Post on 15-Sep-2019
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From: Michel Suignard, Microsoft Corporation
Date: February 01 2008
Subject: Research on IDN cc TLD names
Version: 1.0
Summary:
This document investigates country names which could be used in short forms to populate the Internet root
zone in the form of new IDN TLDs. Because, unlike for the two letter acronyms used for the current
ccTLD names, there is no authoritative source for these native IDN TLDs, it is necessary to investigate
various sources to research the matter and come up with names.
Disclaimer: The author is by no mean implying that the names mentioned below are what should be used
by the appropriate constituencies. It is up to members of these relevant constituencies to determine the final
names when they become available. This is simply a research work and input on what they could be.
Context
The context of the research was as following:
Use the shortest name which is still deemed acceptable by the community,
Recognize that some countries and territories are multi-lingual by nature (India is probably the
extreme case),
Determine Unicode encoding (same encoding as ISO/IEC 10646) for these names.
Classifications
There are clearly two categories of results:
1. Countries and Territories that only use Latin script based names to designate themselves.
(Example: France, Belgium and most of Europeans countries). It is not obvious that users in these
countries will see a benefit in transitioning to a scheme using longer names. Typically the current
TLD name is well accepted and perceived as reasonably user friendly. A list with native names
has been created for reference, but is unlikely to be used.
2. Countries and territories that only use non Latin names or a mix of Latin/Non Latin names to
designate themselves. It is likely that the Latin names will not be used, but there is a good chance
that the entity name expressed in other scripts will be used. For example, the name of the country
Azerbaijan can be written as: Azərbaycan, ‘Азəрбајҹан’, and آذربايجان. It is likely that should IDN
TLDs be created for the ‘az’ TLD, only ‘Азəрбајҹан’ and ‘آذربايجان’ would be considered. Users
processing Latin based content would probably prefer the ‘az’ term over the longer ‘Azərbaycan’.
Issues/Concerns:
Multiple names
Countries/Territories designate themselves with text sequences which vary greatly in length. Typically the
longer ones contain a reference to a political system, like ‘Democratic Republic’ or such. For IDN usage it
seems preferable to use the shorter version. In the few existing experiments this seems to have been the
trend. For example, for the People Republic of China, the official full name for the country is ‘中华人民共
和国’, but the name used in some IDN TLD experiments has been ‘中国’. Furthermore, many of the long
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names contain space characters, which is problematic in the context of IDN. Ultimately it is the full
prerogative of the owner of the country/territorial entity to make the decision.
Some Countries/Territories have alternate names of same length which are used in different context. For
example, Taiwan uses both ‘台灣’ and ‘臺灣’.
Usage of space
Many Countries/Territories contain space characters in all their designation and no shorter single word
designator seems to exist. Unless new input can be provided, it seems prudent to either replace the space
character by ‘-’ or concatenate the words. For example ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina’ can be concatenated into
‘Босна-и-Херцеговина’. Western Sahara may have its Arabic name concatenated as in ‘الصحراءالغربيت’,
because it remains legible.
Usage of symbols and punctuation characters
Some Latin script based native names use symbols and punctuations characters such as grave accent (non
combining), apostrophe, etc…It does not seem to appear in other scripts.
Usage of string ending with a combining character for right to left text
There is at least one occurrence where the IDNA rules preventing the usage of combining character as the
last character of a right to left label is problematic. That occurrence prevents the proper representation of
‘Maldives’ in Dhivehi in IDN.
Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ) and Zero Width Non Joiner (ZWNJ)
These two characters were initially to create variants rendering of semantically identical text strings. As
such they are removed from input string by the IDNA Nameprep process. However they influence the
display logic. Consider for example ‘Sri Lanka’ written in Sinhala: ‘ශරs ලංකා’, which uses both a space
character (prohibited by IDN) and a Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ) (map to nothing by IDN). Removing the
space gives ‘ශරtලංකා’ which is still readable, but removing the ZWJ completely modifies the appearance of
the ‘Sri’ cluster and gives the following text: ‘ශර ලංකා’.
Note: Similarly, Myanmar uses a ZWNJ in its name: as encoded with Unicode 3.2 used by IDN. Again
removing the ZWNJ would significantly alter the appearance (by hiding a virama that should be visible) as in:
မရနမာ. However, a new character is being added in Unicode 5.1: U+103A MYAMAR SIGN ASAT which
removes the need for that sequence.
In some languages, such as Persian, there are words with completely different meanings with the only
difference in placement of a single ZWNJ. That means ZWNJ cannot be ignored anywhere where there is a
semantic difference (example: ‘ یوامها ’ and ‘ یوامها ’, first meaning ‘a letter’, second meaning ‘names of’).
Fortunately this does not appear in country names.
Usage of in-script confusable character
There is at least one occurrence of a country which can be represented by two different sequences of code
points which are visually confusable. Iran can be written in Persian as ‘ايران’ or in Arabic as ‘ رانیا ’. They
look identical, but the first name uses the Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh (U+06CC ی), while the second name use
the Arabic Letter Yeh (U+064A ي). The two letters are identical in their medial form, but different in other
forms (for example in isolated form as shown above).
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Remapped characters
Some countries or territories may use in their name a character which is remapped to a different character
beyond the upper to lower case folding. For example, because the final sigma ς cannot be used in IDN,
Cyprus has to be represented as ‘κύπροζ’, transforming the final sigma into a regular sigma ζ.
Input/Output
The tables below show input and output columns for native names. The input name is a string value
accepted by the IDNA nameprep process and may contains characters which don’t end logically in the
registry (remember that a Punycode transform is made in all case), such as capital letters. The output name
is the outcome of the nameprep process (without Punycode transformation). There are considerations in a
possible update to IDN to only support the output name and to greatly simplify the pre-processing at the
protocol level. These considerations are beyond the scope of this document.
Table
The following table shows IDN names for ccTLDs that have at least one non Latin script native name. It is
assumed that the native name using the Latin script would not be used. For example, for Cyprus, the ccTLD
name in Turkish, English, or other Latin based context should probably be ‘cy’ (instead of ‘Kıbrıs’,
‘Cyprus’, etc…) while in Greek context it would be ‘κύπροζ’. The Latin names are provided in the more
detailed appendices.
CC English name Native name
(Input)
Native name
(Output)
Language
.ae United Arab
Emirates Arabic االماراث االماراث
.af Afghanistan افغاوسخان افغاوسخان Arabic
.am Armenia Հայաստան հայաստան Armenian
.az Azerbaijan Азəрбајҹан
آذربايجان
азəрбајҹан
آذربايجان
Cyrillic
Arabic .ba Bosnia and
Herzegovina Босна-и-
Херцеговина
Босна-и-
херцеговина
Cyrillic
.bd Bangladesh বাাংলাদেশ বাাংলাদেশ Bengali
.bg Bulgaria България българия Cyrillic
.bh Bahrain البحريه البحريه Arabic
.bn Brunei Darussalam برووي برووي Arabic
.bt Bhutan འབག་ཡལ འབག་ཡལ Tibetan
.by Belarus Беларусь беларусь Cyrillic
.ca Canada ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᓇᑕ Inuktitut (Syllabic)
.cn China 中国 中国 China (Mandarin)
.cy Cyprus Κύπρος κύπροζ Greek, Turkish uses ‘cy’
.dj Djibouti جيبىحي جيبىحي Arabic
.dz Algeria الجزائر الجزائر Arabic
.eg Egypt مصر مصر Arabic
.eh Western Sahara الصحراءالغربيت الصحراءالغربيت Arabic
.er Eritrea ኤርትራ
إريخريا
ኤርትራ
إريخريا
Amharic (Ethiopic)
Arabic
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.et Ethiopia ኢትዮጵያ ኢትዮጵያ Amharic (Ethiopic)
.ge Georgia საქართველო საქართველო Georgian
.gr Greece Ελλάδα ελλάδα Greek
.hk Hong Kong 香港 香港 Chinese
.il Israel ישראל
إسرائيل
ישראל
إسرائيل
Hebrew
Arabic
.in India भारत
ভারত ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இநதியா భరత ಭಾರತ ഭാരത भारतम ଭାରତ ভাৰত بهارث
भारत
ভারত ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இநதியா భరత ಭಾರತ ഭാരത भारतम ଭାରତ ভাৰত بهارث
Hindi, Marathi, Konkani (Devanagari)
Bengali
Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
Gujarati
Tamil
Telugu
Kannada
Malayalam
Sanskrit (Devanagari)
Oriya
Assamese (Bengali)
Sindhi, Urdu (Arabic)
.iq Iraq العراق العراق Arabic
.ir Iran, Islamic
Republic of رانیا
ايران
رانیا
ايران
Persian (Arabic with Farsi Yeh)
Persian (Arabic with Arabic Yeh)
.jo Jordan األردن األردن Arabic
.jp Japan 日本 日本 Japanese (Han)
.kg Kyrgyzstan Кыргызстан кыргызстан Cyrillic
.kh Cambodia កមពជា កមពជា Khmer
.km Comoros القمر القمر Arabic
.kp Korea, DPR 조선 조선 Hangul
.kr Korea, ROK 한국 한국 Hangul
.kw Kuwait الكىيج الكىيج Arabic
.kz Kazakhstan Қазақстан қазақстан Kazakh (Cyrillic)
.la Lao PDR ລາວ ລາວ Lao
.lb Lebanon لبىان لبىان Arabic
.lk Sri Lanka ශරL ලංකා இலஙகை
ශරලංකා (as of
IDNA2003)
இலஙகை
Sinhala
Tamil
.ly Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya Arabic ليبيا ليبيا
.ma Morocco المغرب المغرب Arabic
.me Montenegro Црна-Гора црна-гора Cyrillic
.mk Macedonia,
FYROM Македонија македонија Cyrillic
.mm Myanmar
မရနမာ (as of
IDNA2003)
Myanmar
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.mn Mongolia Монгол-улс
ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ монгол-улс
ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ Cyrillic (hyphen in name)
Mongolian
.mo Macau 澳門 澳門 Chinese
.mr Mauritania مىريخاويت مىريخاويت Arabic
.mv Maldives ދ ވ ދ N/A (as of
IDNA2003) Divehi (Thaana)
.np Nepal नपाल नपाल Nepali (Devanagari)
.om Oman عمان عمان Arabic
.pk Pakistan پاکسخان پاکسخان Urdu (Arabic)
.ps Palestinian
Territories,
Occupied
Arabic فلسطيه فلسطيه
.qa Qatar قطر قطر Arabic
.rs Serbia Србија србија Cyrillic
.ru Russian Federation Россия россия Cyrillic
.sa Saudi Arabia السعىديت السعىديت Arabic
.sd Sudan السىدان السىدان Arabic
.sg Singapore 新加坡 சிஙைபபூர
新加坡 சிஙைபபூர
Chinese
Tamil
.sy Syrian Arab
Republic Arabic سىريا سىريا
.td Chad حشاد حشاد Arabic
.th Thailand ประเทศไทย ประเทศไทย Thai
.tj Tajikistan Тоҷикистон тоҷикистон Tajikii (Cyrillic)
.tm Turkmenistan Туркменистан туркменистан Cyrillic
.tn Tunisia حىوس حىوس Arabic
.tw Taiwan 台灣 臺灣
台灣 臺灣
Modern Mandarin
Traditional Mandarin
.ua Ukraine Україна
Украина
україна
украина
Ukrainian (Cyrillic)
Russian (Cyrillic)
.uz Uzbekistan Ўзбекистон ўзбекистон Cyrillic
.ye Yemen اليمه اليمه Arabic
Appendices A and B contain information for all cc TLD to date, including Unicode encoding, Latin names,
long names, and alternate names. The choice of the alternate name selected in the previous table is only
tentative.
Finally, because the document uses real fonts to display text sequences, there are few cases where the
shaping is not correctly done (such as Myanmar). However the Unicode code sequences are always
provided (except for common ASCII text).
The names of countries and territories are based on the IANA database entries referenced below.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_native_names
http://www.omniglot.com/countries/
http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
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Appendix A: Countries and Territories with at least one non-Latin name
.ae United Arab
Emirates االماراث
اإلماراثالعربيتالمخحدة
\x0627\x0644\x0627\x0645\x0627\x0631\x0627\x062A
\x0627\x0644\x0625\x0645\x0627\x0631\x0627\x062a\x0020
\x0627\x0644\x0639\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629\x0020
\x0627\x0644\x0645\x062a\x062d\x062f\x0629
Arabic (short name)
Arabic (long name with spaces)
.af Afghanistan افغاوسخان \x0627\x0641\x063a\x0627\x0646\x0633\x062a\x0627\x0646 Arabic (Same name in Pashto and Dari)
.am Armenia Հայաստան \x0540\x0561\x0575\x0561\x057d\x057f\x0561\x0576 Armenian
.az Azerbaijan Azərbaycan
Азəрбајҹан
آذربايجان
Az\x0259rbaycan
\x0410\x0437\x04d9\x0440\x0431\x0430\x0458\x04b9\x0430\x043d
\x0622\x0630\x0631\x0628\x0627\x064A\x062C\x0627\x0646
Azeri (Latin)
Cyrillic
Arabic
.ba Bosnia and
Herzegovina Bosna I Hercegovina
Босна и Херцеговина
\x0411\x043e\x0441\x043d\x0430\x0020\x0438\x0020
\x0425\x0435\x0440\x0446\x0435\x0433\x043e\x0432
\x0438\x043d\x0430
Latin (Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian), (space in name)
Cyrillic (Bosnian, Serbian), (space in name)
.bd Bangladesh বাাংলাদেশ
বাাংলা \x09AC\x09BE\x0982\x09B2\x09BE\x09A6\x09C7\x09B6
\x09ac\x09be\x0982\x09b2\x09be
Bengali
Bengali (alternate)
.bg Bulgaria България \x0411\x044a\x043b\x0433\x0430\x0440\x0438\x044f Cyrillic
.bh Bahrain البحريه \x0627\x0644\x0628\x062d\x0631\x064a\x0646 Arabic
.bn Brunei
Darussalam Brunei
Brunei Darussalam
برووي
بروويدارالسالم
\x0628\x0631\x0648\x0646\x064A
\x0628\x0631\x0648\x0646\x064A\x0020\x062F\x0627
\x0631\x0627\x0644\x0633\x0644\x0627\x0645
Latin
Latin (long name with space)
Arabic
Arabic (long name with space)
.bt Bhutan འབག་ཡལ།
འབག་ཡལ
\x0F60\x0F56\x0FB2\x0F74\x0F42\x0F0B\x0F61\x0F74\x0F63\x0F0D
\x0F60\x0F56\x0FB2\x0F74\x0F42\x0F0B\x0F61\x0F74\x0F63
Tibetan (with ending ‘mark shad’)
Tibetan (without the ‘mark shad’)
.by Belarus Беларусь
Biełaruś
\x0411\x0435\x043b\x0430\x0440\x0443\x0441\x044c
Bie\x0142aru\x015B
Cyrillic
Latin
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.ca Canada Canada
Kanata
ᑲᓇᑕ
\x1472\x14c7\x1455
English/French (Latin)
Inuktitut (Latin)
Inuktitut (Syllabic)
.cn China 中国
中华人民共和国
\x4E2D\x56FD
\x4e2d\x534e\x4eba\x6c11\x5171\x548c\x56fd
China (Mandarin)
People Republic of China (Mandarin)
.cy Cyprus Κύπρος
Kıbrıs
\x039A\x03CD\x03C0\x03C1\x03BF\x03C2
K\x0131br\x0131s
Greek (Greek, also w/o accent))
Turkish (Latin)
.dj Djibouti Djibouti
جيبىحي
\x062C\x064A\x0628\x0648\x062A\x064A
Latin
Arabic
.dz Algeria الجزائر
Djazaïr
\x0627\x0644\x062c\x0632\x0627\x0626\x0631
Djaza/x00Efr
Arabic
Tamazight (latin)
.eg Egypt مصر \x0645\x0635\x0631 Arabic
.eh Western
Sahara x0627\x0644\x0635\x062D\x0631\x0627\x0621\x0020\x0627\ الصحراءالغربيت
\x0644\x063A\x0631\x0628\x064A\x0651\x0629
Arabic (space in name)
.er Eritrea Ertra
ኤርትራ
إريخريا
\x12A4\x122D\x1275\x122B
\x0625\x0631\x064A\x062A\x0631\x064A\x0627
Tigrinya (Latin)
Amharic (Ethiopic)
Arabic
.et Ethiopia ኢትዮጵያ \x12A2\x1275\x12EE\x1335\x12EB Amharic (Ethiopic)
.ge Georgia საქართველო \x10e1\x10d0\x10e5\x10d0\x10e0\x10d7\x10d5\x10d4\x10da\x10dd Georgian
.gr Greece Ελλάδα
Έλλας
\x0395\x03bb\x03bb\x03ac\x03b4\x03b1
\x0388\x03BB\x03BB\x03B1\x03C2
Greek
Greek (alternate)
.hk Hong Kong 香港
香港特別行政區
\x9999\x6e2f
\x9999\x6e2f\x7279\x5225\x884c\x653f\x5340
Chinese
Chinese (full name)
.il Israel ישראל
إسرائيل
\x05d9\x05e9\x05e8\x05d0\x05dc
\x0625\x0633\x0631\x0627\x0626\x064A\x0644
Hebrew
Arabic
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.in India भारत
ভারত ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இநதியா భరత భరత దశం ಭಾರತ ഭാരത ഭാരതം भारतम India
ଭାରତ ভাৰত بهارث
\x092d\x093e\x0930\x0924
\x09ad\x09be\x09b0\x09a4
\x0a2d\x0a3e\x0a30\x0a24
\x0aad\x0abe\x0ab0\x0aa4
\x0b87\x0ba8\x0bcd\x0ba4\x0bbf\x0baf\x0bbe
\x0C2D\x0C3E\x0C30\x0C24
\x0c2d\x0c3e\x0c30\x0c24\x0020\x0c26\x0c47\x0c36\x0c02
\x0cad\x0cbe\x0cb0\x0ca4
\x0d2d\x0d3e\x0d30\x0d24
\x0d2d\x0d3e\x0d30\x0d24\x0d02
\x092d\x093e\x0930\x0924\x092e\x094d
\x0b2d\x0b3e\x0b30\x0b24
\x09ad\x09be\x09f0\x09a4
\x0628\x0647\x0627\x0631\x062A
Hindi, Marathi, Konkani (Devanagari)
Bengali
Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
Gujarati
Tamil
Telugu
Telugu (alternate with space)
Kannada
Malayalam
Malayalam (alternate with anusvara sign)
Sanskrit (Devanagari)
English
Oriya
Assamese (Bengali)
Sindhi, Urdu (Arabic)
.iq Iraq العراق \x0627\x0644\x0639\x0631\x0627\x0642 Arabic
.ir Iran, Islamic
Republic of رانیا
ايران
\x0627\x06cc\x0631\x0627\x0646
\x0627\x064a\x0631\x0627\x0646
Persian (Arabic with the Farsi Yeh)
Persian (Arabic with the Arabic Yeh)
.jo Jordan األردن \x0627\x0644\x0623\x0631\x062f\x0646 Arabic
.jp Japan 日本 \x65e5\x672c Japanese (Han)
.kg Kyrgyzstan Кыргызстан \x041a\x044b\x0440\x0433\x044b\x0437\x0441\x0442\x0430\x043d Cyrillic
.kh Cambodia កមពជា Kambucā
Kâmpŭchea
x1780\x1798\x17D2\x1796\x17BB\x1787\x17B6
Kambuc\x0101
K\x00E2mp\x016Dchea
Khmer
Latin
Latin (alternate)
.km Comoros Comores
Komori
القمر
\x0627\x0644\x0642\x0645\x0631
French (Latin)
Comoro (Latin)
Arabic
9
.kp Korea,
Democratic
People’s
Republic
조선 \xC870\xC120 Hangul
.kr Korea,
Republic of 한국 대한민국
\xD55C\xAD6D
\xb300\xd55c\xbbfc\xad6d
Hangul
Hangul (longer name)
.kw Kuwait الكىيج \x0627\x0644\x0643\x0648\x064a\x062a Arabic
.kz Kazakhstan Қазақстан \x049a\x0430\x0437\x0430\x049b\x0441\x0442\x0430\x043d Kazakh (Cyrillic)
.la Lao People’s
Democratic
Republic
ລາວ ສ.ປ.ປ. ລາວ ນລາວ
\x0EA5\x0EB2\x0EA7
\x0eaa\x002e\x0e9b\x002e\x0e9b\x002e\x0020\x0ea5\x0eb2\x0ea7
\x0E99\x0EA5\x0EB2\x0EA7
Lao
Lao (space and dots in name)
Lao (alternate from ikipedia)
.lb Lebanon لبىان \x0644\x0628\x0646\x0627\x0646 Arabic
.lk Sri Lanka ශරL ලංකා இலஙகை
\x0dc1\x0dca\x200d\x0dbb\x0dd3\x0020\x0dbd\x0d82\x0d9a\x0dcf
\x0B87\x0BB2\x0B99\x0BCD\x0B95\x0BC8
Sinhala (ZWJ, space in name)
Tamil
.ly Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya x0644\x064a\x0628\x064a\x0627\ ليبيا
.ma Morocco المغرب
المغربيتةالمملك \x0627\x0644\x0645\x063A\x0631\x0628
\x0627\x0644\x0645\x0645\x0644\x0643\x0629\x0020
\x0627\x0644\x0645\x063a\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629
Arabic
Arabic (alternate with space in name)
.me Montenegro Crna Gora
Црна Гора
Crna\x0020 Gora
\x0426\x0440\x043d\x0430\x0020\x0413\x043e\x0440\x0430
Latin (spaces in name)
Cyrillic (spaces in name)
.mk Macedonia,
The Former
Yugoslav
Republic of
Македонија \x041c\x0430\x043a\x0435\x0434\x043e\x043d\x0438\x0458\x0430 Cyrillic
.mm Myanmar မရနမာ \x1019\x1039\x101B\x1014\x1039\x200C\x1019\x102C (Unicode 3.2)
\x1019\x1039\x101B\x1014\x103A\x1019\x102C (Unicode 5.1) Myanmar ( with ZWNJ, should look like: )
In Unicode 5.1, ZWNJ no longer needed
.mn Mongolia Монгол улс
ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ \x041c\x043e\x043d\x0433\x043e\x043b\x0020\x0443\x043b\x0441
\x182E\x1823\x1828\x182D\x1823\x182F
Cyrillic (space in name)
Mongolian
10
.mo Macau 澳門 澳門特別行政區 Macau
\x6fb3\x9580
\x6fb3\x9580\x7279\x5225\x884c\x653f\x5340
Chinese
Chinese (alternate)
Latin
.mr Mauritania Mauritania
مىريخاويت
\x0645\x0648\x0631\x064A\x062A\x0627\x0646\x064A\x0629
Latin
Arabic
.mv Maldives ދ ވ ދ
ރ އ ވ ދ ވ ދ
\x078B\x07A8\x0788\x07AC\x0780\x07A8
\x078b\x07a8\x0788\x07ac\x0780\x07a8\x0020
\x0783\x07a7\x0787\x07b0\x0796\x07ac
Divehi (Thaana)
Divehi (Thaana with space in name)
.np Nepal नपाल \x0928\x0947\x092a\x093e\x0932 Nepali (Devanagari)
.om Oman عمان \x0639\x0645\x0627\x0646 Arabic
.pk Pakistan پاکسخان \x067e\x0627\x06a9\x0633\x062a\x0627\x0646 Urdu (Arabic)
.ps Palestinian
Territories x0641\x0644\x0633\x0637\x064A\x0646 Arabic\ فلسطيه
.qa Qatar قطر \x0642\x0637\x0631 Arabic
.rs Serbia Srbija
Србија
Srbija
x0421\x0440\x0431\x0438\x0458\x0430
Latin
Cyrillic
.ru Russian
Federation Россия \x0420\x043e\x0441\x0441\x0438\x044f Cyrillic
.sa Saudi Arabia السعىديت
المملكتالعربيتالسعىديت
\x0627\x0644\x0633\x0639\x0648\x062F\x064A\x0629
x0627\x0644\x0645\x0645\x0644\x0643\x0629\x0020\x0627\x0644
\x0639\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629\x0020\x0627\x0644\x0633\x0639
\x0648\x062f\x064a\x0629
Arabic (short name)
Arabic (long name with spaces)
.sd Sudan السىدان \x0627\x0644\x0633\x0648\x062F\x0627\x0646 Arabic
11
.sg Singapore 新加坡 Singapore
Singapura
சிஙைபபூர
\x65b0\x52a0\x5761
\x0B9A\x0BBF\x0B99\x0BCD\x0B95\x0BAA\x0BCD\x0BAA
\x0BC2\x0BB0\x0BCD
Chinese
English (Latin)
Malay (Latin)
Tamil
.sy Syrian Arab
Republic x0633\x0648\x0631\x064a\x0627 Arabic سىريا
.td Chad Tchad
حشاد
\x062A\x0634\x0627\x062F
Latin
Arabic
.th Thailand ประเทศไทย ไทย
\x0E1B\x0E23\x0E30\x0E40\x0E17\x0E28\x0E44\x0E17\x0E22
\x0e44\x0e17\x0e22
Thai
Thai (alternate shorter form)
.tj Tajikistan Тоҷикистон \x0422\x043e\x04b7\x0438\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e\x043d Tajikii (Cyrillic)
.tm Turkmenistan Türkmenistan
Туркменистан
T\x00Fcrkmenistan
\x0422\x0443\x0440\x043A\x043C\x0435\x043D\x0438\x0441
\x0442\x0430\x043D
Latin
Cyrillic
.tn Tunisia حىوس \x062a\x0648\x0646\x0633 Arabic
.tw Taiwan 台灣 臺灣
\x53f0\x7063
\x81FA\x7063
Modern Mandarin
Traditional Mandarin
.ua Ukraine Україна
Украина
\x0423\x043a\x0440\x0430\x0457\x043d\x0430
\x0423\x043A\x0440\x0430\x0438\x043D\x0430
Ukrainian (Cyrillic)
Russian (Cyrillic)
12
.uz Uzbekistan O`zbеkistоn
O’zbekiston
Özbekistân
Ŭzbekiston
U’zbekiston Respublikasi
Ўзбекистон
Ўзбекистон Республикаси
O\x0060zbеkistоn
O\x0027zbekiston
\x00D6zbekistân
\x016Czbekiston
U\x0027zbekiston Respublikasi
\x040e\x0437\x0431\x0435\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e\x043d
\x040e\x0437\x0431\x0435\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e
\x043d\x0020\x0420\x0435\x0441\x043f\x0443\x0431\x043b
\x0438\x043a\x0430\x0441\x0438
Latin (grave accent in name)
Latin (apostrophe in name)
Latin
Latin
Latin (space, apostrophe in name)
Cyrillic
Cyrillic (space in name)
.ye Yemen اليمه \x0627\x0644\x064a\x0645\x0646 Arabic
Appendix B: Country and Territory using only Latin-based names
(note that two names: ‘su’ and ‘yu’ which are listed here are being phased out, although they could have had non Latin names)
.ac Ascension
Island Ascension Island
.ad Andorra Andorra
.ag Antigua and
Barbuda Antigua and
Barbuda
.ai Anguilla Anguilla
.al Albania Shqipëria Shqip\x00Ebria
.an Netherlands
Antilles Netherlands Antilles
Nederlandse Antillen
English
Dutch
.ao Angola Angola
.aq Antarctica Antartica
.ar Argentina Argentina
.as American
Samoa American
Samoa
13
.at Austria Österreich \x00D6sterreich
.au Australia Australia
.aw Aruba Aruba
.ax Aland Islands Åland
Ahvenanmaa
\x00C5land Swedish
Finnish
.bb Barbados Barbados
.be Belgium Belgique
België
Belgien
Belgi\x00EB
French
Dutch
German
.bf Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
.bi Burundi Burundi
Uburundi
English
Kirundi
.bj Benin Bénin B\x00E9nin
.bl Saint
Barthelemy Saint Barthélemy
Saint Barthelemy
French
English
.bm Bermuda Bermuda
.bo Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Suyu in Quechua
.br Brazil Brasil
.bs Bahamas Bahamas
.bv Bouvet Island Bouvet Island
Bouvetøya
Bouvet\x00F8ya
English
Norwegian
.bw Botswana Botswana
.bz Belize Belize
.cc Cocos
(Keeling)
Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
.cd Congo, The
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo Kinshasa (ex Zaire)
14
.cf Central
African
Republic
République Centrafricaine
Centrafrique
Bê-Afrîka
Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
B\x00EA\x002DAfr\x00EEka
Sango
.cg Congo,
Republic of Congo Brazzaville
.ch Switzerland Schweiz
Suisse
Svizzera
Svizra
German
French
Italian
Romansh
.ci Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire C\x00F4te\x0020d\x0027Ivoire
.ck Cook Islands Cook Islands
.cl Chile Chile
.cm Cameroon Cameroun
Cameroon
.co Colombia Colombia
.cr Costa Rica Costa Rica Space in name
.cu Cuba Cuba
.cv Cape Verde Cabo Verde
.cx Christmas
Island Christmas Island
.cz Czech
Republic Česká republika \x010Cesk\x00E1\x0020republika Space in name
.de Germany Deutschland
Němska
Nimska
N\x011Bmska
German
Upper Sorbian
Lower Sorbian
.dk Denmark Danmark
.dm Dominica Dominica
.do Dominican
Republic República
Dominicana
15
.ec Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Suyu in Quechua
.ee Estonia Eesti
.es Spain España
Espainia
Espanya
Espa\x00F1a Spanish/Galician
Basque
Catalan
.eu European
Union European Union
.fi Finland Suomi
Finland
Suopma
Lää´ddjânnam
Suomâ
L\x00E4\x00E4\x00B4ddj\x00E2nnam
Suom\x00E2
Finnish
Swedish
Sami (Northern)
Sami (Skolt), (spacing acute in name)
Sami (Inari)
.fj Fiji Viti
Fiji
Fijian
English
.fk Falkland
Islands
(Malvinas)
Falkland Islands
.fm Micronesia,
Federal State
of
Federated States of Micronesia
.fo Faroe Islands Føroyar
Færøerne
F\x00F8royar
F\x00E6r\x00F8erne
Faroe
Danish
.fr France France
Frañs
França
Frànkrisch
Fra\x00F1s
Fran\x00E7a
Frànkrisch
Français
Breton
Occitan
Alsatian
.ga Gabon Gabon
.gb United
Kingdom United Kingdom Reserved (not used)
16
.gd Grenada Grenada
.gf French Guiana Guyane
.gg Guernsey Guernsey
Dgèrnésy
Dg\x00E8rn\x00E9sy
.gh Ghana Ghana
.gi Gibraltar Gibraltar
.gl Greenland Grønland
Kalaallit Nunaat
Gr\x00F8nland Danish
Space in name
.gm Gambia Gambia
.gn Guinea Guinée Guin\x00E9e
.gp Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
.gq Equatorial
Guinea Guinée Équatoriale
Guinea Ecuatorial
Guin\x00E9e\x0020\x00C9quatoriale Space in name
.gs South Georgia
and the South
Sandwich
Islands
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
.gt Guatemala Guatemala
.gu Guam Guåhan
Guam
Gu\x00E5han Chamorro
English
.gw Guinea-Bissau Guiné-Bissau Guin\x00E9\x002DBissau
.gy Guyana Guyana
.hm Heard and
McDonald
Islands
Heard and McDonald Islands
.hn Honduras Honduras
.hr Croatia/Hrvatska Hrvatska
.ht Haiti Haïti
Ayiti
Ha\x00EFti
.hu Hungary Magyarország Magyarorsz\x00E1g
17
.id Indonesia Indonesia
.ie Ireland Eire
Éire
Éirinn
\x00C9ire
\x00C9irinn
English
Gaelic
.im Isle of Man Mannin
Ellan Vannin
.io British Indian
Ocean
Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia
.is Iceland Ísland \x00CDsland
.it Italy Italia
.je Jersey Jersey
Jèrri
J\x00E8rri
.jm Jamaica Jamaica
.ke Kenya Kenya
.ki Kiribati Kiribati
.kn Saint Kitts and
Nevis Saint Kitts
and Nevis
.ky Cayman
Islands Cayman Islands
.lc Saint Lucia Saint Lucia
.li Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
.lr Liberia Liberia
.ls Lesotho Lesotho
.lt Lithuania Lietuva
18
.lu Luxembourg Luxembourg
Luxemburg
Lëtzebuerg
L\x00EBtzebuerg
French, Luxembourgish
German
Luxembourgian
.lv Latvia Latvija
.mc Monaco Principauté de
Monaco
Monaco
Principaut\x00E9\x0020de\x0020Monaco (space in name)
.md Moldova,
Republic of Moldova
.mf Saint Martin
(French part) Saint Martin Space in name
.mg Madagascar Madagasikara
Madagascar
Malagasy
French
.mh Marshall
Islands Marshall Islands
Aelōn in M ajeļ
Ael\x014Dn\x0304 in M\x0327aje\x013C
.ml Mali Mali
.mp Northern
Mariana
Islands
Northern
Mariana Islands
.mq Martinique Martinique
.ms Montserrat Montserrat
.mt Malta Malta
.mu Mauritius Mauritius
Maurice
English
French
.mw Malawi Malawi
Malaŵi
Mala\x0175i
English
Chewa
.mx Mexico México M\00e9xico
.my Malaysia Malaysia
.mz Mozambique Moçambique Mo\x00E7ambique
19
.na Namibia Namibia
.nc New
Caledonia Nouvelle-Calédonie Nouvelle\x0020Cal\x00E9donie Space in name
.ne Niger Niger
.nf Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Space in name
.ng Nigeria Nigeria
.ni Nicaragua Nicaragua
.nl Netherlands Nederland
Nederlân
Nederl\x00E2n
Dutch
Frisian
.no Norway Norge
Noreg
Norga
Vuodna
Nöörje
N\x00F6\x00F6rje
Bokmål
Nynorsk
Sami (Northern)
Sami (Lule)
Sami (Southern)
.nr Nauru Naoero
Nauru
Nauruan
English
.nu Niue Niue
.nz New Zealand New Zealand
Aotearoa
English
Maori
.pa Panama Panamá Panam\x00E1
.pe Peru Perú Per\x00FA Peru Suyu in Quechua
.pf French
Polynesia Polynésie Française Polyn\x00E9sie\x0020Fran\x00E7aise
.pg Papua New
Guinea Papua New Guinea
Papua Niugini
.ph Philippines Pilipinas
Philippines
Filipino
English
.pl Poland Polska
.pm Saint Pierre
and Miquelon Saint Pierre et Miquelon
20
.pn Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Island
.pr Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
.pt Portugal Portugal
.pw Palau Palau
Belau
English
Palauan
.py Paraguay Paraguay
Paraguái
Paragu\x00E1i
Spanish, Englsih
Guarani
.re Reunion Island Île de la Réunion \x00CEle\x0020de\x0020la\x0020R\x00E9union
.ro Romania România Rom\x00E2nia
.rw Rwanda Rwanda
.sb Solomon
Islands Solomon Islands
.sc Seychelles Sesel
Seychelles
Seselwa
English, French
.se Sweden Sverige
Ruoŧŧa
Svierik
Sveerje
Ruo\x0167\x0167a
Swedish
Sami (Northern)
Sami (Lule)
Sami (Southern)
.sh Saint Helena Saint Helena
.si Slovenia Slovenija
.sj Svalbard and
Jan Mayen
Islands
Svalbard Jan Mayen
.sk Slovak
Republic Slovenská republika
Slovensko
Slovensk\x00E1\x0020republika other source w/o accent on the a, (space in name)
.sl Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
.sm San Marino San Marino
21
.sn Senegal Sénégal
Senegal
Sounougal
S\x00E9n\x00E9gal
French
English
.so Somalia Soomaaliya
.sr Suriname Suriname
.st Sao Tome and
Principe São Tomé e Príncipe S\x00E3o\x0020Tom\x00E9\x0020e\x0020Pr\x00EDncipe
.su Soviet Union Soviet Union (phased out)
.sv El Salvador El Salvador (space in name)
.sz Swaziland Swaziland
eSwatini
kaNgwane
English
Swazi
.tc Turks and
Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
.tf French
Southern
Territories
Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises
.tg Togo Togo
.tk Tokelau Tokelau
.tl Timor-Leste Timor-Leste
Timor Lorosa'e
Timor Lorosa\x0027e
Portuguese (Latin Apostrophe in name)
.to Tonga Tonga
.tp East Timor East Timor Same as Timor-Leste
.tr Turkey Türkiye T\x00FCrkiye
.tt Trinidad and
Tobago Trinidad y Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
English (space in name)
.tv Tuvalu Tuvalu
.tz Tanzania Tanzania
.ug Uganda Uganda
22
.uk United
Kingdom
United Kingdom
y Deyrnas Unedig
Teyrnas Unedig
Unitit Kinrick
An Rywvaneth Unys
An Rìoghachd Aonaichte
Ríocht Aontaithe
English (space in name)
Welsh (spaces in name)
Welsh (spaces in name, less common)
Scots
Cornish
Scottish Gaelic
Irish
.um United States
Minor
Outlying
Islands
United States Minor Outlying Islands
.us United States United States
Estados Unidos
English (space in name)
Spanish (space in name)
.uy Uruguay Uruguay
.va Holy See
(Vatican City
State)
Vaticanum
Civitas Vaticana
Città del Vaticano
Latin
Latin
Italian
.vc Saint Vincent
and the
Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
.ve Venezuela Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
Venezuela
.vg Virgin Islands,
British British Virgin islands
.vi Virgin Islands,
U.S. US Virgin Islands
.vn Vietnam Viêt Nam
Việt Nam
Vi\x00ea\x0323t\x0020Nam
Vi\x1EC7t\x0020Nam
(space in name), ệ should be written using \x1ec7
Correct spelling (wikipedia)
.vu Vanuatu Vanuatu
23
.wf Wallis and
Futuna Islands Wallis et Futuna
.ws Samoa Samoa
.yt Mayotte Mayotte
.yu Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (phased out)
.za South Africa South Africa
Aforika Borwa
uMzantsi Afrika
iNingizimu Afrika
Suid Afrika
Afrika Borwa
English
Tswana
Xhosa
Zulu
Afrikaans
Northern Sotho
.zm Zambia Zambia
.zw Zimbabwe Zimbabwe