Heating and Cooling with Geothermal Energy

Introduction

Currently, hydrothermal energy is being commercially used for electricity generation and for meeting thermal energy requirements. In 2015, The world's geothermal electricity generation capacity was 12676 MW and another 18000 MW for thermal applications.

Introduction (Contd.)

From the surface down through the crust, the normal temperature gradient - the increase of temperature with the increase of depth - in the Earth's crust is 17 °C -- 30 °C per kilometre of depth

Temperature results like this would definitely encourage the drilling of a larger, deeper well to try to find a hydrothermal reservoir.

Introduction (Contd.)

In India, exploration and study of geothermal fields started in 1970. The GSI (Geological Survey of India) has identified 350 geothermal energy locations in the country. The most promising of these is in Puga valley of Ladakh. It has been estimated from geological, geochemical, shallow geophysical and shallow drilling data that India has about 10,000 MWe of geothermal power potential.

Visual Examination of Rocks for

Geothermal Site Selection

First, a small- diameter "temperature gradient hole" is drilled (some only 200' deep, some over 4000 feet deep) with a rig to determine the temperatures and underground rock types.

Bathing in hot pools like these at Hot Creek, Mammoth Lakes, California, has been practiced throughout history. Be careful -- people and animals have been burned badly in unfamiliar pools.

Since Roman times, we have piped the hot water into pools to better control the temperature. These are photos of outdoor and indoor pool and spa bathing in Japan, the US, and Europe.

When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks under a layer of impermeable rock, it can form a geothermal reservoir

This photograph shows a vertical geothermal well test in the Nevada Desert.

This steaming ground is in the

Philippines.

Geothermal Heating

Geothermal Energy can be spectacular!

Geysers and volcanoes Indicates the earth heatPhotos of US Geological Survey

In several western US states, many long greenhouses are built and heated with geothermal water. This one is in New Mexico.

Peppers, tomatoes, and flowers are commonly grown in geothermally heated greenhouses.

Geothermal water is also used to speed the growth of fish. These are growing in a geothermally heated hatchery at Mammoth Lakes, California.

These alligators are grown in geothermally heated water in Idaho.

Pipes of geothermal water can be installed under sidewalks and roads to keep them from icing over in winter, like this sidewalk in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

Schematic View of Geothermal Power Plant

Generation

Turbine generator outdoors at an Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California.

Those white plumes you see at geothermal power plants are steam (water vapor). Geothermal plants do not burn fuel or produce smoke.

Geothermal power plants are clean and are operating successfully in sensitive environments.

CONCLUSIONS One-time investment and low maintenance cost, low area requirement, and incentives given by the Govt. for non-conventional energy sector is attracting many IPPs in India. Even  IPPs who are involved in solar Photovoltaic and solar thermal power business are frantically exploring partners to finance geothermal projects. Since all the thermal provinces are located in rural areas  with excellent  communication system, power projects as well geothermal based industries are going to reduce  congestion in Urban areas and improve socio-economic status of the rural public.

What is Biogas?• A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide

CH4

CO2

• Methane or ‘marsh gas’, produced naturally in marshy ponds

Bio Gas

Applications of Biogas

Applications of Biogas in an Engine

Biogas – Bio Diesel Engine

LPG Burner Biogas Burner

Conversion of LPG Burner to Biogas

LPG Burner Modified as Biogas Burner

Various Types of Nozzles

LPG Sand Nozzle Modified Sand Nozzle

LPG sand Nozzle and Modified Sand Nozzle

LPG Gas Geyser

Conclusions