Post on 12-Nov-2014
description
GI Tract
DiseasesPart 2
By: Andrea Bonde
Megacolon Diseases- dilatation and
hypertrophy of the colon
Toxic Megacolonan acute form of colonic distension. It is
characterized by a very dilated colon (megacolon), accompanied by abdominal
distension (bloating), and sometimes fever, abdominal pain, or shock.
Toxic MegacolonDiagnostic Criteria
• Radiographic evidence of colonic dilatation - The classic finding is more
than 6cm in the transverse colon
•Any 3 of the following - Fever (>101.5°F), tachycardia (>120 beats/min),
leukocytosis (>10.5 x 103/µL), or anemia
• Any 1 of the following - Dehydration, altered mental status, electrolyte
abnormality, or hypotension
Lifetime Risk1-2.5%
One Study-19 year period-1236 patients
-6% toxic megacolon-Colon diseases in
general 10% of ulcerative colitis
admissions and 2.3% of Crohns disease
admissions
MeconiumThe earliest stools of an
infant. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends
in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo,
mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water.
The presence of such bacteria in meconium of 21 healthy neonates was investigated. The identified isolates belonged predominantly to the genuses Enterococcus and Staphylococcus.
STERILE????
MAS can happen before, during, or after labor and delivery when a newborn inhales (or aspirates) a mixture of
meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the amniotic sac). The inhaled meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways. Although
air can flow past the meconium trapped in the baby's airways as the baby breathes in, the meconium becomes
trapped in the airways when the baby breathes out. And so, the inhaled meconium irritates the baby's airways and
makes it difficult to breathe. Although it can be serious, most cases of MAS are not.
Disorder of the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach (esophagus), which affects the ability of the
esophagus to move food toward the stomach.
Achalasia
Cause:The lower esophageal sphincter
does not relax. Reason is because the esophagus nerves
have been damaged.Symptoms:
Backflow (regurgitation) of foodChest pain
CoughDifficulty swallowing liquids and
solidsHeartburn
Unintentional weight loss
G.E.R.D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition
in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube
from the mouth to the stomach). This action can
irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn and other
symptoms.
Occurrence1 in 33
3-7% USA
G.E.R.D. StudyBackground Method Result Conclusion
Previous studies using subjective
reporting, identified the prevalence of
GERD in pregnancy to be
30-50%.However, the
severity of these symptoms has
not been assessed during
the stages of pregnancy.
The GSAS measured 15 GERD related symptoms,
frequency, and distress. Higher
scoresreflected more
severe symptoms. GSAS and medical
update questionnaires were repeated
during eachtrimester and at 6 to 8 weeks post-
partum.
• 50 Subjects• Ages 19-43
(Mean 29)• 91% White• 7% Black• 2% Hispanic
• 74%• Over 40%
reported GERD symptoms
during pregnancy
• Over 40% of women report GERD symptoms
during the first trimester of pregnancy, however,
distress and bother related to these symptoms were
low.• Over 50% of women
reported GERD symptoms in previous pregnancies, which were untreated or managed with over-the-
counter medications.
Normal tissue lining the esophagus -- the tube that carries food from the mouth to the
stomach -- changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. About 10%-15% of
people with chronic symptoms of GERD develop Barrett's esophagus.
Barrett Esophagus (CELLO)
a type of chronic stomach inflammation due to the action of the immune system against stomach tissue and its components. It causes
destruction of the stomach tissue with
progressive atrophy of the stomach.
AKAAutoimmune atrophic gastritis
Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis
Autoimmune Gastritis
Gastric Polyps
Mass of cells that form on
the inside of the
stomach making polyps.
Stomach polyps form in
response to
inflammation or other
damage to the
lining of the
stomach.
Any blockage or narrowing of the arteries feeding blood to the bowels can result in ischemic bowel disease. Possible blockages include tumors and
blood clots, while the narrowing happens through a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis
begins when the artery's inner wall becomes damaged. Possible culprits include smoking,
infection, diabetes and high blood pressure. The arterial wall will try to repair itself, but in the
process cholesterol builds up on the artery's inside surface. As this "plaque" becomes thicker, the
artery becomes narrower and blood flow is reduced. It is at this point that ischemic bowel
syndrome enters the picture.
Ischemic Bowel Disease
the most common vascular lesion of the gastrointestinal tract, and this condition may be asymptomatic, or it may cause
gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.[1] The vessel walls are thin, with little or no
smooth muscle, and the vessels are thin.
Angiodysplasia
Appendicitis
a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and
many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy.
Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to peritonitis and shock.
Peritonitis
an inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. Peritonitis may be localized or
generalized, and may result from infection (often due to rupture of a hollow organ as may occur in abdominal
trauma or appendicitis) or from a non-infectious process.
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