Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

CHAPTER 16APES

Ms. Miller

CHAPTER 16APES

Ms. Miller

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Major geologic processes Major geologic processes

Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle

Earthquakes and volcanoes Earthquakes and volcanoes

Finding and extracting mineral resources Finding and extracting mineral resources

Non-renewable mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources

Geologic Processes: Structure of the EarthGeologic Processes: Structure of the Earth

Fig. 4-7 p. 60

Questions for Figure 4-7Questions for Figure 4-7

• 1) What is the innermost layer of the earth?

• 2) The crust and upper mantle combine to form what layer?

• 3) In what layer would one find living organisms?

Features of the Crust and Upper MantleFeatures of the Crust and Upper Mantle

Fig. 16-2 p. 333Fig. 16-2 p. 333

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Divergent boundary—plates move apart in opposite directions

Divergent boundary—plates move apart in opposite directions

Convergent boundary—plates are pushed together by internal forces

Convergent boundary—plates are pushed together by internal forces

Subduction zone—area where collision and subduction take place

Subduction zone—area where collision and subduction take place

Transform fault—plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere

Transform fault—plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere

Earth’s Major Tectonic PlatesEarth’s Major Tectonic Plates

Fig. 16-4, p. 335

Questions for Figure 16-4Questions for Figure 16-4

• 1) On what major tectonic plate is Michigan?

• 2) What type of boundary formed the Himalayan mountains?

• 3) Where is the ring of fire and why does it have this name?

• 4) The Nazca plate is found in what ocean?

External Earth ProcessesExternal Earth Processes

Erosion—process by which material is dissolved, loosened or worn away from one part of Earth’s surface and deposited elsewhere

Erosion—process by which material is dissolved, loosened or worn away from one part of Earth’s surface and deposited elsewhere

Weathering—physical, chemical or biological processes that break down rocks and mineralsMechanical Weathering—physical weathering of breaking rock into smaller pieces

Frost Wedging: water collects in cracks, freezes and expands and breaks off pieces of rock

Chemical Weathering: a process in which one or more chemical reactions decompose a mass of rock.

Chemical Weathering: a process in which one or more chemical reactions decompose a mass of rock.

Biological Weathering: The conversion of rocks and minerals into smaller particles through the action of living things. Ex) lichens and roots

Biological Weathering: The conversion of rocks and minerals into smaller particles through the action of living things. Ex) lichens and roots

Natural Hazards: EarthquakesNatural Hazards: Earthquakes

Features Features Magnitude—measure

of energy released Magnitude—measure

of energy released Aftershocks—smaller

magnitude quakes after initial

Aftershocks—smaller magnitude quakes after initial

Fig. 16-6 p. 337Fig. 16-6 p. 337

A road is heavily damaged by the magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Aratozawa Dam on June 14, 2008 in Kurihara, Miyagi, Japan. At least four people dead and twelve

people are missing.

A road is heavily damaged by the magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Aratozawa Dam on June 14, 2008 in Kurihara, Miyagi, Japan. At least four people dead and twelve

people are missing.

Primary effects—shaking of ground, permanent vertical or horizontal displacement of ground

Secondary effects—rockslides, urban fire, flooding, tsunamis

Expected Earthquake DamageExpected Earthquake Damage

Fig. 16-7 p. 337Fig. 16-7 p. 337

CanadaCanada

United StatesUnited States

No damage expectedNo damage expected

Minimal damageMinimal damage

Moderate damageModerate damage

Severe damageSevere damage

Natural Hazards: Volcanic EruptionsNatural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions

Fig. 16-8 p. 338Fig. 16-8 p. 338

extinctvolcanoes

extinctvolcanoes

magmareservoir

centralvent

magmaconduit

SolidlithosphereSolidlithosphere

Upwellingmagma

Partially moltenasthenosphere

Minerals and RocksMinerals and Rocks Mineral—an element or inorganic compound that

occurs naturally and is a solid with a regular crystalline structure (diamond, quartz)

Mineral—an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is a solid with a regular crystalline structure (diamond, quartz)

Igneous—formed from molten rock (lava or magma) cools and hardens (granite, basalt)

Rock Types

Sedimentary—formed from sediment produced from eroding and weathered rock; put together by pressure or cementation (limestone, sandstone)

Metamorphic—forms when preexisting rock is subjected to high temperature, high pressure, chemicals or a combination of above (marble, slate)

Fig. 16-9 p. 339Fig. 16-9 p. 339

Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,

Basalt

Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,

Limestone

Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,

Marble

Magma(Molten Rock)

WeatheringWeathering

ErosionErosion

TransportTransportDepositionDeposition

Heat,Pressure

Heat,Pressure

Heat,

Pressure

Heat,

Pressure

Rock Cycle

Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesNonrenewable Mineral Resources

Are a concentration of naturally occurring material that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost

Metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum)

Are a concentration of naturally occurring material that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost

Metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum)

Ores—a rock that contains enough of one or more metallic minerals to be mined for a profit

Nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, clay, sand, phosphates and soil)

Energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas and uranium)

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories

Identified—known location and quantity

Identified—known location and quantity

Undiscovered—assumed to exist on basis of geology but not known where

Undiscovered—assumed to exist on basis of geology but not known where

Reserves—identified resource that can be mined profitable at current price

Reserves—identified resource that can be mined profitable at current price

Other—undiscovered and identified resources not reserves

Other—undiscovered and identified resources not reserves

Fig. 16-10 p. 340

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Satellite and air imagerySatellite and air imagery

MagnetometersMagnetometers

Gravity differencesGravity differences

Radiation detectorsRadiation detectors

Seismic surveysSeismic surveys

Chemical analysesChemical analyses

Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12

Open-pit (surface mining)Open-pit (surface mining)

Dredging (surface mining)

Area strip (surface mining)

Contour strip (surface mining)

Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)

Longwall (subsurface mining)

Mountaintop Removal

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation ActSurface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

Established 1977Established 1977Mine lands must be restored to pre-

mining conditions

Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions

Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites

Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites

Limited success due to lobbying lawmakers to make weaker laws or cut off flow of money

Limited success due to lobbying lawmakers to make weaker laws or cut off flow of money

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources

Disruption of land surfaceDisruption of land surfaceSubsidenceSubsidenceErosion of solid mining wasteErosion of solid mining wasteAcid mine drainageAcid mine drainageAir pollutionAir pollutionStorage and leakage of liquid mining

waste

Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral ResourcesEnvironmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources

Fig. 16-14 p. 344

More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesMore Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Surface miningSurface mining Subsurface miningSubsurface mining

Overburden Overburden

SpoilSpoil

Open-pitOpen-pit

DredgingDredging

Strip miningStrip mining

Room and pillarRoom and pillar

LongwallLongwall

Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

Processing Mineral ResourcesProcessing Mineral Resources

Ore mineral—desired metals from oreOre mineral—desired metals from ore

Emerald GangueEmerald Gangue

Gangue—waste material from ore

Tailings—piles of gangue; can be blown by wind or leaches into soil

Smelting—after gangue is removed, this process separates the desired metal from other metals in the ore

Supplies of Mineral ResourcesSupplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion—when it costs more to extract and

process than it is worth

Economic depletion—when it costs more to extract and process than it is worth

Depletion time—how long it takes to use up part of reserve

Depletion time—how long it takes to use up part of reserve

Foreign sources Foreign sources

Economics Economics

Environmental concerns Environmental concerns

Mining the ocean Mining the ocean

Finding substitutes Finding substitutes

Fig. 16-16 p. 346Fig. 16-16 p. 346

New technologies New technologies