GENKI FACT L. 3“The limits of my language means the limits of my world.”

Ludwig Wittgenstein

JPN 199ALLEX 2016

Presented by Tom Mason; Slides by Masayuki Itomitsu

In Lesson 2, we have learned…• Telling/asking prices • Shopping • Ordering at a restaurant • Telling/Asking which item(s) belongs to whom

• Telling/asking where something is located

In Lesson 3, we’ll learn…

• Talking about daily schedules and routines

• Inviting someone to do things together • Accepting/refusing invitations *Romanization version and Additional Grammar Available on Engrade

3 types of predicate (sentence types) in Japanese

• Noun + desu (Lessons 1, 2) • Adjectives (ii desu, takai desu), more in Lesson 5

• Verb (Lesson 3, this lesson)

Lesson 2: 3 kinds of verbs: 1. ru-verbs 2. u-verbs 3.  irregular verbs (how many?)

Present Tense (non-past)

Ru-verbs U-verbs IrregularDictionary/ Short Form

tabe-ru nom-u suru

Base tabe nom ---Stem tabe nomi shiLong form aff

tabemasu nomimasu shimasu

Long form neg

tabemasen nomimasen shimasen

Present (non-past) Tense: Piza o tabemasu.• Meaning? • “I/she/he/we/they eat pizza.” (habitual action) • “(I) will eat pizza.” (future action) • Does NOT mean “I am eating pizza right now.” (cf. Lesson 7)

• Form: Present (non-past), affirmative long form • Long form (desu/masu): speech style? • Negative? • Piza wa tabemasen (wa with negative predicate, Additional Grammar A)

–ru verbs•  4 –ru verbs in Lesson 3: •  tabe-ru, ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru • Why called –ru verbs? • What do you notice about the above? •  The base ends in e or i. • Therefore, all –ru verbs end in iru or eru. • Others: dekiru, oshieru, mazeru, kiru, iru • BUT, not all verbs that end in –iru or –eru are –ru verbs.

•  EXCEPTIONS (so far): kaer-u

-ru verb Stems•  Base = Stem •  tabe-ru base? •  tabe •  Stem? •  tabe •  We use the STEM to make the –masu form (the “long” form,

present, affirmative) and other forms too. •  tabe-masu •  Negative? •  tabe-masen •  What are the stems of the following: •  ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru? •  Make the –masu forms of the above: •  nemasu, okimasu, mimasu

u-verbs• Base ≠ Stem • Example: nom-u •  nom-u is the DICTIONARY FORM • Why are these verbs called –u verbs? • Because the DICTIONARY FORM is formed by adding –u

to the base •  nom+ u = nomu • Base? •  nom •  -u is a suffix (short form, present (non-past), affirmative)

More…• Examples: •  ik-u, yom-u, hanas-u, kik-u, kaer-u •  Others: wakar-u, itadak-u, • Distinguishing u-verbs from ru-verbs? •  tsukuru vs. tukeru •  If the dictionary form doesn’t end in –iru or –eru then it’s a

good guess that it’s an u-verb! •  kaer-u is an exception •  Irregular verbs are exceptions

STEMS•  For ru-verbs, BASE = STEM •  tabe-ru •  For u-verbs, BASE + i = STEM •  Ik-u BASE? •  Ik • STEM? •  Iki •  nom-u BASE? • Nom • STEM? •  nomi

-masu forms (STEM + masu)•  hanas-u •  hanashi •  hanasi-masu •  kik-u •  kiki •  kiki-masu •  nom-u •  nomi •  nomi-masu •  kaer-u •  kaeri •  kaeri-masu

Irregular verbs (2!)1.  kuru 2.  suru

STEMS• Stem of shimasu? •  shi • Stem of kimasu? •  ki •  -masu forms? •  shimasu, simasen •  kimasu, kimasen • Dictionary (short) forms? •  suru, kuru

simasu• Can be combined with nouns to form verbs: • Examples? • Benkyoo simasu. • NOTE: • Nihongo o benkyoo shimasu. • Nihongo no benkyoo o shimasu (cf. p. 197)

Present Tense (non-past): summary

Ru-verbs U-verbs IrregularDictionary/ Short Form

tabe-ru nom-u suru

Base tabe nom ---Stem tabe nomi shiLong form aff

tabemasu nomimasu shimasu

Long form neg

tabemasen nomimasen shimasen

Noun vs. Verb sentences• Use of “soo desu.”:

• Anoo, sumimasen, ryuugakusee desu ka? • Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. •  soo desu. • Anoo, sumimasen. Kono konsaato (コンサート）, ikimasu ka?

• Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. •  ikimasu.

4 Particles!• REVIEW: particles you know: • wa and mo •  These are usually preceded by? •  nouns • Sentence-final particles: •  ka, yo, ne?, ne(e). • Come at the end of the sentence

• NEW: •  o, de, ni, e

o• Biiru o nomimasu. • Piza o tabemasu. • Relationship of biiru/piza to nomimasu/tabemasu? •  They are the things that are affected by the action; the

things that are “acted upon.” Terebi o mimasu. Tenisu o shimasu. Ongaku o kikimasu.

PLACE noun + de• Uchi de terebi o mimasu. •  Toshokan de hon o yomimasu.

• Relationship of uchi/toshokan to mimasu/yomimasu? •  The noun indicates the place of the action.

PLACE ni and e + MOTION verb• Kyoo gakkoo ni/e ikimasu. • Uchi ni/e kaerimasu. • Ashita mo gakkoo ni/e kimasu ka.

• Relationship of gakkoo to ikimasu? •  The goal (final destination) of the motion of the verb.

Time + ni•  Ichi-ji ni shimasu. • Nichiyoobi ni ikimasu. • Maiban juuichi-ji ni nemasu.

• Relationship of ichi-ji to shimasu? •  Tells the time of the action/motion.

4 Time reference• Ashita kimasu. • Maiban terebi o mimasu. •  Itsu kimasuka?

When do we / don’t we use ni? 1. Yoji ni kimasu.2. Doyoobi ni mimasu.3. Basu wa 9:15 ni kimasu

yo.4.Nagoya e kugatsu ni

ikimasu.

1. Ima 7:30 desu.2. Ashita shimasu yo.3. Kyoo ikimasu.4. Maiban tsukaimasu.5. Ashita 11:00 goro kimasu.

When don’t we use ni? 1.  Generic time words: asa, ban, mainichi 2.  Time-relative words: kyoo, ashita, asatte 3.  With goro it’s optional Ku-zi goro shimasu. Ku-zi goro ni shimasu.

5 ~masen ka•  Tenisu o shimasen ka. • Eega o mimasen ka. • Koohii o nomimasen ka. • Sutaba e ikimasen ka.

• Negative questions are used for ? •  Invitations • How do you accept the invitation? • How do you turn it down politely?

7 Frequency adverbs• Adverb (English grammar): • A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. A: Wain, yoku nomimasu ka. B: Iie, wain wa amari nomimasen. A: Jaa,biiru wa? B: Biiru wa zenzen nomimasen. •  Tokidoki hanbaagaa o tabemasu •  Takeshi-san wa amari benkyoo simasen nee. • Meari-san wa yoku benkyoo simasu. • What do you notice about amari and zenzen?

8 Topic particle wa• Meari-san wa ryuugakusee desu. • Senkoo wa nihongo desu. • Shuumatsu wa taitee nani o shimasu ka. • Kyoo wa kyooto ni ikimasu. • Asa-gohan wa tabemasen.

•  The particle wa marks the topic of discussion and what follows is what the speaker wants to convey. The focus is on what comes AFTER the wa.

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