[t kl/jf/ / ;d"xx¿ a9L hf]lvddf5g\ . ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 ug{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf ljQLo ;+oGqx¿, h:t} aflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg, cfsl:ds sf]if tyf aLdf ;+oGq k|of]u
ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qn] lgDg s'/fx¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{5:
-!_pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL åf/f ljBdfg ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug]{ /
-@_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgL k|jw{g dfkm{t eljiodf l;h{gf x'g
;Sg] hf]lvd lgoGq0f ug]{ .
o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf
5g\ .
s_ pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g
v_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4
u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g
77
3_ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4
^=! pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g
ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo ;+/rgfx¿, k|fs[lts >f]tx¿, hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfo /
zLkx¿, pTkfbg sfo{df k|of]u x'g] cf}hf/, ;DklQ / nufgLx¿ x/]s ljkb\af6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . u/La, lgd"vf, e"ldxLg, ;LdfGts[t, Hofnf dhb'/Ldf cfl>t JolQm / kl/jf/sf]
hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ k|To]s k|sf]kn] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofP/ g]kfndf ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'vtfdf
a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;fwgx¿ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f /
k|anLs/0fdf nufgL a[l4 u/L pTyfgzLntf k|a4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
dlxnf, afnaflnsf
tyf cGo lk5l8Psf
;d'bfox¿sf] ¿lr
tyf cfjZostf
adf]lhd pgLx¿sf]
hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug{sf]
nflu /f]huf/L, ;Lk
ljsf; tyf :jf:Yo
;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt
sfo{qmd tyf
tflndx¿ ;~rfng
ug{ nufgL ug]{
;+s6pGd'v
;d'bfosf] ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn
;/sf/sf]u[x
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?, ljsf;
;fem]bf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf
cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/,
;LdfGts[t tyf
ljkGg ;d"xn]
pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf]
ahf/;Dd kx'Fr
a9fpg] sfo{qmd
;+rfngsf] nflu
nufgL ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf
;d'bfosf] ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn
;/sf/sf]s[lif
dGqfno, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,ljsf;
;fem]bf/
78
ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qdf
;fdflhs ;'/Iff,
cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo,
k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, afn
:jf:Yo, lszf]/
lszf]/Lsf] :jf:Yo /
kf]if0f ;'wf/df ljz]if
Wofg lbg]
ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf
;d'bfosf] ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno, dlxnf,
jfnjflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/ u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,ljsf;
;fem]bf/
cfkTsflng ;dodf
cTofjZos ;]jf /
;+/rgfsf] klxrfg
u/L ltgsf]
;+/rgfut /
;+rfngfTds
lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu
;|f]t h'6fO k|jnLs/0f
/ ljsNkx¿sf] :ki6
of]hgf agfpFg]
cfkTsflng
cTofjZos ;]jf /
;+/rgfx¿ ljkb\
pTyfgzLn of]hgfx?
ePsf x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
dg;"g k"j{ 9n tyf
hn lgsf; dfu{x¿
;kmfO{ ug]{
af9L pTyfgzLntfsf
nflu9n tyf hn
lgsf; dfu{x¿
;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{df
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno, :yfgLo
;/sf/, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
;jf/L ;fwgx?df
;'/Iff k|fjwfgx?nfO{
a9fjf lbg s/ 5'6
nufotsf ljlQo
k|f]T;fxgx? lbg]
;jf/L ;fwgx?df
;'/Iff k|fjwfgx?
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
cy{ dGqfno,
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k}bn ofqLx?n] ;8s
kf/ ug]{ ;+/rgfx?
(Overpasses,
Underpasses) lgdf{0f
ug]{
;8s b'3{6gf
pTyfgzLntfsf nflu
;8s kf/ ug]{
;+/rgfx?
(Overpasses,
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
79
Underpasses) lgdf{0f
ePsf] x'g]5
;Defljt b'3{6gf x'g]
;8sx?df Safety-
barriers, Steel guard-
rails, Road-humps,
Rumble strips,
Reflective road-
markings, Signals
cflbsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
;8s b'3{6gf
pTyfgzLntfsf nflu
ljleGg ;+/rgfx?
lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljsf;
;fem]bf/x?
b]zsf ;Dk"0f{
ljBfnox¿nfO{
;a}eGbf dhj't
;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf
lgdf{0f, k'gM lgdf{0f /
k|jnLs/0f u/L
;'/lIft cfkTsflng
cfjfzLo ;]jf ;d]t
k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
ljBfnox¿ ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf tkm{
cu|;/ ePsf x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
]lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
ejg / :ynx¿sf]
;+/If0f, dd{t;Def/ /
;+rfngsf nflu
lgb]{lzsf -Handbook_
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{
P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
ejg / :ynx¿
pTyfgzLntfsf nflu
lgb]{lzsf -Handbook_
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng k'/ftTj ljefu,
zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;DefJo hf]lvdo'Qm
lxdtfnx¿df lxd
tfn lj:kmf]6g
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{
nufgL a[l4 ug]{
lxd tfn
lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f e}
pTyfgzLntf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
80
kf]v/Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f
u/L kfgL ;+/If0f /
jiff{sf] kfgL ;+sng
ug]{ tyf kfgL
pkof]udf s'zn
k|ljwL ljsf; ug]{
af9L, v8]/L tyf
cfunfuL Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno, pmhf{,
hn>f]t tyf
l;+rfO{ dGqfno,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, e"tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/
;'Vvf If]qsf ag
hËnx¿df cUgL /]vf
lgdf{0f ug]{
cfunfuL Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
jg tyf
jftfj/0f
dGqfno, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
:yfgLo >f]tdf
cfwfl/t xl/t
;+/rgfsf] k|jw{g ug]{
xl/t ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0fn] ljkb\ tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
pTyfgzLntf ljsf;
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf
kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ sfo{df nufgL
a9fpg]
Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf
kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f
e} af9L, v8]/L tyf
cfunfuL Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
jg tyf
jftfj/0f
dGqfno, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, e"tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf jftfj/0fLo
IfoLs/0f / ljkb\–
hf]lvd 36fpg
a}slNks pmhf{sf]
k|of]un] ljkb\ tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
pTyfgzLntf ljsf;
bL3{sflng a}slNks pmhf{
k|jw{g s]Gb|,
k|b]z;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
81
a}slNks pmhf{sf]
k|jw{g ug]{
ePsf] x'g]5
c:ktfnx¿sf] /
;du| :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
cfkTsfnLg pkrf/
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf ljkb\
pTyfgzLntfsf nflu
cfkTsfnLg pkrf/
Ifdtf clej[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof
dGqfno,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, 7"nf /
If]qLo
c:ktfnx¿,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
gd"gf ljBfnox¿sf]
:yfkgf ug]{
lzIff If]qdf ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
d'Vo, ;xfos / leqL
dfu{ / /fhdfu{x¿sf]
cfkTsflng /0fgLlts
dxTj klxrfg u/L
ltgsf] hf]lvd /
ljkb\ ;xgzLntfsf]
d'Nof+sg u/L
k|jnLs/0f ug]{ .
a}slNks dfu{sf]
:ki6 klxrfg,
k|fyldsLs/0f /
lgdf{0f ug]{
oftfoft k|0ffnL ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf tkm{
cu|;/ ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljBdfg
ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{
;+/rgfTds /
;+rfngfTds lx;fan]
Ifdtf clej[l4 /
ljdfg:ynx¿ ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf tkm{
cu|;/ ePsf x'g]5g\
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p8\8og
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
82
k|jnLs/0f ug]{
lgdf{0ffwLg gofF
cGt/f{li6«o jf If]qLo
ljdfg:ynx¿ e"sDk
/ af9L k|lt/f]wL
lgdf{0f ug]{
ljdfg:ynx¿ ljkb\
pTyfgzLn ePsf
x'g]5g\
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p8\8og
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm
k"jf{wf/x¿ -ljBfno,
c:ktfn, :jf:Yo
rf}sL, vfg]kfgLsf
;+/rgf, ;/sf/L tyf
;fj{hlgs ejgx¿,
P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf /
;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿,
hnljB't u[x,
ljB'tLo ;j:6]zg,
xfO{8«f]lns ;+/rgf
cflb_ sf] k|anLs/0f
ug{ nufgL a9fpg]
hf]lvdo'Qm
k"jf{wf/x¿ ;'/lIft
ePsf x'g]5g\
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hf]lvdo'Qm lghL
cfjf;, xf]6]n, ;lkË
dn, Joj;flos tyf
cf}Bf]lus ejgx¿
k|anLs/0fsf] nflu
sd Aofh b/df C0f,
s/ 5'6 cflbåf/f
k|f]T;fxg ug]{
lghL ;+/rgfx¿
;'/lIft ePsf x'g]5g\
bL3{sflng zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
83
;/sf/L sfof{nox¿,
;fd'bflos ejgx¿,
ljBfnox¿,
c:ktfnx¿ /
cf>o:ynx¿
Affnaflnsf, a[4a[4f
tyf ckfË d}qL
agfpFg]
Affnaflnsf, a[4a[4f
tyf ckfËx¿sf]
ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/
hLjsf]kfh{gsf
j}slNks ljlwx¿,
af9L k|lt/f]wL s[lif
k|0ffnL, af9L k|lt/f]wL
vfB tyf lap
e08f/0f cflb
k|f]T;fxg ug]{
hLjsf]kfh{gsf
;fwgx¿df ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf ljsf;
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, g]kfn
s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
hnjfo' :df6{
(Climate Smart) s[lif
k|aw{g ug]{
s[lifdf hnjfo'
hf]lvd sd ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, g]kfn
s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
af9L tyf klx/f]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu h}ljs afFw,
j[If/f]k0f, jg ;+/If0f,
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f cflb
k|f]T;fxg ug]{
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f
dfkm{t af9L tyf
klx/f] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, jg
tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
84
af9L hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
;+/rgfut k|ljlw
cjnDag ug]{ -h:t}
t6aGw, hnfzo, r]s
afFw cflb_
;+/rgfut k|ljlw
dfkm{t af9L hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyf l;+rfO{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
klx/f] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
;+/rgfut k|ljlw
cjnDag ug]{ -h:t}
le/fnf] hldg
;'b[9Ls/0f, cfsf/
kl/dfh{g, ;tx
Iflos/0f lgoGq0f,
hnlgsf; ;'wf/
cflb_
;+/rgfut k|ljlw
dfkm{t klx/f] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pmhf{, hn>f]t
tyf l;+rfO{
dGqfno, jg
tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hnjfo' :df6{ ufpF
tyf zx/x¿ ljsf;
ug]{
ufpF tyf zx/x¿df
hnjfo' hf]lvd sd
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
zx/L 9n lgsf;
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{
tyf ljBdfg 9n
lgsf; k|0ffnLsf]
:t/f]GgtL ug]{
Zfx/L af9L hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
85
^=@ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4
ljkb\ hf]lvd cfFsngsf] cfwf/df jflif{s tyf cfjlws of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df u/Lljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] kof{Kt ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3 b]lv
:yfgLo tx;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k
p4f/ sf]ifnfO{ ljkb\ x'g'
cufj} ljkb\ k"j{ tof/Ldf
;d]t pkof]u ug{ ldNg]
Joj:yf ug]{
ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L
tyf k|ltsfo{
k|efjsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifbsf]
sfof{no, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, u[x
dGqfno, cy{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;a} If]qut lgsfox¿n]
slDtdf kfFr k|ltzt
aflif{s ah]6 ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu 5'6\ofpFg] Aoj:yf
ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu If]qut
?kdf nufgL
;'lglZrt ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;8s lgdf{0f nfutsf]
slDtdf bz k|ltzt
/sd ;8s ;'/Iffsf
nflu 5'6\ofpFg] Aoj:yf
ug]{
;8s b'3{6gf
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu nufgL
;'lglZrt ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno, cy{
dGqfno, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
86
;8s af]8{ sf]ifsf] /sd
;8s ;'/Iffsf nflu vr{
ug{ ldNg] Aoj:yf ug]{
;8s b'3{6gf
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu nufgL
;'lglZrt ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno, ;8s
af]8{, cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txx¿n] ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmd
tyf jh]6 th'{df ubf{
n}lËs pQ/bfoL jh]6
k|0ffnL cg';/0f ug]{]{
n}lËs pQ/bfoL
jh]6 k|0ffnL
cg';/0fu/L
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf
n}lËs ;dfgtf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
;a} If]qut lgsfox¿n]
n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf
;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ jflif{s
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L
kof{Kt ah]6sf] Joj:yf
ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf
n}lËs ;dfgtf
tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
nfuL ah]6sf]
Joj:yf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf]
ah]6af6 ljkb\ kZrft
k'gM lgdf{0fdf pkof]u
ug]{ cg'dlt lbg ah]6
/sdfGt/0fsf nflu
k|lqmof :yflkt ug{]
k'gM lgdf{0fsf
nflu nufgL
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
87
s[lif lasf; /0fgLltn]
Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf]
ls;fg sNof0fsf/L
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{
ls;fg
sNof0fsf/L
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf
e} ls;fgx¿sf]
ljkb\
pTyfnzLntf
a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf
tyf ;xsf/L
dGqfno, cy{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+3 b]lv :yfgLo tx /
;d'bfo :t/df
jftfj/0f–d}qL ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (Eco-
DRR) tyf Joj:yfkg
sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{
jftfj/0f–d}qL
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf]
nflu sf]if
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, u[x
dGqfno, jg tyf
jftfj/0f dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
^=# ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g
Aofkf/ tyf pBf]ux¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo lg/Gt/tf of]hgf tof/ /
sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lghL If]q, a}+s, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿n] ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu nufgL ug]{ ;xh Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
;fgf Aofkf/ tyf
pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljkb\sf]
;dodf Joj;fo
lg/Gt/tf of]hgf tof/ /
sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg
Joj;fo
lg/Gt/tf
of]hgf tof/ /
sfof{Gjog e}
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
cNksflng g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3,
lghL If]q, pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
88
ug]{ ;d]t lghL
Joj;flos
If]qx¿ ;+rfng
ePsf x'g]5g\
cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
ultljlwx¿df lghL
If]qsf] ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{
a9fjf lbg s/ 5'6 u/L
k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug]{
k"jf{wf/ ;DjGwL
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu lghL
nufgL pknJw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
j}slNks tyf ;[hgzLn
cfly{s ;fwgx¿
(Innovative Financial
Instruments) h:t}
k"jf{g'dfgdf cfwfl/t
nufgL (Forecast Based
Financing), ;fgf nufgL,
n3' C0f, aLdf, k'gaL{df
cflbsf] ljsf; tyf
k|jw{g ug]{
j}1flgs
tYofÍsf]
cfwf/df
dfgjLo sf]if
kl/rfng ePsf]
x'g]5 ;fy} ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf
lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtf
clej[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s,
aLdf ;ldlt,
/fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg, lghL If]q
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ k|efljt JolQm
tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{
n3'ljQ, lgAof{hL C0f,
;;t{ gub :yfgfGt/0f
cflbsf] Joj:yf :yflkt
ug]{
ljkb\ k|efljt
JolQm tyf
;d'bfox¿sf]
ljkb\ k'gnf{e
a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn /fi6« a}+s,
;xsf/Lx¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
Joj;flos ;fdflhs
lhDd]jf/L (Corporate
Social Responsibility)
k'gnf{e /
k'g{lgdf{0fdf
lghL nufgL
dWosflng g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3,
cy{ dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
89
sfo{s|d dfkm{t ljkb\
kZrftsf] k'gnf{e /
k'g{lgdf{0fdf lghL nufgL
a[l4 ug]{
a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljZj ;Dkbf, /fli6«o /
:yfgLo ;Dkbfdf kg]{
ejg / :yfgx¿sf]
k'g{lgdf{0fsf nflu
;fj{hlgs lghL ;|f]t
kl/rfng k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug]{
;Dkbf ejg /
:yfgx¿sf]
k'g{lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;fj{hlgs
lghL ;|f]t
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p•og dGqfno,
g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
/fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd
nufgL tyf aLdf
/0fgLlt tof/ u/L ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf
;+o'Qm ;fj{hlgs lghL
nufgL k|jw{g ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf
lghL nufgL
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, lghL If]q
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
a}+s, ;xsf/L tyf
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ -jg
pkef]Qmf ;ldtL, b'Uw
pTkfbg ;xsf/L ;+:yf_
dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf nufgLsf]
nflu ;xh Joj:yf ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
tyf Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn /fi6| a}+s,
/fli6«o ;xsf/L
ljsf; af]8{,
;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf dxf;+3,
u/LaL lgjf/0f
sf]if
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/x¿ /
;Dkbf ejgx¿sf]
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu
låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo
cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]tx¿sf]
kl/rfng ug]{
dxTjk"0f{
k"jf{wf/x¿ /
;Dkbf
ejgx¿sf]
k'glg{df{0fsf
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cy{ dGqfno,
k//fi6« dGqfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljsf;
90
nflu
cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t
nufgL pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
;fem]bf/x?
^=$ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf clea[l4
s[lif tyf kz' aLdf, n3' aLdf, cfsl:ds sf]if, lgDg Jofhb/ C0f of]hgf h:tf hf]lvd
lx:;]bf/L ljwLx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿ oy]i6 eP klg
ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df tL sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr c;dfg 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf;Fu hf]8\g' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿
lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'v ;d"x /
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg
AolQm tyf ;d'bfosf]
hLjg jLdfsf] Joj:yf ug]{
ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'v
;d"x / ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf
Joj:yfkgdf
;+nUg AolQm tyf
;d'bfosf] ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng aLdf ;ldlt,
/fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg, g]kfn
OG:o'/]G; ;+3
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
s[lif tyf kz' aLdfdf
hf]lvd lx:;]bf/Lsf]
ljBdfg cEof;sf] ;dLIff
ug]{
g]kfnsf] s[lif /
kz'kfng If]qsf]
nflu pko'Qm
aLdf Aoj:yfsf]
klxrfgePsf]
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, cy{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljsf;
91
x'g]5 dGqfno ;fem]bf/x¿
s[lifdf a9\bf] ljkb\ -af9L,
v8]/L, zLtnx/_ hf]lvd /
vfB c;'/Iffsf] r'gf}ltnfO{
;Djf]wg ug{ s[lif aLdf,
s[ifs nfe sfo{qmd /
vfB tyf lap
e08f/x¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{
s[lif If]qsf] ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno,
cy{ dGqfno,
aLdf ;ldlt
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
hLjg aLdf, ;jf/L ;fwg
aLdfdf t];|f] kfl6{ sj/]h
cflb aLdf k|0ffnL nfu"
ug]{
;8s b'3{6gfsf
nflu ljljw vfn]
ljkb\ hf]lvd
aLdf pknAw
x'g]5
cNksflng aLdf ;ldlt,
/fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg, cy{
dGqfno, g]kfn
OG:o'/]G; ;+3
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t,
of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t n3'
aLdf, kz' aLdf, v]tL
aLdf, s[ifs cf/lIft sf]if,
hf]lvdsf] ;d"xs/0fsf]
of]hgfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ /
nfu" ug]{
;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ljleGg
:j?kdf ljkb\
hf]lvd aLdf
of]hgf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
cy{ dGqfno,
s[lif, e"ld
Joj:yf tyf
;xsf/L
dGqfno, aLdf
;ldlt
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd aLdf,
hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L -h:t}
n3' aLdf, cfsl:ds sf]if,
lgDg Jofhb/ C0f of]hgf_
nufotsf sfo{qmddf
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf /
nufgLnfO{ cfslz{t ug{
hf]lvd
lx:;]bf/Ldf
;fj{hlgs lghL
;fem]bf/Lsf] nflu
gLltut Joj:yf
e} sfof{Gjog
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, cy{
dGqfno, aLdf
;ldlt, u[x
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf;
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
92
;fj{hlgs lghL
;fem]bf/LnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{
dGqfno, s[lif,
e"ld Joj:yf
tyf ;xsf/L
dGqfno
hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfwf/,
;Lk, cf}hf/ / nufgLnfO{
ljkb\sf] cj:yfaf6
hf]ufpg of]ubfgdf
cfwfl/t aLdf k|0ffnLnfO{
lj:tf/ ug]{
hLljsf]kfh{gsf
pkfox¿sf] aLdf
dfkm{t ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng aLdf ;ldlt,
/fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg,
cy{ dGqfno,
g]kfn OG:o'/]G;
;+3
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
u/La, e"ldxLg /
;LdfGts[t 3/ kl/jf/sf]
PsLs[t clen]v k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; u/L u/LaLsf] /]vf
d'gLsf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{
ljkb\ k|efljt ePsf]
v08df :jtM aLdf
nfeu|fxL x'g] Joj:yf ug]{
u/LaLsf]
/]vfd'gLsf 3/
kl/jf/x¿sf]
aLdf dfkm{t
ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng /fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg, aLdf
sDkgLx¿,cy{
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
nlIft ju{, nlIft ;d'bfo
/ nlIft ef}uf]lns If]qsf]
;dflhs ;'/Iffsf ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿df kx'Fr /
nfeu|x0fsf] l:yltsf]
;ldIff u/L o:tf]
sfo{qmdnfO{ ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf;Fu hf]8\g]
;dflhs ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd dfkm{t
ljkb\
pTyfgzLntf
a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
dlxnf
jfnjflnsf tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s
dGqfno,
/fli6«o blnt
cfof]u,
dlxnf cfof]u,
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
93
;fj{hlgs ejgx¿,
ljBfno, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo
rf}sL tyf dxTjk"0f{
k"jf{wf/x¿ -xfO8«f]lns
;+/rgf, ;Dkbf ejg, k'n,
vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf;
k|0ffnL, hnljB't ;+/rgf,
gx/, 6«fG;ldzg nfOg,
;a:6]zg, ljdfg:yn_ sf]
ljkb\ hf]lvd aLdf ug]{ /
;f] ;DjGwL ljBdfg ladf
gLltsf] ;ldIff ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
aLdf| k|efjsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng /fli6«o aLdf
;+:yfg, aLdf
sDkgLx¿,
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
94
cWofo &: k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q $-k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e,
k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'g {lgdf{0fdf æcem /fd|f ] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf nflu
ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qn] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{, k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf / k'gM lgdf{0fnfO{
;d]6\b5 . k"j{tof/L cGtu{t d"n¿kdf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] k"jf{g'dfg, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL, cfsl:ds
tof/L of]hgf, cfsl:ds ;fdfu|Lsf] hf]xf] / e08f/0f, ;'/lIft lgisfzg / s[lqd k"j{ cEof;
kb{5g\ . k|ltsfo{n] ljkb\sf] l:yltdf jf To;kl5 nuQ} cfkTsflng ;]jf / ;xof]usf] sfdnfO{
;d]6\b5 . dfgjLo hLjgsf] /Iff / yk ef}lts Iflt x'gaf6 /f]Sg' o;r/0fsf] k|fyldstfo'Qm sfo{
xf] . vf]h, p2f/, /fxt, cfkTsflng :jf:Yo ;]jf, c:yfoL cf>o, ;'/lIft kfgL / ;kmfO{ tyf
vfgfsf] Joj:yf o; ;dosf cGo k|fyldstfo'Qm sfo{x? x'g\ . cfkTsflng r/0f ;lsP kl5
ljkb\ k|efljt ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿df ;'wf/ / ;fdfGoLs/0f, cfo cfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{g h:tf
k'gnf{esf sfo{x¿ ug'{ kb{5 . hgr]tgfsf] Jofks clej[l4, ;jn of]hgf, ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0f /
;dGjoåf/f k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM lgdf{0fsf sfd dfkm{t æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cleofg klg
oxL r/0fdf z'¿ x'G5 .
ax'-k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿ ljkb\ k"j{tof/L k|aw{gdf cToGt k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf 5g\ .
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Defljt ljkb\ 36gfx¿af6 kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] af/]df
kof{Kt ;do cufj} k"j{;"rgf pknAw x'g] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfn}sf af9Lsf
36gfx¿af6 af9Lu|:t gbL a]l;gx¿df hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn]
k'¥ofPsf kmfO{bfx¿n] o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5. af9L k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf jt{dfg
cg'ejnfO{ cGo k|d'v tyf ;fgf gbL a]l;gx¿df lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ax'-
k|sf]k k"jf{g'dfg tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf nufgL, o;sf] ljsf;, ;~rfng / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfjZostfx¿, ljz]if ¿kdf dlxnf,
j[4j[4f / afnaflnsfx¿ ;lxt pkef]Qmfx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿k hf]lvd cfFsngaf6 k|fKt
hfgsf/Lsf] pkof]u ub}{ ;xeflutfd'ns k|lqmof dfkm{t ax'-k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{
cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu j]a kf]6{n / df]afOn Pk klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L a9fpg tyf k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf
nflu o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f
u/LPsf 5g\ .
95
s_ k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
v_ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
u_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g
3_ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
ª_ vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
r_ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cjwf/0ff k|jw{g
&=! k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb \ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf nflu:yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut, gLltut / sfo{qmlds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . ljBdfg cfkTsflng sfo{ ;+rfng s]G›x¿nfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / k|b]z b]lv :yfgLo
tx;Dd cfkTsflng sfo{;+rfng s]G›x¿ lj:tf/ u/L ;+rfng ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3, k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txdf e08f/0f u[xx¿ :yfkgf u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf vfBfGg, kfgL, cf}ifwL tyf cGo /fxt
;fdfu|Lx¿ / p4f/ pks/0fx¿sf] e08f/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts
lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
:yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut,
gLltut / sfo{qmlds
Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L
ltgsf] sfo{ If]qdf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkgn] k|fyldstf
kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug]{
:yfgLo txdf
;+:yfut, gLltut /
sfo{qmlds Ifdtf
clej[l4 e}
k|efjsf/L ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/
PsLs[t /fli6«o ljkb\
k|ltsfo{ k|0ffnL] ljsf;
u/L nfu" ug]{
ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df
/fli6«oAofkL ¿kdf
Ps¿ktf sfod
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
96
:yfgLo ;/sf/
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
cfkTsflng sfo{
;+rfng s]G›x¿ :yfkgf
ug]{
cfkTsflng sfo{
;+rfng s]G›x¿
:yfkgf e} k|b]z
/:yfgLo txdf
k|efjsf/L
cfkTsflng
k|ltsfo{ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k|To]s ;fj{hlgs,
;/sf/L / Jofj;flos
ejgdf lgsf;L dfu{ -
Evacuation Route_ /
e]nf x'g] :yfg -Area of
Assembly_ 5'6\ofO{
/]vfÍg/ l;dfÍg ug]{
;fj{hlgs ejg
tyf :ynx¿ ljkb\
k|ltsfo{sf nflu
k'j{tof/ ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
lghL If]q
k"jf{g'dfgdf cfwfl/t
cfKfTsflng k"j{tof/L
tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu
/fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{
sfo{;+/rgf / lhNnf
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{ of]hgfnfO{
cBfjlws ug]{
k"jf{g'dfgdf
cfwfl/t
cfKfTsflng
k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu
sfo{ ;+rfng ljwL
cBfjlws ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
cWofudg cfkt\sfnLg
sfo{of]hgf (Immigration
Emergency Action Plan)
tof/ ug]{
cfkTsflng
k|ltsfo{sf nflu
cWofudg :ynx¿
tof/L cj:yfdf
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
gfu/Ls p•og
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
97
ePsf x'g]5g\ :yfgLo ;/sf/
ljdfg:ynx¿df ljkb\
k"j{tof/L ;'b[9 ug]{ /
ljkb\sf] nflu
ljdfg:ynx¿sf] tof/L
(Get Airports Ready for
Disaster) s[lqd cEof;
lgoldt ¿kdf ug]{
cfkTsflng
k|ltsfo{sf nflu
ljdfg:ynx¿
tof/L cj:yfdf
ePsf x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p•og dGqfno,
gfu/Ls p•og
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
:yfgLo txx¿df kof{Kt
dfqfdf dfgj tyf
kz'kG5L cf>o:ynx¿
:yfkgf ug]{
:yfgLo :t/df
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
cf>osf] lglDt
;'/lIft :yfgx¿
pknAw ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k|b]zx¿df cfkTsflng
;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf ;fy}
/;b ;'ljwfx¿ :yfkgf
ug]{
k|b]z :t/df
;'ljwfx¿ :yfkgf
e} k|efjsf/L
k|ltsfo{ ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
/]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo
;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
98
;+:yfx¿
hn, yn, xjfO{
nufotsf oftfoft ;]jf
tyf aGbf]j:tL
Joj:yfkg ;+oGqsf]
e/kbf]{ Joj:Yff ug]{ /
b'u{d If]qx¿;Fusf] kx'Fr
a9fpFg]
k|efjsf/L
aGbf]j:tL
Joj:yfkg e}
;]jfx? k|fKt
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
/]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo
;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
;'/lIft kbofqf
k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff
cg'¿k b]zsf ljleGg
k6{sLo uGtJox¿df
ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{
cfjZos ;+rf/ ;'ljwf,
cfjf;sf] Joj:yf
nufotsf k"jf{wf/ /
;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
k6{sLo
uGtJox¿df;+rf/
;'ljwf, cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf e} ljkb\
hf]lvd sd ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p•og dGqfno,
ko6{g ljefu,
g]kfn ko{6g
ljsf; af]8,
ko{6g Joj;foL
dxf;+3, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/
99
pRr :yfg lxdfnL
If]qdf x'g] kj{tf/f]x0f /
6«]lsª ;d]tsf] nflu
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / pRf
lzv/ lzIffno tyf
p4f/ s]G›sf] :yfkgf
ug]{
pRr :yfgsf]
kj{tf/f]x0f /
6«]lsªdf ljkb\
hf]lvd sd ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gfu/Ls
p•og dGqfno,
u[x dGqfno, /Iff
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
k|d'v zx/x?df 3fO{t]
x]/ljrf/ s]Gb|x?
(Trauma Care Centres)
:yfkgf ug]{
3fO{t] pkrf/sf
nflu kof{Kt ;'ljwf
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO{6L
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txdf vfBfGg, kfgL,
cf}ifwL tyf cGo /fxt
;fdfu|Lx¿ / p4f/
pks/0fx¿sf] uf]bfd 3/
jf e08f/0f u[x :yfkgf
ug]{
ljkb\ ;+j]bgzLn
dxTjk"0f{
:yfgx¿df /fxt
tyf p4f/
;fdu|Lx¿sf]
e08f/0f u[x
pknAw ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
/]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo
;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txsf e08f/0f u[xx¿df
cfkTsflng p4f/
ljkb\ ;+j]bgzLn
dxTjk"0f{
:yfgx¿df /fxt
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
100
;fdfu|Lx¿ tyf
pks/0fx¿ -8'Ëf, nfOkm
Hofs]6, bdsn,
PDa'n]G;, :6]«r/ cflb_
;lxt vfB, k]o tyf
cvfB ;fdfu|Lx¿,
aLplahg, kz'kG5Lsf
bfgfx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf
e08f/0f ug]{
tyf p4f/
;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw
ePsf x'g]5g\
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
/]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo
;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
:yfgLo txsf e08f/0f
u[xx¿df dlxnf, ;'Ts]/L,
afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,
ckfË tyf la/fdLx¿sf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if
vfBfGg, cf}iflw,
;/;kmfO{sf ;fdfg tyf
;xfos pks/0fx¿
kof{Kt dfqfdf e08f/0f
ug]{
cfkTsflng ;dodf
;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]
ljz]if cfjZostf
;Daf]wg ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
/]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo
;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
&=@ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
101
ljBdfg k"jf{g'dfg tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f/ k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf nflu k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL
:yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf] k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu ;DalGwt ;+u7g / ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{ h¿/L 5 . k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z k|fKt eO ;s] kl5 rfNg' kg]{ sbdx¿ af/]
r]tgfd"ns tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf
nflu sfo{ ;~rfng ljwL tof/ u/L ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] af/]df :ki6
kfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf
af9L tyf lxdtfn
lj:kmf]6g af9L k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ cBfjlws
/ :t/f]Gglt ug]{
ljBdfg k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLx¿ ;'wf/
ePsf x'g]5g\
lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf]
tYofª\s ljZn]if0f /
k"jf{g'dfg u/L
k"j{;"rgfd"ns
;Gb]zx¿sf] pTkfbg
tyf k|;f/0f ug]{
k"j{;"rgfd"ns
;Gb]zx¿ pTkfbg
tyf k|;f/0f ePsf
x'g]5g\
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, hn
tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
hn pTkGg
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, jg
ljefu, :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefu÷
:jf:Yo
cfkTsflng
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
102
sfo{;+rfng
s]Gb|, vfgL tyf
e"ue{ ljefu
x/]s ;8s ;~hfnsf
b'3{6gfu|:t v08df k"j{
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu
cfjZos lrGxx? tyf
pks/0fx? /fVg]
b'3{6gfu|:t
;8sx?df k"j{
;"rgfsf] nfuL
cfjZos lrGxx?
tyf pks/0fx?
ePsf] x'g]5
lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tyf oftfoft
dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z k|fKt
eO ;s] kl5 ljleGg
k|sf/sf k|sf]kx¿sf
;DaGwdf rfNg' kg]{
sbdx¿ af/] r]tgfd"ns
tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{
k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z
k|fKt eO ;s] kl5
pko'Qm sfo{x?
u/Lg] ;'lglZrt
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
lj1fg ljefu,
:jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx?,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?,
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL
;~rfng / ljleGg
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf
;+nUg ;+:yfx¿aLr
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL
;~rfngsf] nflu
sfo{ljwL pknAw
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
103
k"j{;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f
;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{
dfu{bz{g ug{ sfo{
;~rfng ljwL (Standard
Operating Procedure)
tof/ ug]{
ePsf] x'g]5 Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
:jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
dlxnf, afnaflnsf,
j[4j[4f, ckfË, cflbjf;L
/ ;+s6pGd'v ;d'bfosf]
kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj /
k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ug{]
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL
;dfj]zL ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
:jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?, /fhgLlts
bn tyf eft[
;+u7gx?
104
Ho]i7 gfu/Ls /
cflbjf;Lx¿sf] jiff}{
b]lvsf] 1fg, ;Lk,
cg'ej / k/Dk/fut
cEof;nfO{ k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLdf ;b'kof]u ug]{
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
df}lns 1fg /
cg'ej ;d]l6Psf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
:jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?, /fhgLlts
bn tyf eft[
;+u7gx?
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
;DalGw tfnLd tyf
z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug]{
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf
af/]df cWoog
cWofkg ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng ljZjljBfnox¿,
z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿,
tfnLd s]Gb|x¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?
;+3, k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo
:t/df ;a} ;fj{hlgs
ejgx¿, ljBfnox¿,
c:ktfnx¿ tyf
dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/x¿df
w'Fjf l86]S6/ / cfunfuL
cfunfuLsf]
k"j{;"rgfn] Iflt
sd ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
lzIff, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, :jf:Yo
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
105
cnfd{sf] ljsf; / h8fg
ug]{
tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf nflu
ul0ftLo k"jf{g'dfg
df]8]nx¿sf] ljsf; tyf
;~rfng ug]{
k"jf{g'dfgn]
k"j{;"rgfsf] nflu
clu|d ;do
a9fpFg]5
dWosflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
hn pTkGg
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
ljefu, e" tyf
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
ljefu, jg
ljefu,:jf:Yo
;]jf ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+s6pGd'v nlIft
;d'bfox¿ -dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,
ckfË, cflbjf;L, blnt,
ljkGg_ sf] nflu
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL af/]
hfgsf/Ld"ns
;fdfu|Lx¿sf] -k'l:tsf,
krf{, ;"rgfkq, ljB'tLo
;Gb]z OToflb_ tof/L
ug]{
nlIft ;d'bfox¿
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL
af/] hfgsf/ ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu, :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefu,
z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
106
sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L / cfd
;~rf/ dfWodx¿åf/f
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/]
;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿sf]
;~rfng ug]{
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/]
;r]tgf a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
lj1fg ljefu,
:jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?
k"j{;"rgf k|rf/k|;f/ tyf
k|ltsfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf
;DaGwdf lgoldt
k/LIf0f tyf cEof;x¿
;~rfng ug]{
k"j{;"rgf k|rf/
k|;f/ tyf
k|ltsfo{sf]
k|efjsfl/tf k/LIf0f
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, jg
ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ljefu,
e" tyf hnfwf/
;+/If0f ljefu,
vfgL tyf e"ue{
ljefu, :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefu, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
107
c+ux?
ljBdfg af9L tyf
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9L
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{
cGo gbL j]l;gx¿df
lj:tf/ ug]{ / klx/f],
v8]/L, r6\ofª, xfjfx'/L,
tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, zLt
nx/,cfunfuL, dxfdf/L
h:tf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf
nflu ;~rfngfTds
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf
ug]{
k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf
nflu k"j{ ;"rgfdf
cfwfl/t k"j{ sfo{n]
ljkb\ Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno÷
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, hn
tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
jg ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
ljefu, vfgL
tyf e"ue{
ljefu, :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefu÷
:jf:Yo
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng
s]Gb|, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?
df};d / af9L
k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu Ifdtf
clea[l4 ug]{
af9L tyf df};d
k"jf{g'dfgsf] clu|d
;do /
ljZj;lgotf j[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, ljZj
ljBfnox?,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?,
u}/ ;/sf/L
108
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?,ljsf;
;fem]bf/x?
k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf/] a'‰g
/ k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ef}lts
tyf ul0ftLo df]8]n -
Physical and
Mathematical Model_
sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{
k|sf]k k"jf{g'dfg
Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng ljZjljBfnox¿,
cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
c+ux?, ljsf;
;fem]bf/x?
&=# ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g
k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd, k|sf]k / ;+sf6pGd'vtfsf] af/]df
;d'bfodf sfd ug]{, ;r]tgf a9fpg], hgtfnfO{ x/bd ;';"lrt /fVg] / kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf, lj:tf/ / To;sf] ;~hflns/0f ug'{ cfjZos
5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljBdfg ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf
;d'bfox¿
;zlQms/0f ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
tyf ;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm; cleofgsf
109
c+ux?
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf,
lj:tf/ / To;sf]
;~hflns/0f ug]{
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+:yfx¿sf]
:yfkgf, lj:tf/ /
To;sf]
;~hflns/0f e}
:yfgLo :t/df
k|efjsf/L ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfnL
;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
k|x/L,g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿k
:yfgLo ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ /
vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nLsf]
u7g ug]{
:yfgLo vf]h tyf
p4f/ sfo{
k|efjsf/L ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfnL
;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L
an, g]kfn k|x/L,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
/ Go"gLs/0fsf sfddf
:yfgLo ;/f]sf/, rf;f] /
;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf
nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;d"xx¿ -6f]n ljsf;
;+:yf, j8f gful/s
d~rx?, Gful/s ;r]tgf
s]Gb|x?, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf
Snj, afn Snj_,
:yfgLo u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ / gfu/Ls
;d"xx¿ -Ho]i7 gfu/Ls
:yfgLo lgsfo /
:yfgLo ;fd'bflos
tyf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf aLrsf]
;fe]mbf/Ldf ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
/ Go"gLs/0fsf
sfddf :yfgLo
;/f]sf/ / rf;f]
;Daf]wg ePsf]
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf c+ux?
110
d~r_ ;Fu ;fem]bf/Lsf]
ljsf; ug{ :yfgLo
lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf aLr ;xsfo{sf]
nflu lgb{]lzsf agfO{
nfu" ug{]
x'g]5
:yfgLo :t/df x/]s
k|sf]ksf nflu ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn]
k"j{tof/L ;'b[9 e}
ljkb\ Iflt sd
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng :yfgLo ;/sf/,
k|b]z ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, g]kfnL
;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn
k|x/L,g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t,
tflnd k|fKt, k"j{
cEof;zLn
:jo+;]jsx¿sf] k|yd
p2f/s ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
/ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
;d'bfodf tflnd
k|fKt k|yd p2f/s
:jo+;]jsx¿
pknAw ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfnL
;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L
jn, g]kfn k|x/L,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgsf nflu
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmd /
gLlt lgdf{0fdf dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,
ckfË / ;+s6pGd'v
;d'bfosf]kx'Fr,
k|ltlglwTj / k|efjsf/L
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg ;dfj]zL
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn
tyf eft[
;+u7gx?
111
:yfgLo txdf cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf /
sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{
:yfgLo txdf ljkb\
hf]lvd
Aoj:yfkgdf
pQ/bfloTj :yflkt
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
&=$ ljkb\ k"j {tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
cfd ;~rf/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]zn] km8\sf] df/] klg o;sf] k|of]u ljkb\ r]tgf clej[l4,
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{sf] If]qdf ck]lIft dfqfdf x'g afFsL 5 . ljkb\
;"rgfdf ;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/ ljlw cg';/0f ug'{
kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
;fd'bflos ;"rgf
s]G›x¿ :yfkgf ug]{
ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]
;d'bfo
;';"lrtePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
cfd;+rf/ / cfw'lgs
;"rgf k|ljlw -d'b|0f,
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg,
;fdflhs g]6js{,
P;PdP;, df]jfOn
kmf]g_ nfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd
;r]tgf clej[l4 /
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL;Fu
Jojl:yt ¿kn] hf]8\g
ljkb\ hf]lvd
hfgsf/L /
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
cfd;+rf/ /
cfw'lgs ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L
k|of]u ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
u[x dGqfno,
;+rf/ tyf
;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfno, lzIff,
lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, /]l8of]
g]kfn, PkmPd
/]l8of]x¿, g]kfn
6]lnlehg, g]kfn
b'/;+rf/
k|flws/0f, Pg
112
;+:yfut, gLltut /
sfo{qmlds ;fem]bf/Lsf]
ljsf; ug]{
;]n, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf]
cfjZostf / pko'Qmtf
cg';f/ ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/
ljlw -h:t} /]l8of], l6eL,
kmf]g, P;PdP;, ;fO{/g,
cfjfh, ;"rgf jfxs,
em08f]Qf]ng_ cg';/0f
ug]{
:yfgLo :t/df
k|efjsf/L ;+rf/
tyf k|;f/ ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
;+s6pGd'v ;d"x -
lg/If/, b[li6 ljxLg,
alx/f_ sf nflu ljz]if
k|sf/sf] ;+rf/ tyf
k|;f/ ljlw cg';/0f ug]{
ljkb\ ;"rgfdf
;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]
kx'Fr a[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+rf/ tyf;"rgf
k|ljlw dGqfno,
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, ;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm;;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;+rf/
tyf k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf]
k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg
cfw'lgs lj1fg tyf
pGgt ;+rf/ tyf
k|;f/ k|0ffnL
pknAw tyf k|of]u
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng hn tyf df};d
lj1fg ljefu,
jg ljefu, hn
pTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
113
k|ljlw (Web Portal,
Mobile Apps, SMS-CB,
IVR) sf] pkof]u /
k|jw{g ug]{
ljefu, vfgL
tyf e"ue{
ljefu, :jf:Yo
;]jf
ljefu÷:jf:Yo
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng
s]Gb|, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
;+:yfx¿
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
j]a kf]6{n :yfkgf ug]{
k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf j]a kf]6{n
dfkm{t ljkb\
hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf]
hfgsf/L ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
k'gM:yfkgf /
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu
cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw
pkof]u u/]/ ›'t cfFsng
k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{
ljkb\ Ifltsf]
hfgsf/L t'¿Gt
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
&=% vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ljkb\ kZrft vf]h / p4f/ -Search and Rescue_ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L 5l/Psf] cj:yf 5 .tLgj6}
;'/Iff lgsfo cfkTsflng vf]h tyf p4f/sf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf] / ;dGjofTds ?kn] ljkb\
kZrftsf] vf]h / p4f/ -Search and Rescue_ sfd ePtfklg sfo{ut¿kdf bIf / >f]t ;fwgo'Qm
lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] PsLs[t ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] ljsf; x'g afFsL /x]sf] 5 .ljkb\sf 36gfkl5
:jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf cfpg] hfu¿stf, dfgjLo ;xof]usf] efjgf / /fxt ;xof]usf] PsLs[t k|of]u
114
x'g g;sL x/]s k6s cndn, låljwf / cGt/lj/f]w b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] klg 5 . ljkb\ kZrft
/fxtsf] ;+sng / kl/rfngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpg glbg Ps lgb]{lzsf jf sfo{;+rfng ljwL-
Standard Operating Procedure_ th'{df u/L nfu' ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . cfkTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf
sfd ug{;Sg] cEo:ttfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ ;do–;dodf u/L/xg' kg]{ k"jf{Eof;sf sfdx¿
lg/Gt/ ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . cfunfuL, jg89]nf] h:tf k|sf]kx¿ lg/Gt/ x'g] u/sf]n]
cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu tflnd k|fKt >f]t ;fwgo'Qm ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' cfjZos 5 .
o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
cfkTsflng sfo{
;+rfng s]G›x¿sf] sfo{
;+rfng ljwL tof/ ug]{
/ ;+3, k|b]z Pjd\
:yfgLo :t/df gLlt
lgdf{tf /
k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{
cled'vLs/0f ug]{
cfkTsflng sfo{
;+rfng s]G›x¿sf]
sfo{ ;+rfngsf
nflu sfo{ljwL
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
cfksfnLg sfo{
;~rfng s]Gb|x¿sf] -
EOCs_ Ifdtf clej[l4
ug]{
cfkTsflng sfo{
;+rfng s]G›x¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf k|To]s aif{
dg;'g cuf8L ljkb\
k"j{tof/L sfo{zfnf /
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L
tyf k|ltsfo{sf]
kl/If0f ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
115
dg;'g kl5 ;dLIff
uf]i7L ug]{
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, hn
tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
/fxt ;+sng /
kl/rfngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf
cfpFg glbg sfo{ljwL
agfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnL
cjnDag ug]{
ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df
Ps¿ktf tyf
kf/blz{tf ePsf]
x'g]5 / bf]xf]/f]kgf
x6\g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
:yfgLo txdf ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t vf]h / p4f/
6f]nL :yfkgf ug]{
:yfgLo txdf
vf]h / p4f/ 6f]nL
:yfkgf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL
;]gf,;z:q k|x/L
jn,g]kfn
k|x/L,g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
j8f :t/df tflnd k|fKt
k|yd p4f/sx¿ (First
Responders)] tof/ ug{]
j8f txdf k|yd
p4f/sx¿sf] 6f]nL
:yfkgf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, g]kfnL
;]gf,;z:q k|x/L
jn,g]kfn
116
k|x/L,g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn
tyf eft[
;+u7gx?
k|d'v /fhdfu{, zx/L
tyf u|fdL0f ;8sx? ;u}
/x]sf PDa'n]G; ;]jfx?sf]
;~hfn agfpg]
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
PDa'n]G; ;]jf
;xh pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno,
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
;8s b'3{6gfsf]
pkrf/df k|To]s :t/ -
k|fylds, dfWolds /
pRr_ sf :jf:Yo
sdL{x?nfO{ bIftf a[l4sf]
nflu tflnd k|bfg ug]{
;8s b'3{6gfsf]
pkrf/df :jf:Yo
sdL{x?sf] Ifdtf
clea[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/s]f
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno
÷:jf:Yo
cfkTsflng
sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|,
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
;+3Lo txdf xNsf /
dWod vf]h / p4f/
6f]nLsf] :yfkgf u/L
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{
;+3Lo txsf vf]h
/ p4f/ 6f]nLx?
;Ifd ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno, /Iff
dGqqno, /fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
K|b]z ;/sf/ /
:yfgLo ;/sf/,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
117
k|flws/0f,
;z:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L
;z:q k|x/L jn, g]kfnL
;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Lsf
;+3, k|b]z / lhNnf
:tl/o OsfO{x¿df vf]h
/ p4f/ 6f]nL :yfkgf
u/L cfjZos pks/0f
tyf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf
ug]{
;z:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf /
g]kfn k|x/L vf]h /
p4f/sf] nflu
;Ifd ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;z:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
;z:q k|x/L jn, g]kfnL
;]gf /g]kfn k|x/Lsf
vf]h / p4f/ 6f]nLx¿sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{
;z:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf /
g]kfn k|x/L vf]h /
p4f/sf] nflu
;Ifd ePsf
x'g]5g\
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,
;z:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
vf]h / p4f/ -SAR_
6f]nLsf] PsLs[t g]t[Tj
:yflkt u/L To;nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o vf]h tyf
p4f/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"x
(International Search
and Rescue Advisory
Group) sf] dfkb08
jdf]lhd ljsf; ug]{
vf]h / p2f/sf]
PsLs[t g]t[Tj
:yflkt ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,/Iff
dGqfno, /fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f,;z:q
k|x/L jn,g]kfnL
;]gf,g]kfn k|x/L
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
118
ljkb\af6 k|efljt AolQm
tyf ;d'bfonfO{ dfgjLo
;xfotf pknAw u/fpFbf
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo
dfkb08 (Core
Humanitarian Standard)
sf] cg';/0f ug]{, u/fpg]
dfgjLo ;xfotf
u'0f:tl/o ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,/fli6«o
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u u/L ljkb\ xflg /
Ifltsf] b|'t cfFsng ljwL
ljsf; ug]{ / ljkb\
Ifltsf] 5'§f5'§}
(Disaggregated) tYofÍ
;+sng ug]{
b|'t cfFsng ljwL
k|of]u e}
cfkTsflng
k|ltsfo{ s'zn /
k|efjsf/L ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ kZrft
cfkTsflng ¿kdf lzIff,
:jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf
vfg]kfgLsf] k|aGw ug]{
sfo{ ;'lglZrt ug]{
ljkb kZrft
lzIff, :jf:Yo,
kf]if0f tyf
vfg]kfgLsf]
cfkTsflng
Joj:yf ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lzIff, lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfno,
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno,
vfg]kfgL dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\kZrft ;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L
If]qx¿af6 k|bfg u/Lg]
/fxt, p4f/ /
k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jf
;'ljwfx¿df ;+s6pGd'v
/ l;dfGts[t ju{sf]
k|fyldstf / kx'Frdf
/fxt, p4f/ /
k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jf
;'ljwfx¿df
l;dfGts[t ju{sf]
kx'Fr ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO{6L,
/fhgLlts bn
tyf eft[
119
a[l4 ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;+u7gx?
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tof/
ug]{
:yfgLo txdf
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L
tyf k|ltsfo{
of]hgf pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
ljleGg tx -;+3, k|b]z,
:yfgLo, ;d'bfo_ tyf
If]q -ljBfno, c:ktfn_
df k|efjsf/L k"j{tof/L
tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu
lgoldt ¿kdf s[lqd
36gf cEof; ug]{
s[lqd 36gf
cEof; e}
k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{ k|efjsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
cfunfuL lgoGq0f Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{ PsLs[t
cUgL lgoGqs ;d"x v8f
u/L >f]t, ;fwg /
tflnd dfkm{t Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{
cfunfuL lgoGq0f
Ifdtf clej[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfn jf¿0f
oGq, g]kfn clUg
lgoGqs
:jo+;]js ;+3,
/]8qm;
cleofgsf
c+ux?
120
;a} txdf vf]h tyf
p4f/ / k|ltsfo{sf nflu
tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm
tof/ ug]{
;a} txdf
k|efjsf/L vf]h
tyf p4f/ /
k|ltsfo{ ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
ljkb\ kZrft cfjZos
;fdflhs k/fdz{ /
dfgl;s :jf:Yosf]
k|jw{g ug{ tflnd k|fKt
/ bIf dfgjLo >f]tsf]
ljsf; ug]{
;fdflhs k/fdz{
/ dfgl;s
:jf:Yosf] k|jw{gsf]
nflu bIf dfgjLo
>f]t pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno,
lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno,
dgf]lj1fg s]Gb|Lo
ljefu,g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf
nflu ;+3 b]lv :yfgLo
tx;Dd If]qut sfo{;d"x
cjwf/0ff (Cluster
Approach) nfO{
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
;a} txdf
k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,
121
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿
dlxnf, afnaflnsf,
a[4a[4f / ckfË
AolQmx¿sf] vf]h, pBf/
/ k|ltsfo{sf] qmddf
;'/Iff / cGo
cfjZostfx¿sf] nflu
ljz]if Aoj:yf ug]{
ljkb\sf] ;dodf
;+s6pGd'v
;d"xsf] ;'/Iff
ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
g]kfnL ;]gf,
g]kfn k|x/L,
z;:q k|x/L jn,
g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO{6L, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,
dfgjLo ;xof]u
;+:yfx¿,
/fhgLlts bn
tyf eft[
;+u7gx?
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ -
afn Sna, o'jf Sna,
cfdf ;d"x, jl/i7
gfu/Ls d~r, gfu/Ls
;/f]sf/ s]Gb|, jg
pkef]Qmf ;ldtL cflb_
sf] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf clea[l4
ug]{
;fd'bflos
;+:yfx¿sf] ljkb
k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf
ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5
bL3{sflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO{6L,
u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
122
&=^ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df {0fdf æcem /fd|f ] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ
cjwf/0ff k|jw{g
ljkb\ kZrft cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ rl/tfy{ ug{ k'gM lgdf{0f / k'gM
:yfkgfsf nflu :t/Lo lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ hf]lvd k|lt/f]ws agfpg]
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 . lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg Joj;foL tyf k|fljlwsx¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df hldgsf] jlu{s/0f u/L pRr hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf
;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf /f]s nufpg' h¿/L 5 . æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlw
;DalGw cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿
lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo
ljkb\ k|efljt kl/jf/sf]
k'gjf{; / k"jf{wf/sf]
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu
k'gjf{; lgb]{lzsf tof/
kf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
k'gjf{; /
k"jf{wf/sf]
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu
lgb]{lzsf tof/ eO{
sfof{Gjog ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf /
k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f]
/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf
nflu lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{
æcem /fd|f] /
alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf
nflu lgb]{lzsf
pknAw ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, hn tyf
pmhf{ cfof]u
;lrjfno, ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ tyf
oftfoft dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf /
k'glg{df{0fdf ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
sfo{x¿nfO{ ;dfj]; ug]{
eljiodf ljkb\
hf]lvd sd ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
123
;/sf/
k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM
lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo >f]t,
;fwg, >d, k|ljlw, 1fg
tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; /
pkof]u ug]{
k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM
lgdf{0f ldtAooL
tyf lbuf] ePsf]
x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
7"nf k|sf]k kl5
k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{nfO{
k|sf]k k|lt/f]ws / cem
alnof] agfpg gLltut
/ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]
Joj:yf ug]{
k'glg{df{0f cem
alnof] agfpg
gLltut /
;+:yfut Joj:yf
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
/fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf]
;lrjfno,k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f
cleofgdf b]lvPsf]
gLltut, ;+:yfut, >f]t
kl/rfng / ;dGjosf]
cg'ejsf cfwf/df rfn'
ljkb\ kZrftsf] k'gnf{e
sfo{9fFrf -Post-Disaster
Response Framework_,
@)&# sf] ;ldIff /
kl/dfh{g ug]{
ljkb\ kZrftsf]
k'gnf{e k|efjsf/L
ePsf] x'g]5
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf]
;lrjfno
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ k|efljt If]qdf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h:t}
a[4f>d, cgfyfno,
;fd'bflos ejg cflbsf]
k'glg{df{0f tyf dd{t
;Def/ ubf{ dlxnf, h]i7
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
h:t} a[4f>d,
cgfyfno,
;fd'bflos ejg
cflbdlxnf, h]i7
gfu/Ls, ckfËtf
cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
/fli6«o ljkb\
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f
tyf Joj:yfkg
k|flws/0f, k|b]z
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
124
gfu/Ls, ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx¿ /
afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if
cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg
ug]{
ePsf JolQmx¿ /
afnaflnsf d}qL
ePsf x'g]5g\
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ejg lgdf{0f, k|jnLs/0f
/ dd{t;Def/sf af/]df
tflnd k'l:tsf /
hfgsf/L, lzIff tyf
;+rf/ (Information,
Education and
Communication) sf
;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; /
ljt/0f ug]{
ejg lgdf{0f,
k|jnLs/0f /
dd{t;Def/sf
af/]df Ifdtf
;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; /
ljt/0f ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng zx/L ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu,
ljZjljBfno,
O{lGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
/ k'glg{df{0fdf æcem
/fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ
tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ngsf nflu lgdf{0f
k|ljlw, ;fdfu|L,
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] l8hfOg /
Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
ug]{
gofF;'wfl/Psf]
k|ljlwsf] lasf;n]
æcem /fd|f] /
alnof] lgdf{0fÆ
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng ljZjljBfno,
O{lGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfg,
zx/L ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{0f
ljefu, hnpTkGg
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
ljefu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL emg} /fd|f]
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu
O{lGhlgo/, lgdf{0fsdL{,
8sdL{, l;sdL{, 7]s]bf/ /
cfk"lt{stf{sf] tflnd /
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
emg} /fd|f]
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu
Ifdtf clea[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf
>d, /f]huf/ tyf
;fdflhs ;'/Iff
dGqfno, zx/L
ljsf; dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/, g]kfn
lgdf{0f Joj;foL
dxf;+3
125
dfkm{t Ifdtf clea[l4
ug]{
dGqfno, ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ tyf
oftfoft dGqfno
/fli6«o Pj+ :yfgLo
:t/df /x]sf /]l8of],
6]lnlehg, 5fkf /
cgnfO{g ldl8of dfk{mt
k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f
ljlw / ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f af/]
hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
tof/ u/L ;~rfng ug]{
k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL
lgdf{0f ljlw /
ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f af/]
hgr]tgf a[l4
ePsf] x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf
k|ljlw dGqfno,
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?,
ldl8ofx¿
k'gM lgdf{0fdf e"sDk,
af9L, klx/f] tyf cGo
k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL
lgdf{0f ljwL cjnDag
ug]{
;+/rgfx¿
k|fs[lts k|sf]k
k|lt/f]wL ePsf]
x'g]5
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k'gM lgdf{0fdf æcem /fd|f]
/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆ tyf
xl/t ljsf;sf] l;4fGt
cjnDag ug]{
k'gM lgdf{0f
u/LPsf ;+/rgfx¿
cem alnof] /
jftfj/0f d}qL
ePsf x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
k"jf{wf/ / ejgx¿sf]
k'glg{df{0fdf lgdf{0f
;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/fpg]
/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{,
o;sf nflu ;+o'Qm
cg'udgsf] Joj:yf
k'gM lgdf{0f
u/LPsf ;+/rgfx¿
cem alnof] ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox? /
126
ldnfpg]
e"–pkof]u gLlt nfO{
kl/dfh{g u/L hldgsf]
jlu{s/0f ubf{ k|sf]k
hf]lvd /
;+s6pGd'vtfnfO{ Pp6f
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf u|x0f
ug]{ Jo:yf ug]{ / pRr
hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf j:tL
ljsf;, 7"nf ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f / pBf]u vf]Ng
k|ltjGw nufpg]
hldgsf] jlu{s/0f
ljkb\ hf]lvdsf]
cfwf/df ePsf]
x'g]5 / pRr
hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf
;+/rgf lgdf{0f
ePsf x'g]5}g
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s[lif, e"ld Aoj:yf
tyf ;xsf/L
dGqfno, sfg"g,
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
dfldnf dGqfno,
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno,;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?/
cfGtl/s ¿kdf
lj:yflkt AolQmx¿nfO{
sd hf]lvd If]qdf
k'gjf{; u/fpFg]
k'gjf{; u/LPsf
a:tLx¿ ljkb\
hf]lvd af6
;'/lIft ePsf
x'g]5g\
dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, s[lif,
e"ldAoj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno,
k|b]z ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
pRr hf]lvd If]qsf
a:tLx¿ sd hf]lvd
If]qdf ;fg]{
pRr hf]lvd
If]qsf a:tLx¿
ljkb\ hf]lvd af6
;'/lIft ePsf
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
u[x dGqfno,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno, s[lif,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
127
x'g]5g\ e"ld Aoj:yf tyf
;xsf/L dGqfno,
zx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
k'glg{df{0f ubf{ ef}lts
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] of]hgf
;lxt PsLs[t a:tL
ljsf; ug]{
of]hgfa4 a:tL
ljsf;n] cem /fd|f]
k'glg{df{0f ePsf]
x'g]5
bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
Zfx/L ljsf;
dGqfno, k|b]z
;/sf/, :yfgLo
;/sf/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt
dGqfnox?
Gff]6M dfly pNn]lvt ljefux?sf] Gffd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ :jtM kl/jt{g x'g] 5g .
128
cWofo*: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf
o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L tyf bIftfk"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s
;|f]tsf] Joj:yf lgDg k|sf/n] u/Lg]5:
1. cf}krfl/s >f]t afF8kmfF8 k|lqmof
s_ ljifout dGqfno jf ljefux¿sf] lgoldt ah]6
v_ ljifout dGqfno jf ljefux¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg
cfof]hgfx¿ jf sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6
u_ k|d'v ljkb\ 36gfkl5 k'gnf{e / k'g{lgdf{0fsf nflu x/]s ljefudf ljz]if ah]6sf]
Joj:yf
3_ k|d'v ljkb\ 36gfkl5 cGo cfof]hgfsf] ah]6af6 ;f]lx ljifout If]qsf] nflu k'gnf{e
/ k'g{lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ug{] u/L æah]6 /sdfGt/Æ ug]{ Joj:yf
2. k|b]z tyf:yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs Joo Joj:yfkg
s_ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfx¿ jf
sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6
v_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf pknlAwdf cfwfl/t cg'bfg
u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] cltl/Qm Jooef/sf] nflu yk cg'bfg
3. lgofds k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt >f]t
s_ zx/L / If]lqo of]hgf, hUuf Knl6Ë / cGo ef}lts tyf kof{j/0fLo of]hgf lgodg
v_ lgdf{0f lgodx¿, lgdf{0f ;+lxtf / lgdf{0f pBf]u nfO;]G;sf zt{x¿
u_ vl/b ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿
3_ z}lIfs kf7\oqmd / ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf cleofgdf k|fKt lj1fkg z'Ns
ª_ aLdf, a}+lsË sf/f]af/ / shf{sf zt{x¿
r_ ;DklQsf] d"NofÍg / vl/b ljqmL b:t'/
129
5_ k|fs[lts >f]t;fwgx¿ -jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'¿ËL, hn pkof]u, lu6L, afn'jf,
vfgL tyf vlgh, df5f cflb_ af6 k|fKt /f]oN6L
4. ;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo tyf ;fd'bflos txdf ;dlk{t æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg sf]ifÆ
5. lghL ;+:yfx¿, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, ;xsf/L, a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf tyf jLdf
sDkgLx¿sf] nufgL
6. ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ -låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿_ af6
;xof]u
7. aLdf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Jofks sj/]h / kx'Frdf ;xhtfsf ;fy} ljkb\ kZrftsf] bfjLx¿sf]
›'t km5{ \of}6
8. ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfsf] kfngf / cem /fd|f] lgdf{0f tyf xl/t ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t
k|jnLs/0fsf nflu s/ k|f]T;fxg
9. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ultljlwx¿sf] ljQkf]if0fsf nflu
k]6«f]lnod pTkfbgx¿df s/ / n]eL
10. Joj;flos ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L (Corporate Social Responsibility)/ cGo kxnx¿ dfkm{t
lghL If]qaf6 ;xfotf
11. cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ /]8qm; cleofgsf c+ux?af6 ;~rfng x'g]
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ah]6
12. ljZj hnjfo' nufgL ;+oGq, xl/t hnjfo' sf]if
13. ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ h:t} Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, ljZj a}+saf6 ljsf; ;xfotf
14. cGt/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿sf] ;xfotf -h:t} cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]G›
(ICIMOD), blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g (SAARC), clk|msf / Plzofsf] nflu
If]lqo PsLs[t ax'k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL (RIMES) cflb_
130
cWofo(: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;dLIff /
;+zf]wg
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿, /fhgLlts bn tyf eft[ ;+u7gx? tyf lghL If]qx?sf] ;femf k|of;sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljsf; k|lqmofsf] Ps efu ePsf]n] ;/sf/sf ;a} ljsf;;Fu
;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo u/]/ sfd ug{' cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ cfjlws of]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ug{ / k|ult lgoldt cg'udg ug{
h¿/L 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf
pkfox¿ cjnDag u/Lg]5g\ .
1. o; sfo{of]hgfsf] of]hgfa4 sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf th'{df u/L
nfu' u/Lg]5 ;fy} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] ?kdf lj:t[tLs/0f u/L nfu' u/Lg]5 .
2. ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] sfo{qmd th'{df PjF sfof{Gjog ubf{ o;
sfo{of]hgfnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnOg]5 .
3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DalGw cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ax'aifL{o sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] th'{df u/L >f]t Joj:yfkg
u/Lg]5 .
4. o; sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg k4tLdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt
ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg cWoog u/L ;f] sf]
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] k'gM ;+/rgf u/Lg]5 .
5. o; sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} If]qut
/0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿nfO{ o; sfo{of]hgf;Fu ;fdGHo:o x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g
u/Lg]5 .
pTyfglzn ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0fdf ;+3, k|b]z, / :yfgLo txsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lglb{i6 / ljlzi6 e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'gfn] tL ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0ffTds Pjd\ kl/df0ffTds sfo{;Dkfbgdf g} ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf e/ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ljleGg :t/df
cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
ljkb\ kZrft u/Lg] k'g{lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ “cem} /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f”dfkm{t eljiodf x'g ;Sg]
ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ;Fu hf]8\g' h¿/L 5 . ;+3Lo :t/df /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf
131
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg “jflif{s k|ltj]bg / cg'udg k|0ffnL” dfkm{t u/Lg]5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ul7t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg/fli6«o kl/ifb\n] ;+3Lo :t/df o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] k|ultsf]
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ . k|flws/0fn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k"gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf
k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{]5 .
k|efjsf/L k"j{tof/Ln] ljkb\ k|ltsfo{nfO{ r':t b'¿:t agfpg'sf ;fy} hgwgsf] IfltnfO{ sd ug{
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . o;y{ ljkb\ k|ltsfo{nfO{ k"j{tof/L;Fu hf]8\g h¿/L 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ul7t sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{]5 .
oL pRr :t/Lo ;ldltx¿sf] a}7s sDtLdf aif{sf] Psk6s kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf a;L /0fgLlts
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] jflif{s k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug]{5g\ . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf o; /0fgLlts
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg / ;dGjo;DalGwt k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ul7t
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿n] ug]{5g\ .
l;4fGtt :jtGq / lgikIf d"Nof+sgsf nflu t];|f] kIfåf/f klg cg'udg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf
nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm u/]/ t];|f] kIfsf] cg'udg cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k
lbOg]5 .
/0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf x/]s kfFr jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lg]5 . kl/jlt{t cj:yf cg';f/ ;fGble{s
agfpg cfjZostf cg';f/ /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf cBfjlws u/Lg]5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf
cBfjlws ug{sf] nflu ;a} ;Da4 lgsfox¿ ;xefuL x'g]5g\ . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf lgDg
cj:yfdf cBfjlws u/Lg]5:
• ;/sf/sf] sfg"g / gLlt kl/jt{g ePdf
• ljZjJofkL ;+/rgf / ljsf;qmd;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg' cfjZos ePdf
• k|d'v ljkb\ 36gf kl5sf] l;sfO{nfO{ ;d]6\g h¿/L ePdf
• kfFr jif]{ ;dLIffsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x¿sf cfwf/df
of] /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf *-u_
adf]lhd sfo{sf/L ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t e} nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
132
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
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