Post on 26-Dec-2015
Fuel Cells AND Batteries
- Key Enablers for Zero Emission Vehicles -
Dr. Andreas TruckenbrodtAFCC Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Corp.
Burnaby, Canada
HFC 2009
June 1, 2009
AFCC: The Centre for Fuel Cell Stack Development for Daimler AG and Ford Motor Company
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
161
104
125
164
196Gasoline ICE
Hybrid (gasoline ICE)
Diesel ICE
Hybrid (Diesel ICE)
Hydrogen ICE (CGH2 out of CNG)
Battery electric vehicle (EU-mix)
Battery electric vehicle (Bio mass)
Battery electric vehicle (Wind power)
Reference: Compact sedan, NEDC (New European Drive Cycle)
Source: European Database EUCAR/CONCAWE/J RC, 2005
Fuel Cell vehicles with Hydrogen and Battery vehicles based on renewable electricity have the highest potential for CO2-emission reductions
Natural-gas ICE (CNG)
-28%
GHG emissions [g CO2 eq/km]
196
141
164 -16%
125 -36%
161 -18%
186 -5%
87 -56%
8 -96%
-100%
104 -46%
14 -93%
9 -95%
Fuel Cell (H2 from CNG)
Fuel Cell (H2 from bio mass)
Fuel Cell (H2 from wind power)
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
161
104
125
164
196Gasoline ICE
Hybrid (gasoline ICE)
Diesel ICE
Hybrid (Diesel ICE)
Hydrogen ICE (CGH2 out of CNG)
Battery electric vehicle (EU-mix)
Battery electric vehicle (Bio mass)
Battery electric vehicle (Wind power)
Reference: Compact sedan, NEDC (New European Drive Cycle)
Source: European Database EUCAR/CONCAWE/J RC, 2005
Fuel Cell vehicles with Hydrogen and Battery vehicles based on renewable electricity have the highest potential for CO2-emission reductions
Natural-gas ICE (CNG)
-28%
GHG emissions [g CO2 eq/km]
196
141
164 -16%
125 -36%
161 -18%
186 -5%
87 -56%
8 -96%
-100%
104 -46%
14 -93%
9 -95%
Fuel Cell (H2 from CNG)
Fuel Cell (H2 from bio mass)
Fuel Cell (H2 from wind power)
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
Well-to-wheel CO2 potential
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Fuel Cell Electric
Battery Electric
Combustion Engine
Hybridization
Plug-In/Range Extender
Mobility Scenarios
long distance cross country city
A diverse powertrain portfolio is required to cover all applications
Powertrain portfolio
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationBoth require infrastructure
Buildup of charging infrastructure
Investment for the charging infrastructure depends on vehicles sales
Investment [€]
Private parking place(50%)
Workplace
Commercial parking
sites
Public parking
Number of vehicles
Buildup H2-Infrastructure
H2-infrastructure requires start-up investments
Investment [€]
Start investfor a minimal-infrastructure
Number of vehicles
Overall costs for infrastructure are similar, though shape is a little different
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationBoth are approaching near-term commercialization
F-Cell
smart ed
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationBatteries – Promise and Challenges
• High worldwide sentiment for EV/PHEV’s• Batteries are making good progress technically and
cost-wise• But EV/PHEV’s are not
farther ahead than fuel cells– Many challenges remain– May 27 announcement
Chrysler/DOE: $448 million dollars to develop EV/PHEV – includes $365 million for a 365 vehicle test fleet
– Very few vehicles on the road in customer hands to prove market potential – many are just starting a test fleet phase
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Future GenerationsFuture Generations
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
F-Cell
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
B-Class F-Cell
Generation 3Cost Reduction I
Generation 4Market IntroductionCost Reduction II
Passenger CarsLead application
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
Bus
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
Sprinter
Generation 5High Volume Series Production
2004
2010
2013
201x
202y
Fuel cell roadmap - The path to commercialization
Fuel cell passenger cars will drive the volume
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Gen 1: Technology demonstration From Necar 1 (1994) to F-Cell and Fuel Cell Buses (2004-2008)
JHFC ProgramJapan
Sinergy EDB ProjectSingapore
California Fuel Cell Partnership
DoE Program USA
Bus Project BeijingChina
Clean Energy Partnership
Germany
European Bus Project
HyFLEET:CUTE
Bus Project STEPPerth, Australia
National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel
Cell Germany
European Zero Regio
Project
MBUSAMB NL Berlin
DSEA
MBJ
36 Buses (Citaro) inEurope, Australia,
China
3 SprinterEurope, USA
∼ 2.100.000 km∼ 137.000 h
∼ 64.000 km∼ 2.400 h
60 F-Cell Vehicles in customer operation
∼ 2.000.000 km∼ 58.000 h 100 vehicles since 2004
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
B-Class F-Cell:
• Higher stack lifetime • Increased power (65kW 100kW)• Higher reliability• Longer range (160km 400km)• Freeze start ability below 0°C• Li-Ion battery
[l]
Size
- 40%
[kW
]
Power
+30%
A-Class F-Cell
[l/10
0km
]
Consumption
-30%
B-Class F-Cell
[km
]
Range
+150%
2004 – 2009Worldwide 90 cars, 39 buses
from 2009Small series production
Generation 2: Full customer acceptance
Fuel cells have also made huge progress
Generation 1: Technology demonstration
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationStatus of fuel cell technology
PerformanceSafetyComfortFreeze startRange
ReliabilityLongevityPackage/weightCost
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationFuel cell achievements and challenges
Gen 2: On road 2009
Gen 3: Full scale running prototypes
Power Density
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Goal
Stack Generation
Sta
ck P
ow
er D
ensi
ty
Stack Durability
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Goal
Stack Generation
Sta
ck D
ura
bili
ty
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationFor fuel cells we know how to get the cost down
Goal: Competitive to the incumbent technologies
• Volume increase, economies of scale” (4-5x)
• Technology improvements (3x)
• Supplier development
• New, cooperative business models
Magnitude of the task: factor 15
Stack Cost at 100,000 units/year
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Goal
Stack Generation
Co
st $
/kW
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationCost driven development goals
Stack• reduce Pt loading from 1 mg/cm2 to 0.2 - 0.3 mg/cm2
– develop improved cathode catalyst material and application technology without negative impact on lifetime
• reduce active stack area– increase catalyst activity at full and part load (fuel economy !)
while reducing Pt loading• reduce bipolar plate cost through high volume manufacturing
technologies (metal plates or carbon plates)• improve membrane performance under dry and hot conditions to
accommodate reduced/eliminated humidifier system concept• improve unit cell/ flow field concept to accommodate
reduced/eliminated hydrogen recirculation system conceptSystem• reduce/eliminate humidifier• reduce/eliminate hydrogen recirculation loop• reduce component cost (compressor,
sensors, valves, tank, power electronics etc.)
cost
per-formance
life-time
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationSolve joint problems jointly
• Our industry does not need proprietary solutions to every problem
• As the cost of these solutions gets higher and higher, no one company can afford to develop all of them
• Nor will our customers pay the price tag for a custom solution…….to a generic problem
The path to success in the last century probably is not going to be the path to success in this one.
This drives us toward collaboration with other automakers and suppliers on the development of the cornerstone technologies of our collective future.
The path to success in the last century probably is not going to be the path to success in this one.
This drives us toward collaboration with other automakers and suppliers on the development of the cornerstone technologies of our collective future.
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
… and we'll alwaysmanage branddifferentiation …
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Automotive Industry Fuels/Energy Industry
Customer Public Institutions
• improved conv. fuels• alternative fuels• infrastructure
• clean and efficient• reliable• affordable
• choice of vehicle• driving behaviour• "feel comfortable"
• relevant framework• incentives• research
All stakeholders are in charge !
Automotive Fuel Cell CooperationKey Messages
• It is “fuel cells AND batteries”
• Fuel cells work fine - #1 focus is now on cost reduction, and we know how to get there
• The strong commitment from the car manufacturers needs to be joined by the other stakeholders