Post on 14-Dec-2015
DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
Which of the following is an accurate characterization of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties?a) Both civilizations developed strict social class
hierarchies, in which upward mobility was difficult
b) Peasant uprisings were responsible for the establishment of both civilizations
c) Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on trade as their primary economic activity
d) Both civilizations flourished under control of outside invaders.
DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands except
a) Russia
b) Persia
c) Japan
d) Ukriane
QUICK WRITE:
What would you argue are the two strongest impacts or most lasting legacies of Mongol rule?
Nomadic Peoples
Nomadic economy and societyOrganized into clans with related languages
Central Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers
Nomads and their animals; few settlementsNomads drove their herds in migratory cycles
Lived mostly on animal products
Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron
Nomadic Class System
Fluidity of classes in nomadic society
Two social classes; nobles and commoners
Autonomous clans and tribes
Military Organization
Khan – “RULER”
Organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion
Outstanding cavalry forces
Formidable military power
The Mongol Empires
Genghis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliances and conquests
Why was unification necessary?Tribal group v. Mongol identity
Khan’s personal mission
Trade disruption
Ecology – 1180-1220
Mongol Political Organization
Organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations
Units based on ten…100…1000…
Leaders had close relationship with Genghis
Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty
Established capital at Karakorum
Mongol Conquest of Northern China
Genghis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211
Controlled north China by 1220
South China was still ruled by Song dynasty
Mongol Conquest of Persia
Genghis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in 1218
Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan led force to pursue Khwarazm
Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities
Mongol Division After Genghis Heirs Divide into Four Regional Empires….
Kubilai Khan-China
Genghis Khan’s grandson
Consolidated Mongol rule in China
Promoted Buddhism, supported the Daoists, Muslims, and Christians
Conquest of Southern China
Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China
Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276
Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279
Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan
The Golden Horde
Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241
Jochi and later Batu will rule…
Batu – r.1224-1255
Further overran Poland, Hungary and eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242
Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century
The Ilkhanate of Persia
Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured Baghdad in 1258
Mongol rule in PersiaPersians served as ministers, governors, and local officials
Mongols cared only about taxes and order
Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295
Massacres of Jews and Christians followed
Mongol Rule in China
1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the Mongols1227 Death of Genghis KhanMongols conquer northern China in 12341265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 12941271 founding of the Yuan Empire1276 - 1279 Mongol conquest of the Southern Song1368 Ming Empire founded
Mongols in China
1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294
By 1279 the Mongols are in control of China
Yuan Dynasty
Short conquest – 1368 the Ming Dynasty is founded
Diplomatic Missions
The four Mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communications
Khanate of Chagatai
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Khanate of the Great Khan
Ilkanate of the Great Khan
Established diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe
Mongol Rule in China
Four ClassesMongols
Central Asians and the Middle Easterners
Northern Chinese
Southern Chinese
Mongol Rule in China
Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese
Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol language
Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge
Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China
Mongol Ruling Elite
Became enchanted with the Lamaist (Vajrayana) Buddhism of Tibet
Universal leader concept
The Mongols and Eurasian Integration
The Mongols and tradeMongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants
Elaborate courier network with relay stations
Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries
ResettlementMongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places
Often resettled them in different locations to provide services
Uigher Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators
Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands
Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became permanent residents
Decline of the Mongols in Persia and ChinaHad been established by Hulegu by 1260
Ghazan – declared himself a Muslim in 1295
Decline of the Il-kanate state
In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues
Failure of the Il-khan’s paper money
Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership
The last ruler died without an heir; the Il-khanate collapsed - 1349
Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
Seen as outsiders
Traditional Chinese & outside religions
Rebellions among farmers
Paper money issued by the Mongol rulers lost value
Power struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320s
Bubonic PlagueIn southwest China in 1330s
Spread through Asia and Europe
Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime
By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes
Surviving Mongol Khanates
The Khanate of Chaghati continued in central Asia
Later –Timur / Tamerlane
The Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth century
Batu KhanSarai – near Volga River
Checking for Understanding:
Why is it argued by historians that the Mongols changed the world, or helped to make the world ‘modern’?
RECOVERY IN CHINAThe Ming DynastyZhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in 1368
Ming centralization of government revived Chinese traditions
Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systemsEmperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief ministers
Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors
Mandarins represented central government to local authoritiesEunuchs could not build family fortunes
Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic Recovery
Repaired irrigation systems
Agricultural productivity soared
Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles
Trade within Asia flourished with increased production
Cultural Revival
Actively promoted neo-Confucianism
Yongle – encyclopedia – massive anthology of cultural traditions
The Chinese Reconnaissance
Zheng He’s expeditions
Ming emperors permitted foreigners to trade in Quanzhou and Guangzhou
Refurbished navy and sent seven ships into Indian Ocean
Purposes of expedition?
Largest marine crafts in the world…
Chinese Naval Power
Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa
Zheng He’s voyages were diplomatic-exchange of gifts and envoys
Also military – used force to impress foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates
Voyages enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin
End of Voyages
1433
New emperor
Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliances
Resources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern borders
Technology of building ships was forgotten, charts destroyed
Forbidden City
183 acres
32 feet tall wall
1406 construction begins
14 years
200,000 men
75 buildings, 9,999 rooms