Germplasm collections, conservation, health

documentation and distribution

EC monitoring of Agrobiodiversity and Root and Tuber Systems Programs

May 27-29

IITA-Nigeria

Germplasm Collections

Over 28 000 Accessions

Major food crops of Africa

Seed cropsCowpea

Bambara ground nut

Vigna wild relatives

Maize

Soybean

African yam bean

Clonal cropsYam

Cassava

Musa

Germplasm collections

Crops Number of accessions

with passport data

Cowpea 15113

Bambara 1812

Wild vigna 1507

Soybean 1701

Maize 863

African yam bean 66

Cassava 3078

Yam 3200

Musa 150

Total 27490

Germplasm

‘in trust’

53%

Miscellaneous legumes 600

Germplasm origin

Vigna

GIS unit -IITA

Cowpea V. unguiculata

Nigeria – Burkina faso - India

Available data 99%

Germplasm origin

Vigna

Bambara ground nut

V. subterranea

Nigeria – Cameroon –Ghana – Cote d’Ivoire – Zambia –Zimbabwe

GIS unit -IITA

Available data 92%

Wild Vigna 53 species

Germplasm origin

Vigna

Nigeria – Congo – South Africa

GIS unit -IITA

Available data 92%

Germplasm origin

Soybean Glycine max

GIS unit -IITA

USA Available data: 93%

Germplasm origin

Maize Zea mays

Benin - TogoGIS unit -IITA

Available data: 82%

Germplasm origin

Yam 8 species

rotundata 67%

alata 25%

bulbifera 2%

cayenensis 2%

dumentorum 1.6%

esculenta 0.7%

preusii 0.3%

manganotiana0.25%

Nigeria -Togo

GIS unit -IITA

Available data +99%

Germplasm origin

Manihot esculenta

Nigeria

GIS unit -IITA +Brazil and Australia

International Treaty and IITA obligations

1. Conserve

2. Document

3. Distribute

4. Safe duplicate

5. Enrich with new diversity

6. Improve conservation

Germplasm maintained in TRUST for the international community

Germplasm conservation

Seed cropsCowpea

Bambara ground nut

Vigna wild relatives

Maize

Soybean

African yam bean

Clonal cropsYam

Cassava

Musa

Seed bank

Field and

In vitro bank

Seed crop - Germplasm flow

Distribution

Storage

Safe

duplication

21 000 accessions

Seed crop – Germplasm flow

Distribution

Storage Regeneration

Safe

duplication

Low stock

Viability loss

Seed crop – Germplasm flow

Distribution

Storage Regeneration

Safe

duplication

Low stock

Viability loss

Indexing

Seed crop - Regeneration and processing

2007

Crop Processed/

Stored

Cowpea 1314

Bambara 249

Winged bean 257

Green gram 183

Sword bean 4

African Yam B 170

Wild vigna 257

Soybean 230

Maize 19

Total 2683

Research: Genetic integrity

Cowpea Gene flow study in progress

Seed crop - Virus Indexing

2007

Crop Indexed Virus-free % clean

Cowpea 1532 (553 core) 1129 73%

Bambara 245 (93 core) 140 57%

Winged Bean 79 19 24%

Total 1856 1288 69%

Virus tested: Cucumber mosaic virus, cowpea

mottle virus, southernbean mosaic virus, cowpea

yellow mosaic virus, bean common mosaic virus

Indexed by: ELISA, PCR, ICR-PCR or IC-RT-PCR

Seed crop - Safe duplication

Svalbard (Norway)

• International seed vault

• Polar circle

• Built in permafrost

• Open 4 times a year

Crop Processed/

Stored

Cowpea 4778

Bambara 269

Wild vigna 294

Soybean 673

Maize 499

Total 6513

Seed crop - Safe duplication

Legumes

Maize

Saskatoon Research

Centre - Canada

CIMMYT - Mexico

Clonal crops

Clonal crops –

Germplasm flow

GENEBANKSubculture

In vitro introduction

6 to 24

months

Field bank

1 to 2 years

GENEBANK

Indexing

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Bar coding

In progress

Field bank

Clonal crops

Germplasm flow

GENEBANK

Indexing

Distribution

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Field bank

Germplasm flow

GENEBANK

Indexing

Distribution

Black boxBENIN

NIGERIA

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Safe duplication

Field bank

Germplasm flow

GENEBANK Subculture

(Unit 2)

Indexing

Distribution

Black boxBENIN

NIGERIA

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Field bank

Repatriations

Germplasm flow

GENEBANK Subculture

(Unit 2)

Repatriations

Indexing

Distribution

Black boxTransfersBENIN

NIGERIA

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Field bank

Germplasm flow

GENEBANK Subculture

(Unit 2)

Repatriations

Indexing

Distribution

Black boxTransfersBENIN

NIGERIA

Subculture

In vitro introduction

Field bank

Cryobanking

Clonal germplasm - Conservation

2007

Crops Field

maintenance

In vitro

Introduction

In vitro

Maintenance

Safe

duplication

transferred

Presently

duplicated

Yam 3200 553 1544 259 1110

Cassava 3078 476 2367 558 1895

Musa 150 0 150 0 0

Total 6428 1029 4177 817 3005

Research: Yam meristeming

Yam somaclonal variation

Low cost in vitro culture

Sanitation

Cryopreservation

Clonal crop – Cryopreservation

2007

Cassava

2 Cryopreservation approaches tested on 50 accessions

• Vitrification (DMSO/Glycerol/Ethylene glycol)

• Encapsulation dehydration

• Validation in progress

Musa

Technology transfer – Leuven

Cryobanking by the end of 2008

Clonal germplasm – Indexing

2007

Crop Indexed Virus-free % clean

Cassava 204 172 84%

Yam 192 42 21%

Total 396 214 54%

Virus tested:

Yam mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, disoscorea alata bacilliform virus

African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic virus

Indexed by: ELISA, PCR

Research:

Virus detection at early stage (in vitro seedling)

Sanitation

IITA WEB SITE http://www.iita.org

•Search engine

Passport and characterization data

•On line germplasm request

•On line inventory system

(in progress)

Germplasm Documentation

SINGER DATA BASE

SEARCH ENGINE (passport data only)

http://www.singer.grinfo.net

IITA/CGIAR genebanks – Multilateral system (MLS) Benefit Sharing

Germplasm available without restriction for food and agriculture research

Distribution with SMTA if Annex 1 crop

Distribution

Breadfruit Artocarpus Cassava Manihot (Esculenta only)

Asparagus Asparagus Banana / Plantain - Musa(-textilis)

Oat Avena Rice Oryza

Beet Beta Pearl Millet Pennisetum

Brassica complex Brassica et al. Beans Phaseolus (-polyanthus)

Pigeon Pea Cajanus Pea Pisum

Chickpea Cicer Rye Secale

Citrus Citrus Potato Solanum (- phureja)

Coconut Cocos Eggplant Solanum

Major aroids Colocasia, Xanthosoma (include

cocoyam, taro)

Sorghum Sorghum

Carrot Daucus Triticale Triticosecale

Yams Dioscorea Wheat Triticum et al.

Finger Millet Eleusine Faba Bean / Vetch Vicia

Strawberry Fragaria Cowpea et al. Vigna

Sunflower Helianthus Maize Zea(-perennis, diploperennis, luxurians)

Barley Hordeum FORAGESSweet Potato Ipomoea

Grass pea Lathyrus

Lentil Lens

Apple Malus

Annexe 1 = 64

crops and

forages

Crops that

humanity

depends on

Distribution

Crops Agreement

Cowpea et al SMTA

Soybean MTA

Maize SMTA

Cassava SMTA

Yam SMTA

Musa SMTA

African yam bean MTA

Ensuring Safe-movement of Germplasm

BreedingGenebank

Germplasm Health TestingRelease pathogen

free-materialGermplasm

Visual inspection / blotter test / sedimentation

ELISA / PCR / EM / Grow-out tests

Seed treatment & fumigation

(optional)

Material transfer Agreement

75% distributed in Nigeria over 20 yrs+ / 5% to the US

IITA - GIS Unit

Germplasm Distribution

0

10002000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

80009000

10000

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

Accessio

ns d

istr

ibu

ted

Germplasm Distribution

IITA genebank germplasm distribution 1985-2007

Germplasm Distribution

Genebank distribution 2003-2007

User type

Commercial Company

Individual

CGIAR (other than IITA)

Unknown

NARS

University

IITA60%

17%

12%

Germplasm new acquisition

GIS Unit IITA

Gap identification

Obvious

eco-geographical gaps

MAIZE

Germplasm new acquisition

GIS Unit IITA

Gap identification

(from FAO data April 08)

Obvious

eco-geographical gaps

Cote d’Ivoire

Mozambique

South Africa

Non

IT parties

Collaboration with National Partners

• University of Agriculture Abeokuta – Nigeria

• 1 Master and 1 PhD students

• University of Nigeria Nsukka – Nigeria

• 1 master student

• Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) - Cote d’Ivoire

• Expertise for genebank upgrading project

• National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology

(NACGRAB), Ibadan, Nigeria

• Consultation and training

Global Conservation Network

CGIAR level – Collective activities

•Common registry

•Genebanking best practices

•Performance indicators

Global Crop Diversity TRUST

•Global conservation strategies

•Safe duplication of national collections

Yam – Benin, Togo

Cocoyam – Ghana, Cuba

THANK YOU

Germplasm origin

Musa

Musa cuminata

M. balbisian

M. schizocarpa

M. basjoo

M. laterita

M. peekeli

GIS unit -IITA

Available data < 83%