Department:Environmental Science

(5th semester)Presentation Of Biotechnology

Group:8

Group Members

• SidraQayyom• (11011561-048)• Mussarah Saman• (11011561-033)• Memoona Syeda• (11011561-027)

• Sultana jamil• (11011561-012)

GENETIC GENETIC ENGEENIRNG

ENGEENIRNG

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism.

Examples of genetically engineered organisms include: plants with resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides crops with modified oil content

History

• The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by jack williamson jack williamson in his science fiction novel science fiction novel Dragon's Dragon's IslandIsland, , published in 1951

• 1972 ….Invention of Recombinant DNA• 1973…..First Transgenic Organism• 1974…..Transgenic Mouse

Basic Concepts

Concept 1:Concept 1: What is DNA?

Concept 2:Concept 2: Why are proteins important?

. Concept 3:Concept 3: How is DNA important in genetic

engineering?

What is DNA

• DNA is a molecule found in the

nucleus of every cell and is

made up of 4 subunits

represented by the letters A, T,

G, and C.

Why are proteins important?

• Proteins do the work in cells.

• They can be part of structures

(such as cell walls, organelles,

etc).

• They can regulate reactions

that take place in the cell

How is DNA important in genetic

engineering?

• DNA is a ‘universal language’, ‘universal language’, meaning the genetic code means the same thing in all organism. This characteristic is critical to the success of genetic engineering.

How is Genetic Engineering done?

• Genetic engineering, also called

transformation, works by

physically removing a gene

from one organism and inserting

it into another, giving it the

ability to express the trait

encoded by that gene.

Process

1) First, find an organism that naturally contains the desired trait.

2)The DNA is extracted from that organism. This is like taking out the entire cookbook

3)The one desired gene (recipe) must be located and copied from thousands of genes

that were extracted. This is called gene cloning.4)The gene may be modified slightly to work

in a more desirable way once inside the recipient organism.

Conti…..

• 5) The new gene(s), called a transgene is delivered into cells of the recipient organism. This is called transformation.

• The most common transformation technique uses a bacteria that naturally genetically engineer plants with its own DNA.

6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is used to improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply a way to add new traits to the pool.

6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is used to improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply a way to add new traits to the pool.

Comparison of genetic engi. to Comparison of genetic engi. to traditional breedingtraditional breedingGenetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering

manually moves genes from

one organism to another.

• Genetic engineering, on the

other hand, physically

removes the genes from one

organism and places them

into the other.

Tradional Breeding

• Traditional breeding moves genes through mating, or crossing.• Breeding relies on the ability to mate two organisms to move genes, trait improvement is basically limited to those traits that already exist within that species.

Conti…..Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering is more precise.• Genetic engineering, allows for the movement of a single, or a few, genes.

Tradional Breeding

• Breeding is also less

precise than genetic

engineering.

• In breeding, half of the

genes from each parent

are passed on to the

offspring.

Slective Breeding

• Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits

• People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.

Recombinant DNA

• The ability to combine

the DNA of one

organism with the DNA

of another organism.

• Recombinant DNA

technology was first

used in the 1970’s with

bacteria.

Applications

• Transgenic Organisms

• Cloning

Transgenic Organisms

• A genetically modified organism is an

organism whose genetic material has

been altered using genetic engineering

techniques. Organisms that have been

genetically modified include micro-

organisms such as bacteria and yeast,

insects, plants, fi

sh, and mammals. ..

Creating Dolly

Stage 1

Cell collected from a sheep’s udder.

Stage 2

Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep.

Stage 3

Udder cell is inserted into egg with no nucleus.

Stage 4

Insertion is successful.

Stage 5

Electrical charge is supplied.

Stage 6

Cells begin to divide.

Stages 7 & 8

Advantages

• Disease could be prevented by detecting people/plants/animals that are genetically prone to certain hereditary diseases, and preparing for the inevitable.

• Animals and plants can be 'tailor

made' to show desirable

characteristics. Genes could also be

manipulated in trees for example, to

absorb more CO2 and reduce the

threat of global warming.

Genetic Engineering could increase genetic diversity, and produce

more variant alleles which could also be crossed over and implanted into otherIt is possible to alter the genetics of wheat plants to grow

insulin

Disadvantages

• Nature is an extremely complex inter-related

chain consisting of many species linked in the

food chain. Some scientists believe that

introducing genetically modified genes may

have an irreversible effect with consequences

yet unknown.

• Genetic engineering borderlines on many moral issues, particularly involving religion, which questions whether man has the right to manipulate the laws and course of nature.