Post on 22-Jun-2015
description
N I C O L E WA R D , U K P L A N T PAT H O LO GY
MANAGING DISEASES IN BACKYARD ORCHARDS
BACKYARD ORCHARDS
• Size• Plant type• Low maintenance• Resistant cultivars
• Dedication • Knowledge • Education• Continuing
education• Publications
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
• Cultivar selection• Canopy management• Sanitation • Air circulation
• Vigor • Scouting• Fungicides
CULTIVAR SELECTION
Disease Resistant Apples Recommended for Kentucky
CultivarResistance to:
Time of Harvest
Apple Scab Cedar Apple Rust Fire Blight Powdery MildewPristine VR S S R mid-JulyRedfree VR VR S S early-AugustDayton VR R MR R mid-AugustLiberty VR R* R R late-AugustSpartan MR R MR R early-SeptemberJonafree VR S S R early-SeptemberPixie Crunch VR - - - early-SeptemberCrimsonCrisp VR MR S S mid-SeptemberPriscilla VR VR* VR R mid-SeptemberSirPrize VR S R R mid-SeptemberEnterprise VR VR* MR R mid-OctoberGoldRush VR S MR S mid-OctoberWinecrisp VR MR VR MR mid-OctoberSundance VR VR VR VR mid-October
VR=very resistant, R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, S=susceptible, -- = insufficient information
*=although resistant to cedar apple rust, these cultivars are susceptible to cedar quince rust
Information adapted from ID-21
DISEASE-RESISTANT APPLE
• Resistant to major diseases• Scab• Cedar apple rust• Fire blight• Powdery mildew
• Not resistant to• Cork spot• Fly speck/sooty blotch
• Not insect-resistant• Bagging (ENTFACT-218)• Insecticides
SANITATION
Understanding life cycles of fungi (or bacteria) and removing source of spores. • Rake• Remove old fruit• Prune, remove cankers
SPORE POTENTIAL OF FUNGI
Optimal Conditions• Moderate temperatures• Free water• exception powdery mildew
Reproduction• Spores• Spring – sexual spores, initial
infection• Growing season – asexual spores,
repeating stage
• Wind or rain spread
FUNGAL SPORE PRODUCTION
• Asci (sexual spores) formed in fall and overwinter in debris or bark crevices• Conidia (asexual spores)
form throughout the season, numerous
Ascocarp types: apothecia, perithecia, cleistothecia
SEXUAL SPORES
• Ascospores develop in spring• Leaf litter, debris,
cankers• Ascospores germinate
and infect plants in spring (once per season)• Initial infection• Lesions then begin to
produce conidia
INOCULUM POTENTIAL
ASEXUAL SPORES
• Asexual cycle• Inoculum (spores)
increases, repeating stage• Sporulation under
moderate conditions and high humidity
• Some conidia formed in pycnidia (sac)
ASEXUAL SPORES
BACTERIAL CELLS
BACTERIAL DISEASES
SANITATION
Understanding life cycles of fungi (or bacteria) and removing source of spores. • Rake• Remove old fruit• Prune, remove cankers• Do not work in wet
orchards• Sanitize tools
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Air circulation • Optimal conditions• High humidity• Eliminate micro-climates
• Manage canopy by pruning
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Scouting• Know the pathogen• Understand biology• Learn to recognize
Keep learning• Many sources of
information• UK College of Ag website,
fact sheets, publications
• Subscribe to newsletters or blogs
CULTURAL PRACTICES
• Sanitation • Air circulation • Canopy management• Scouting• Vigor
Not just for organicsDisease management is not effective without proper cultural practices.
WHEN ALL ELSE FAILS…OR INTENSELY MANAGED CROPS
FUNGICIDES
• Homeowners purchase • Non-restricted• Small quantities• Cost • Easy to follow instructions• Multi-use• Locally available• Safe (sometimes organic)
LIMITED PRODUCTS
Midwest Spray Guides?
• Captan• Chlorothalonil• Copper• Lime sulfur• Mancozeb• Myclobutanil• Sulfur• Thiophanate-methyl (commercial size)
WHAT’S IN A NAME?
• Trade names change• Trade names can
be confusing• Formulations
What matters is the active ingredient!
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
Bonide Fungicides:
• Captan 50 WP – captan• Fruit Tree Spray – captan• Copper Dust, Liquid concentrate or RTU – Copper• Fungonil concentrate or RTU – chlorothalonil• Fungonil RTS - propiconazole
Apple & Pearscab x x x x x xfire blight x xpowdery mildew x x x xrust x x x xfruit rots x x
brown rot x x x x x xpeach leaf curl x x x xscab x x x xblack knot of plum x x xcherry leaf spot x x x x x
black rot x x x xpowdery mildew x x x xdowny mildew x x xphomopsis cane & leaf spot x x x
anthracnose x xcane blight x xspur blight x x
leaf spot xfruit rots xpowdery mildew x
mummy berry xphomopsis twig blight x
Brambles
Strawberry
Blueberry
Apple & Pear
Peach, Plum, Cherry
Grape
Propiconazole is labeled for non-bearing fruit trees.
FORMULATIONS
Spectracide Fungicides: myclobutanil
• Immunox Multi-purpose concentrate• Fruit, veggies, nuts, plus ornamentals
• Immunox Lawn Disease Control concentrate hose-end• Immunox Lawn Disease Control granules• Immunox 3-in-1 Insect and Disease + Fertilizer• Ornamental plants only
• Immunox Plus Insect and Disease Control aerosol• Insect and Disease Control concentrate
• No longer available (name change?)
AVAILABILITY
• Ortho – Home Depot, Lowes, Tractor Supply• Spectracide – Lowes• Bonide – Southern States
AVAILABILITY
Immunox Multi-Purpose Fungicide Conc• Only myclobutanil
product labeled for fruit and veggies
• Lowes (local) may not carry (available for store pick-up)
• Know what you need – don’t settle for something else
FUNGICIDE TIPS
• Don’t use commercial products• Don’t borrow fungicides• Restricted-use• Unmarked• Not labeled for fruit
• Insecticides don’t kill fungi• Same active ingredient but different trade name
is often not the same product• Surfactants• Label is the law
• Know your agent• Develop a relationship
ORGANICS
OMRI or Low Impact?
• Copper (surfactant dependent)
• Bonide Liquid Copper Conc or RTU• Ferti-lome Natural Guard Copper Soap• Ortho Elementals Garden Dis Control• Southern Ag Liquid Copper
• Lime sulfur• BSP Lime-Sulfur Solution • Green Cypress Lime Sulfur (Monterey)
• Sulfur • Bonide Sulfur Dust• Safer Garden Fungicide Conc
SPRAY SCHEDULESSIMPLIF IED FOR BACKYARDS
APPLE & PEAR
• Bud to bloom – 4 applications• Scab, powdery mildew, rust
• Petal Fall plus 8 covers• Fruit rots, scab
No one fungicide can be used• Fruit tree spray usually contains captan • not effective against all diseases
• Resistant cultivars affect priorities
APPLE DISEASES
PEACH, PLUM, & CHERRY
• Dormant• Peach leaf curl, black knot of plum
• Bloom plus covers – 8 applications until 3-4 wks before harvest• Scab, brown rot, black knot of plum, cherry leaf spot
Just one fungicide required• Fruit tree spray usually contains captan • Usually effective against all diseases
PEACH DISEASES
GRAPE
• Pre-bloom• Black rot, phomopsis, mildews• Myclobutanil – black rot, powdery mildew• Captan / Mancozeb – black rot, downy mildew, phomopsis
• Post-bloom plus 2 covers• Black rot, powdery mildew, downy mildew
• 3rd & 4th cover• Downy and powdery
Multiple fungicides required
GRAPE DISEASES
BRAMBLES
• Bud break – if disease has been a problem• Anthracnose, cane blight, spur blight
BLACKBERRY DISEASES
STRAWBERRY
• Bloom – if weather is rainy• Fruit rots, leaf spots
• After harvest – if required• Leaf spots
STRAWBERRY DISEASES
BLUEBERRY
• Green tip to bloom – 3 applications• Stem cankers and mummy berry if history of disease
BLUEBERRY DISEASES
SUMMARY
• Some fruit require intense management• Preventative sprays
• Keep learning• Diseases identification• Cultural practices• Fungicide labels• Efficacy of fungicides
• Know your agent• Ask questions• Field visits• Educational materials• Diagnostics
Nicole Ward, Extension Specialist
Department of Plant Pathologywww.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/people/ward.htm
nicole.ward@uky.edu
859-218-0720 office859-797-3333 mobile/text
Facebook: www.facebook.com/nicolewardUKUK - Diseases of Fruit Crops, Ornamentals, & Forest Trees
Twitter: @Nicole_WardUK
Blogger: nicolewarduk.blogspot.com