Post on 16-Jan-2017
Gender and institutional aspects of climate-smart agricultural in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal Patti Kristjanson World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
‘Does Gender Matter in Climate Change Adaptation’ Session, Tues Aug 11 10 am
Patti Kristjanson
CCAFS-‐ini)ated intra-‐household gender-‐climate change study in Kenya (2 sites), Uganda (2 sites), Senegal, Bangladesh (Kovarik), Colombia (Twyman)
Builds on ILRI’s comprehensive, plot-‐level farm characteriza)on survey : hLps://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/CCAFSbaseline
Same ques)ons of man (n=200) and woman (n=200) in each household/site
One key objec)ve: Understand the differences in awareness and adop*on of CSA prac)ces by men and women
The ‘what’
Patti Kristjanson
The IFPRI/CIAT/ICRAF/ILRI-‐developed intra-‐household gender and CC-‐focused modules include:
Preferences and use of agricultural and climate informa)on Access to credit Decision-‐making Group membership Risk management Adapta)on strategies/prac)ces Climate smart prac)ces Percep)ons of climate change Impacts of climate change Values and cogni)ve processes
Research with: Q. Bernier, C. Kovarik, E. Bryan, E. Haglund, R. Meinzen-‐Dick, C. Quiros, C. Ringler, M. Rufino, S. Silvestri, J. Twyman. Survey leaders: Edidah Ampaire, Joash Mango, Yacine Ndourba, Piet Van Asten. Available at: hLps://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline
Components
Patti Kristjanson
This presenta)on focuses on the following sites: Nyando, western Kenya; Wote, central-‐Eastern Kenya; Rakai, south-‐central Uganda; Kaffrine, southern Peanut Basin, Senegal; (200 women, 200 men), each site ≈ 1600 individuals For adapta>on planning, to address the following ques)ons:
Are individuals aware of different agricultural (including climate-‐smart) prac*ces? And if so, have they adopted them?
If respondents report having observed changes in climate, have they made changes in their agricultural prac*ces to protect themselves, their families, or their communi)es? If so, which ones? If not, why not? Bernier, Kristjanson, Meinzen-‐Dick. In process. Gender and ins>tu>onal factors influencing men’s and women’s awareness and uptake of climate smart agricultural prac>ces in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal
The ‘where’ and ‘why’
Patti Kristjanson
What practices?
Longer-‐term benefits – more transforma>ve changes • Agroforestry • Terraces and bunds • Water harves)ng • Irriga)on • Plan)ng pits • Minimum )llage • Improved feed management • Grazing or rangeland management Short-‐term benefits – more incremental changes • Crop Residue Mulching • Compos)ng • Livestock manure management • More efficient fer)lizer use • Improved, high-‐yielding varie)es • Stress tolerant varie)es • Destocking • Cover cropping • Switch to drought tolerant livestock • Integrated pest management
Patti Kristjanson
Response to CC by men and women: Kenya
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Soil and water conserva)on
Change crop variety
Change plan)ng date
Change crop type
Water harves)ng
Plan)ng trees on farm
Women Nyando (n=56)
Men Nyando (n=99)
Women Wote (n=96)
Men Wote (n=137)
Patti Kristjanson
Response to CC by men and women: Uganda
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Plan)ng trees on farm
Increase land planted
Change crop type
Change crop variety
Change plan)ng dates
Water harves)ng
Soil and water conserva)on
Food storage
Women Rakai (n=125)
Men Rakai (n=127)
Patti Kristjanson
Analysis addresses the ques)ons: What helps explain awareness of the different pracSces? If aware, what influences adopSon? Heckman 2-‐stage model: 1st stage: Probability of Awareness = fn (age, sex, access to info sources, land size, assets, spouse awareness, mo)va)ons) 2nd stage: Adop>on = fn (land ownership, decision-‐making power, innova)veness, group memberships, trust, gender decision-‐making, educa)on, age, assets, credit access, farm & off-‐farm income, climate info access, climate shock experience)
Methods
Patti Kristjanson
Extension agents – surprisingly limited influence, especially on long-‐term prac)ces: Kaffrine-‐improved varie)es, fert, manure mgment, agroforestry; Rakai-‐no )ll; Wote-‐water harves)ng, irriga)on Agri-‐service providers – Kaffrine: seeds, fert, no )ll, manure mgment Farmers’ organiza>ons – Kaffrine: terraces So, conven)onal sources of agricultural and climate-‐related informa)on are not yet significantly increasing awareness of CSA prac*ces
Key findings - Awareness
Patti Kristjanson
Radio – Kaffrine-‐ irriga)on, agroforestry, fert, manure mgment; Wote-‐irriga)on, compost; Nyando-‐compost Cellphones s)ll not helping increase awareness of CSA prac)ces If your spouse is aware, are you? For most prac)ces in Kaffrine, yes; but this is the case for only a few prac)ces in the Kenya sites
Key findings – Awareness, cont’d
Patti Kristjanson
land tenure – surprisingly not showing up as important share of off-‐farm income – nega)ve influence on some prac)ces female credit access – posi)ve influence on uptake of fer)lizer: Nyando; water harves)ng, irriga)on, manure: Wote; impr seeds, compost: Rakai female % assets – posi)ve influence on uptake of compos)ng, crop residues: Wote; agroforestry, water harves)ng: Rakai; water harves)ng: Kaffrine
Key findings – Adoption
Patti Kristjanson
Innova>veness – associated with water harves)ng: Nyando; terracing: Wote; terracing, irriga)on, HYV’s, fer)lizer: Rakai Able to make decisions – agroforestry: Rakai; no )ll: Wote Group memberships – compost: Nyando; water harves)ng, HYVs: Rakai; crop residues: Kaffrine
Key findings - Adoption, cont’d
Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 1
Awareness of CSA opportuni>es is important but insufficient to date, so it will be key to support to projects and programs that: • link local radio and TV sta>ons and providers of agricultural
knowledge and climate informa>on • Work with farmer’s and other groups (e.g. religious groups,
women’s groups) and agri-‐service providers to beLer reach women • Support agricultural knowledge
plaWorms that bring together these various groups and take advantage of new ICT-‐based opportuni>es (via cellphones, television (e.g. Shamba Shape Up), social media)
• Support innova>ve farmer-‐led learning and ag extension approaches
Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 2
Adop>on of improved prac>ces remains low in large part due to ins*tu*onal challenges facing all food system actors, but women farmers in par)cular – con)nuing an)-‐women biases in ag services and informa)on; lack of suppor)ng infrastructure, and collec)ve ac)on challenges in general (not just gender norms) There has been a lot more investment in technologies than there has been in ins*tu*ons (e.g. land rights for women), policies, capacity, innova)ve communica)on approaches, etc
Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 3
Its )me for new research approaches that reach, and learn together with, more farmers, especially women (e.g. text-‐based targeted ques)ons, crowdsourcing, farmer-‐led innova)on approaches, etc)
Patti Kristjanson
Bernier, Kristjanson, Meinzen-‐Dick. In process. Gender and ins>tu>onal factors influencing men’s and women’s awareness and uptake of climate smart agricultural prac>ces in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal Bernier et al. 2015. Ins>tu>ons and Gender in the Adop>on of Climate Smart Agriculture: Evidence from Kenya. CCAFS Working Paper No. 79. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org Silvestri et al. 2015. Households and food security: Lessons from food secure households in East Africa. Agriculture and Food Security, forthcoming. Douxchamps et al. 2015. Linking agricultural adapta>on strategies, food security and vulnerability: Evidence from West Africa. Regional Environmental Change, forthcoming. Jost et al. 2015. Understanding Gender Dimensions of Agriculture and Climate Change in Smallholder Farming Communi>es. Climate and Development. Open access. Perez et al. 2015. How resilient are farming households, communi>es, men and women to a changing climate in Africa? Global Environmental Change. Wood et al. 2014. Smallholder farmer cropping decisions related to climate variability across mul>ple regions. Global Environmental Change, 25, 163-‐172. Open access.
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