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From optometry to road safety-

A design process to enhance visual information for safety critial situations

Exemplified by the development process employed in “Safeway2school”

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Safe Way 2 School2009–2012Integrated system for safe transportation of children to school. Project 233967. Coordinator: VTI, Sweden

Goal: Improving road safety of (school-) children on the road

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 233967.

Österreichischer Verkehrssicherheitsfonds

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IIID’s Activity A5.5

Surrounding traffic information and warning

Goal:to research and design visual and audio information (signs/signals) to effectively warn road users on the fact that childen are on the road.

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Outset

To create signs which improve the road safety situation of school children,

A design must fulfill the requirements for the safety critical situation given in a road environment,

to establish long distance discrimination (visibility) of the created sign.

These requirements are:

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Design for safety critical situations

Requirements to be taken into account

Long distance discrimination (visibility) of visual information, depending on:

• Viewing distance, governed by:- Driving speed,- Required viewing time (t)- Point-of-Disappearance (POD)- Number of information elements- A driver‘s eyesight (Minute of Arc [MoA])

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Viewing distance (D) =

Minimum required viewing time (t) 1 Information element– 2.33 seconds or2 Information elements– 2.66 seconds +Distance (a) from Point-of-Disappearance (POD)

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Viewing distance (D) =

Minimum required viewing time (t) +Distance (a) from Point-of-Disappearance (POD)(when information passes out of sight)

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Viewing distance (D)

The higher the driving speed, the longer the viewing distance (D)

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Minute of Arc (MoA)

Minimum size of any detail of the provided visual information (eg. road sign),

• depending on a driver‘s eyesight (visual acuity):

The lower the eyesight, - the larger the needed size of 1 MoA

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Minute of Arc (MoA)

Optotype “Landolt ring” is used by optometrists to evaluate visual acuity.

It also defines the minimum size of any detail of the provided visual information (eg. road sign)

1 MoA

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Minute of Arc (MoA)

Using the average visual acuity of 0.73, the dimension of 1 MoA, at a driving speed of e.g. 100 km/h = 31,85 mm.Required viewing distance: 76, 45 meters

1 MoA =

Oct 2011Oct 2011 Taipei, TaiwanTaipei, Taiwan 12 of 23World Design ExpoWorld Design ExpoStefan Egger, IIIDStefan Egger, IIID

Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Minimum size (1 MoA) of any detail of the developed School Bus (Stop) Sign.

Long distance visibilityof every detail of thesign is secured.

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Design for safety critical situations, requirements

Further important issues not expained in this presentation:

• Colour and contrast

• Degree of understanding (comprehension) of meaning of the designed information, see ISO 9186 “Procedures for the development

and testing of graphical symbols”

• Conspicuity (Conspicuity index) of the design in the physical environment

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Design for safety critical situations, other examples

More examples of enhanced visual information for safety critical situations to be found on

http://www.iiid.net/SOMS/Project%20Report.aspx (Traffic signs and Typeface „Tern“ for the Trans- European Road Network, developed in SOMS/InSafety, EU FP6 Research Projekt

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Final School Bus (Stop) Sign

Proposal to worldwide substitute all current examples of School Bus Signs and School Bus Stop Signs.

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Final School Bus (Stop) Sign - harmonisation

Children pictogram of the sign to be used wherever else required to support the immediate comprehension of the children pictogram. Example: Danger warning sign „Children“ (European example with triangular shape, diamond shape to be used in countries where mandatory.

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Following pages:

Current examples of signs in use, identified during research, proposed to be substituted by:

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Current practice examples

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Current practice examples

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Current practice examples

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Current practice examples

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Current practice examples

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Deliverable D5.5 “Surounding traffi c info and warning visual and audio signs” available on:

http://www.iiid.net/Safeway2SchoolReport.aspx