A. The Ancient Greeks2000- 371 B.C.E.

B. The Greek Heritage750 – 133 B.C.E.

Foundation for

America

Greek Geography

Mountains

Islands

Mountain Region Greece is a mountainous

peninsula. Because of it’s rugged terrain, only a quarter of the country is fit for farming.

Most Greeks made their living by herding of goats or fishing the Mediterranean sea. Some became traders and did business with Greek neighbors..

The mountains also limited transportation between the Greek towns which gave the Greeks their fierce independence.

•

The Greek Isles

Greece is also made up of many Islands

These Isles gave the Greeks good natural harbor for fishing, commerce, and protection

A. Earliest Civilization in the Aegean• The earliest inhabitants

of the Greek lands were indo-Europeans known as the Minoans between 2000 B.C. AND 1400 B.C.

• The Minoans made their home on the Island of Crete.

• A King ruled these people from his palace-city of Knossos.

•

The Minoans

• In 1895 British Archeologist Sir ArthurEvans excavated the site of the Palace.

• The palace had over 800 rooms yet no defensive walls!

• Most of what we know about Minoans ,we gathered from the Fresco paintings

• The Minoan system of writing was made up of pictures and lines called linear A

The Achaean Civilization

The next group to come to the Greek isles were the Achaeans.

Achaeans were Indo-Europeans.

The Achaeans were ruled by a warrior King and quickly conquered the Minoans.

They built on the achievements of the Minoans.

Their writing was called linear B based on the Minoan linear A

The Trojan War War lasted for ten years 1250-40

B.C.

Scholars learned about the war from the Epic poems the Iliadand The Odyssey written by Homer around 750 B.C.

The tragic war began with Paris, the prince of Troy, taking Helena, the Queen of Sparta.

King Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon. Send Greek troops to recover the Queen Helena.

The Greeks win with the use of a giant horse which allows them entrance to the city.

The Greek Dark Age

While the Achaean-Greeks defeated

the Trojans, it weakened the Achaeans

to the point that the Dorian invaders,

with iron weapons, plundered the

Greek Isles.

1100 B.C.E. – 750 B.C. is a time called

The Greek “Dark” Ages.

The New Greek Army

• Military service was the duty of every Male citizen.

• By 650 B.C.E. the chariot was replaced by the Phalanx. As the major force on the battlefield.

• The phalanx was a formation of 8 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers,.

• Soldiers were expected to purchase and take care of their own equipment.

Government in Ancient Greece

• The rise of the “The City-State” or POLIS.

• Life revolved around the Acropolis or hill top fortress.

• By the 700’s B.C.E. a monarchy ruled each Polis.

• Athens and Sparta were becoming the leading city-states..

• Each Polis saw the world differently

Foundations of Democracy

o Around 500 B.C.E. the monarchies were replaced by Aristocracies.

o Their wealth came from the ownership of land

o Greeks, in search of wealth and adventure began to colonize parts of the Mediterranean close to Greece.

o In the 6th century, citizen-soldiers supported revolts of the lower class

o Many polis were then ruled by one strong man called a Tyrant.

o “The age of the Tyrant” marked a transition toward Democracy for the Greek people.

o Democracy is government by citizens.

Athenian Citizenship

Only males could be citizens.

They had to have served in the Army and defended the city.

They had to own property.

They had to be married.

They had to be born in the Polis of citizenship.

Foundations of Democracy

• 621 B.C. Athenians appointed a nobleman by the name of Draco to write a code of laws in order to prevent civil wars

• The first laws were harsh like Hammurabi’s code.

• It also made the laws public and required judges to apply the law equally to all classes.

Sparta City-State located on the Island of

Peloponnesians.

Mostly Citizen- Warriors

Boys are raised by their Mothers

until they are 8.

At 8 years, they were turned outside

the city to fend for themselves until

they were 12 .

Mostly, they picked on the Helot

farmers that lived outside the city.

• At age 12 they were rounded

up, brought back into the

city and assigned a

barracks.

• This is where they would

live until they were 55 years

old.

• They were required to

marry, but most did not live

at home.

• If they were injured, so that

they could not participate in

combat, they were not

allowed to enter the city

until they proved themselves

on the field.

The Persian Wars 492 – 449 B.C.E.

Colon ie s in re volt in Asia Min or, be lon gin g to P e rs ia

Battle of Marath on 492 BC (Dariu s I) (P h e idippe ds)

Gre e k Le agu e

Battle of Th e rm opylae 480 BC (Xe rxe s /Dariu s II ) ( Le on idas)

Battle of Salam is 479 BC

Battle of P late a 479 BC

Dalian Le agu e

P e ace of Callas 449 BC

P e rs ia an d Ath e n s s ign P e ace Tre aty

The

End !

The Ancient

Greeks pt I

PART 11. The Heritage of the Greeks

The Peloponnesian War

Pattern of Greek life

Shaping new views of the world

Alexander “The Great “ Spreading of Greek Culture

The Peloponnesian Wars: 477 – 403 B.C.E.

477 BC – Aristides forms Delian League

451 BC- Series of Economic treaties

432 BC – Peloponnesian League

431 BC – Sparta surrounds Athens, Athenian Navy triumphed at sea

Athens overwhelmed with the plague

The war is stalemated for 27 years

404 BC – Athens surrenders

Pat tern of Greek LifeGreek Religion

Polytheistic

In Greek Mythology, Gods and Goddesses often look and behave just like ordinary people. The difference is that they are more powerful and had eternal life

The Greeks did not fear their gods, but they did not wish to anger them either

6 Greek gods to Know Zeus- god of the universe

Hades ruler of the

underworld

Poseidon- ruled the sea

Hera- goddess of

marriage and wife of

Zeus

Ares- god of war

Apollo- god of Sun,

music, and healing

The Greeks questioned

the Oracles who they

believed talked to the

gods

Each polis had festivals

to honor individual gods

The Classical World Class ica l = Work of

e n du rin g e xce lle n ce or a

tradition al e ve n t.

Th e Class ica l P e riod of

de ve lopm e n t

1000 B.C.E. --- 800 C.E.

Class ica l Gre e k (

He lle n is tic) cu ltu re

600 B.C.E.- 200 B.C.E

A Class ica l P e riod is

de ve lope d by soc ie tie s

w ith h igh ly de ve lope d

politica l an d soc ia l

in s titu tion s w h e re

re lig iou s an d

ph ilosoph ical th ou gh t

sh ape s c lass s tru ctu re

and gu ide s the arts .

3 characteristics of Greek Classical world

1. Rationalism : intellect that

uses reason to interpret both

the human and natural

worlds. It makes humans the

measure of all things

2. Humanism = the belief in the

triumph of the human sprit

3. Democracy = Government by

the citizens

Greek Drama and Literature

Greek Drama linked to religion

Thespis, the ancient poet, created the world’s first drama by having people speak different parts during a religious festival

Two Types of Greek Drama

A. Tragedies- focused on the suffering of the major character

B. Comedies- plays that ridiculed people, ideas, and social custom

The Visual Arts

• Greek sculptors believed that perfect harmony and proportion existed in nature.

• Sculptors portrayed the ideal rather than the real.

• The Greeks portrayed the human body in its most beautiful and graceful form

• It is Highly Classical , that is, it suggest the “Ideal”

• The Greek Ideal emphasized harmony, order, and clarity of form .

Shaping New Views of the World

• Faith in Human reason :

• 6th century, Thinkers called philosophersbegan to consider new ways to look at the world around them.

• They were dissatisfied with traditional ideas of the gods controlling natural events.

• By studying the world in a systematic, logical way they were able to make some very important discoveries

Greek Philosophers

Th e firs t Gre e k ph ilosoph e r w as a

m an n am e d Th ale s .

He con clu de d th at w ate r w as th e

base s of a ll life . An d th at th e gods

w e re n ot n e e de d for life to e xis t .

Wh ile Th ale s w as in corre ct, h is

bre akin g aw ay from tradition al

th in kin g w as th e be gin n in g a

sc ie n tific approach to th in kin g

The Greek Scientific approach

• Pythagoras = discovered the relationship between the length of sides of a triangle.

• Hippocrates = urged doctors to maintain high moral standards. “Hippocratic Oath”

• The Sophist = “men of wisdom”, were professional teachers who trained rich, ambitious young men in Athens. Sophist believed that success was more important than obedience to laws, They were not interested in ethical standards.

The Questioning Philosopher

• Socrates = The questioning philosopher.

• Lived in Athens between 469-399 B.C.E.

• Believed that people should be driven by Reason in their pursuit of knowledge and Truth

• “Know thyself” he spent his days teaching on the streets of Athens

• Taught using a question and answer method know today as The Socratic method.

Greek Historians

• To the

Greeks,

History

was the

understand

ing of

Human

behavior

• Herodotus

is the

father of

modern

history,

because he

was the

first to

gather and

analyze

historical

evidence

• Thucydides,

improved on

Herodotus

by only

including

facts that

could be

proven.

• By writing

in this

manner, he

set the

example

for

unbiased

reporting

The Spread of Greek Culture

• Between 403 and 359 B.C. Endless wars weakened the Greek city-states.

• Philip II of Macedonia desired to create an alliance between Macedonia and Greece

• He hired Greek Generals to train his men in Greek military techniques.

• Philip divided the Greeks with Bribery and Threats

Alexander “The Great”o Born in 356B.C.E.

o Educated by Aristotle.

o Gains the throne when

his father is

assassinated in336

B.C.E.

o Centralizes the

government, and takes

the Greek Army on a 13

year invasion of the

Persians.

o By 330 B.C.E. Alexander

conquers over 2 million

sq. miles

o June 10, 323 B.C.E.

Alexander dies of

Malaria

The End of the Empire

• 323 – 305 B.C.E. Civil war breaks out

between the Genera ls

• 305 B.C.E. The empire is divided between

3 genera ls

Ptolemy I …Egypt

Seleucus … Mesopotamia and

Macedonia

Ant igonus ….. Greece and Macedonia

Alexander's’ lasting Achievement

Alexander took with him thousands of Greeks to colonize the Persian world.

Named or renamed over 70 cities after himself

He encouraged the inner-marring of his soldiers and women of other cultures

He mixed Greek religion with the mystery religions of the Persians and the Babylonians

THE

END

OF

THE

GREEKS

At least for a while !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!