FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMUNFrom the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, r.

c. 1332-1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE.Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 21-1/4" (54.5 cm), weight 24

pounds (11 kg).Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60672) [Fig. 03-01]

ANCIENT EGYPT [Map 03-01]

ART AND ITS CONTEXTS: Egyptian Symbols

A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (front)From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE.

Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)

A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (back)From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE.

Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF DJOSER'S FUNERARY COMPLEX, SAQQARAThird Dynasty, c. 2630-2575 BCE. [Fig. 03-02]

THE STEP PYRAMID AND SHAM BUILDINGS, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF DJOSERLimestone, height of pyramid 204' (62 m). [Fig. 03-03]

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

GREAT PYRAMIDS, GIZAFourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE. Erected by (from the left) Menkaure, Khafre, and

Khufu.Limestone and granite, height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m). [Fig. 03-04]

MODEL OF THE GIZA PLATEAUFrom left to right: the temples and pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu.

[Fig. 03-05]

GREAT SPHINX, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF KHAFREGiza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE.

Limestone, height approx. 65' (19.8 m). [Fig. 03-06]

VALLEY TEMPLE OF KHAFREGiza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE.

Limestone and red granite. [Fig. 03-07]

KHAFREGiza, valley temple of Khafre. Fourth Dynasty, c. 2520-2494 BCE.

Diorite-gabbro gneiss, height 5'6 1/8" (1.68 m).Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 10062 = CG 14). [Fig. 03-08]

MENKAURE AND A QUEEN, PROBABLY KHAMERERNEBTY IIFrom Giza. Fourth Dynasty, 2490-2472 BCE.

Graywacke with traces of red and black paint, height 54 1/2" (142.3 cm).Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.

(11.1738). [Fig. 03-09]

SEATED SCRIBEFound near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.

Painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal, calcite, and magnesite mounted in copper, height 21" (53 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. (N 2290 = E 3023). [Fig. 03-10]

BUTCHERPerhaps from the tomb of the official Ni-kau-inpu and his wife Hemet-re, Giza?

Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.Painted limestone (knife restored), height 14-5/8" (37 cm).

The Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. (10626). [Fig. 03-11]

TI WATCHING A HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNTTomb of Ti, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.

Painted limestone relief, height approx. 45" (114.3 cm). [Fig. 03-12]

HEAD OF SENUSRET IIITwelfth Dynasty, c. 1836-1818 BCE.

Yellow quartzite, height 17 3/4" × 13 1/2" × 17" (45.1 × 34.3 × 43.2 cm).The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill

Nelson Trust (62-11). [Fig. 03-13]

ROCK-CUT TOMBS, BENI HASANTwelfth Dynasty, 1938-1756 BCE. [Fig. 03-14]

PICKING FIGSWall painting from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1890 BCE.

Tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis. [Fig. 03-15]

STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWERTwelfth Dynasty, c. 1850 BCE.

Limestone, red and black ink, 20 1/2" × 19" (52 × 48 cm).British Museum London. (EA 579) [Fig. 03-16]

TECHNIQUE: Egyptian Pictorial ReliefDETAIL OF THE STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER IN FIG. 3-16.

STELE OF AMENEMHATFrom Assasif. Late Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2000 BCE.

Painted limestone, 11" × 15" (30 × 50 cm).Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 45626). [Fig. 03-17]

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAKNew Kingdom, c. 1579-1075 BCE. [Fig. 03-18]

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK

Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1292-1190 BCE. [Fig. 03-19]

COLUMNS WITH PAPYRIFORM AND BUD CAPITALS, HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK [Fig. 03-20]

HATSHEPSUT KNEELINGFrom Deir el-Bahri. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE.

Red granite, height 8'6" (2.59 m). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [Fig. 03-21]

FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHRIEighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. (At the far left, ramp and base of the funerary

temple of Mentuhotep III. Eleventh Dynasty, r. c. 2009-1997 BCE.) [Fig. 03-22]

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUTDeir el-Bahri. [Fig. 03-23]

RAMOSE'S BROTHER MAY AND HIS WIFE WERENERTomb of Ramose, Thebes. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1375-1365 BCE. [Fig. 03-24]

COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATENFrom the temple known as the Gempaaten, built early in Akhenaten's reign just

southeast of the Temple of Karnak. Sandstone with traces of polychromy, height of remaining portion about 13' (4 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 49528). [Fig. 03-25]

AKHENATEN AND HIS FAMILYFrom Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE.

Painted limestone relief, 12-1/4" × 15-1/4" (31.1 × 38.7 cm).Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (14145).

[Fig. 03-26]

QUEEN TIYFrom Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1352 BCE.

Wood (perhaps yew and acacia), ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay, and wax, height 3-3/4" (9.4 cm).

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21834). [Fig. 03-27]

NEFERTITIFrom Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE.

Painted limestone, height 20" (51 cm).Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21300).

[Fig. 03-28]

INNER COFFIN from TUTANKHAMUN'S SARCOPHAGUSFrom the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings.

Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1332-1322 BCE.Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 6' 7/8" (1.85 m), weight nearly

243 pounds (110.4 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60671) [Fig. 03-29]

TEMPLE OF RAMSES IIAbu Simbel. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1279-1213 BCE. [Fig. 03-30]

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE TEMPLE OF RAMSES IIAbu Simbel. [Fig. 03-31]

REMOVAL OF THE FACE OF ONE OF THE COLOSSAL SCULPTURES OF RAMSES II AT ABU SIMBEL IN THE MID 1960S [Fig. 03-32]

FISH-SHAPED PERFUME BOTTLEFrom Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna).

Eighteenth Dynasty, reign of Akhenaten, c. 1353-1336 BCE.Core-formed glass, length 5-3/4" (14.5 cm).

British Museum, London. (EA 55193) [Fig. 03-33]

QUEEN NEFERTARI MAKING AN OFFERING TO ISISWall painting in the tomb of Nefertari, Valley of the Queens.

Nineteenth Dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE. [Fig. 03-34]

JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRISIllustration from a Book of the Dead. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE.

Painted papyrus, height 15-5/8" (39.8 cm).British Museum, London. (EA 9901). [Fig. 03-35]

KAROMAMAThird Intermediate period, Twenty-Second Dynasty, c. 945-715 BCE.

Bronze inlaid with gold, silver, electrum, glass, and copper, height 23-1/2" (59.5 cm).Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 03-36]

SPHINX OF TAHARQOFrom Temple T, Kawa, Nubia (modern Sudan). Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, c. 680 BCE.

Granite, height 16" (40.6 cm); length 28-3/4" (73 cm).British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-37]

ROSETTA STONE196 BCE. British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-38]

RECOVERING THE PAST: How Early Art is DatedThe hieroglyphic signs for the letters P, T, O, and L were Champollion's clues to

deciphering the Rosetta Stone.