Post on 27-Mar-2015
Fostering and Assessing Adherence to TreatmentYour name Institution/organizationMeetingDate
International Standards 9, 17
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
Objectives: At the end of this presentation, participants will be able to: Recognize that addressing a patient’s needs and
expectations, and fostering a relationship of mutual respect between patient and provider are key elements in promoting treatment adherence
Understand factors that may have a negative impact on patient adherence to treatment
Utilize interventions to improve adherence to treatment
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
International Standards 9, 17
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
Overview: General concepts Adherence factors
and interventions Comparison of
traditional care vs. collaborative care
Strategies to improve adherence
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
Assuming an appropriate drug regimen is prescribed, tuberculosis treatment success depends largely on patient adherence.
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Factors Likely to Improve Adherence
Increase visibility of TB programs in the community
Provide more information about the disease and treatment to patients and communities
Increase support from family, peers, and social networks
Minimize costs and inconvenience related to clinic visits
Munro S, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4:e238
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Suggestions to Improve Adherence
Increase provider flexibility and patient autonomy in choice of treatment support plan
Increase patient-centered focus of interactions between providers and patients
Address structural and personal factors; for example, through micro-financing and other empowerment initiatives
Provide more information about the side effects of medications
Munro S, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4:e238
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Standard 9: Fostering Adherence to Treatment
To assess and foster adherence, a patient-centered approach to administration of drug treatment, based on the patient’s needs and mutual respect between the patient and provider, should be developed for all patients.
(1 of 3)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Standard 9: Fostering Adherence to Treatment
Supervision and support should be individualized and draw on the full range of recommended interventions and available support services, including patient counseling and education. A central element of the patient-centered strategy is
the use of measures to assess and promote adherence to the treatment regimen and to address poor adherence when it occurs
(2 of 3)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Standard 9: Fostering Adherence to Treatment
These measures should be tailored to the individual patient’s circumstances and be mutually acceptable to the patient and the provider
Such measures may include direct observation of medication ingestion (directly observed treatment or DOT) and identification and training of a treatment supporter (for TB and, if appropriate, for HIV) who is acceptable and accountable to the patient and to the health system.
Appropriate incentives and enables, including financial support, may also serve to enhance treatment adherence
(3 of 3)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Through the Eyes of Patients and Families
It just does not make sense as to why a grown person should be given medicines by someone else. I felt very awkward and tried to take my medicines myself.
—Male TB patient, Pakistan
Khan MA, et al. Health Policy Plan 2005;20:354
(cited in Munro SA, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007;4:e238)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Patient-Centered Care
Definition:Care centered on patients’ needs and expectations
Goal:Improving treatment outcomes through improved adherence
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
The Five Dimensions of Adherence
HCT = healthcare team
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
Health system/HCT-factors
Social/economicfactors
Therapy-relatedfactors
Condition-relatedfactors
Patient-relatedfactors
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Interventions
General comments: Interventions must be tailored to the
particular situation and cultural context An approach developed in collaboration
with patient achieves optimum adherence Important: Treatment support measures,
not the treatment regimen itself, must be individualized to suit the unique needs of the patient
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Age Race Gender Poverty Illiteracy/Education level Unstable living conditions/homelessness Social upheavals (wars, natural disasters) Distance from treatment centers Costs of care
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
Adherence: Social/Economic Factors
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Housing Food / food tokens Transport to
treatment settings Peer assistance Mobilizing community-
based organizations Cooperation between/among services Education of the community and providers to
reduce stigma Family and community support
Interventions: Social/Economic Factors
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Healthcare Team / System-Related Factors
Factors that affect adherence: Lack of awareness and knowledge about
adherence Lack of tools to assess adherence and address
poor adherence Lack of tools to assist with patient behavioral
change Suboptimal communication between healthcare
team and patients Access to care Gaps in provision of care
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Healthcare Team / System-Related Factors
Elements of the healthcare system necessaryto deliver patient-centered care: Access and continuity:
Continuity of care and a good relationship with a clinician is a key factor in patient satisfaction
Coordination of care between/among settings: Identifying a specific care coordinator role within the healthcare team can improve communication
Patient participation:Patients should be given a meaningful role in determining treatment supervision
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Through the Eyes of Patients and Families
Sanou A, et al. IJTLD 2004;8:1479
(cited in Munro SA, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007;4:e238)
The patients do not have adequate means to go to the health center to take their drugs. They just have camel, donkey or carts… and sometimes the state of some patients prevents them from using these.
—Male family member of TB patient, Burkina Faso
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Healthcare Team / System-Related Factors
Elements of the healthcare system necessaryto deliver patient-centered care: Availability of self-management support:
Patients provide themselves with the vast majority of care they receive outside the hospital and should be equipped to do so
Use of a collaborative care model: Fostering a patient-provider partnership and sharing responsibility for care empowers patients to manage their illnesses more effectively
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Healthcare Team / System-Related Factors
Interventions: Ensure access to care Provide information to patients Support local patient organizations/groups Manage disease in partnership with patient Collaborative, multidisciplinary care Intensive staff supervision and use of DOT
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Factors that affect adherence:
Therapy Dosing frequency Side effects
Condition Effects of symptoms Lack of symptoms Effects on functional status Associated depression
Therapy and Condition-Related Factors
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Therapy and Condition-Related Factors
Interventions: Education about tuberculosis and the need for
treatment adherence Education on use of medications and adverse
effects Use of fixed-dose combination preparations Agreements (written or verbal) to return for an
appointment or course of treatment Continuous monitoring and reassessment Tailor treatment support to needs of patients
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Green JA. Cult Med Psychiatry 2004; 28: 401
(cited in Munro SA, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007;4:e238)
Through the Eyes of Patients and Families
I think that I feel healthy, my lungs are good, but I have a bit of fear that the sickness will return. But as I told you, I don’t want to take these pills because they make me sick, they hurt me….
—Female TB patient, Bolivia
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Ngamvithayapong J, et al. AIDS 2000;14:413
(cited in Munro SA, et al. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4:e238)
Through the Eyes of Patients and Families
….When my husband went back home, he was angry with himself and he was upset about everything. He refused to eat and rejected his medicine. He threw his pills away. He did not take TB medicines at all.
—Female HIV+ TB patient, Thailand
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Adherence: Age, gender Race/ethnicity Stigma Understanding of
disease and effects of treatment Cultural belief systems Altered mental status
(substance abuse, mental illness, other illnesses)
Adherence: Patient Factors
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Standard 17: Support and Services(1 of 2)
All providers should conduct a thorough assessment for co-morbid conditions that could affect tuberculosis treatment response or outcome
At the time the treatment plan is developed, the provider should identify additional services that would support an optimal outcome for each patient and incorporate these services into an individualized plan of care
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
This plan should include assessment of and referrals for treatment of other illnesses with particular attention to those known to affect treatment outcome, for instance care for diabetes mellitus, drug and alcohol treatment programs, tobacco smoking cessation programs, and other psychosocial support services, or to such services as antenatal or well baby care
Standard 17: Support and Services(2 of 2)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
Interventions: Patient Factors
Interventions: Developing a collaborative
relationship Mutual goal setting Memory aids and reminders Incentives and/or reinforcements Reminder letters Telephone reminders or home visits for patients
who default
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Bodenheimer T,et al. JAMA. 288: 2002, 2469-2475
Traditional Care vs. Collaborative Care
Issue Traditional Care Collaborative Care
Relationship between patient and provider
Providers are experts who tell patients what to do. Patients are passive.
Providers are experts about disease. Patients are experts about their lives.
Principal caregiver? The provider. Patient and provider
share responsibility.
What is the goal?
Compliance with instructions. Noncompliance is a patient problem.
Patient sets goals based on information from provider. Noncompliance is a problem of strategies.
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Bodenheimer T,et al. JAMA. 288: 2002, 2469-2475
Traditional Care vs. Collaborative Care
Issue Traditional Care Collaborative Care
How is behavior changed?
External motivation
Internal motivation through increased patient understanding
How are problems identified?
By the providerBy the informed patient who can recognize problems
How are problems solved?
By the providerBy the informed patient with the provider
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
WHO. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for action. WHO. 2003
Overall Administrative Strategies
Developing a “patients first” attitude in the clinic Staff training, motivation, and supervision Defaulter action (example: home visits) Reminders mailed in advance of appointments Encourage staff to identify incentives, enablers Provide reimbursements for visit costs Directly observed treatment (DOT)
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
Summary: Consider patient’s needs Mutual respect between
the patient and provider is key
Consider all factors that may influence adherence
Support measures must be tailored to the individual
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Summary: ISTC Standard Covered*
Standard 9: To foster and assess adherence, a patient-centered approach, based on the patient’s needs and mutual respect between the patient and the provider, should be developed for all patients.• Consider individualizing interventions and support.
• Use measures that assess and promote adherence, and address poor adherence when it occurs.
• These measures should be tailored to the individual, mutually acceptable, and may include directly-observed therapy (DOT) of medication.
*[Abbreviated version]
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Summary: ISTC Standard Covered*
Standard 17: All providers should conduct a thorough assessment for co-morbid conditions that could affect TB treatment response or outcome.
The treatment plan should identify additional services that would support an optimal outcome for each patient and incorporate these services into an individualized plan of care.
This plan should include assessment of and referrals for treatment of other illnesses with particular attention to those known to affect treatment outcome (diabetes mellitus, drug and alcohol programs, tobacco smoking cessation programs, and other psychosocial support services, or to such services as antenatal or well baby care).
*[Abbreviated version]
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Alternate Slides
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Purpose of ISTC
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
ISTC: Key Points
21 Standards (revised/renumbered in 2009) Differ from existing guidelines: standards
present what should be done, whereas, guidelines describe how the action is to be accomplished
Evidence-based, living document Developed in tandem with Patients’ Charter
for Tuberculosis Care Handbook for using the International
Standards for Tuberculosis Care
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Audience: all health care practitioners, public and private
Scope: diagnosis, treatment, and public health responsibilities; intended to complement local and national guidelines
Rationale: sound tuberculosis control requires the effective engagement of all providers in providing high quality care and in collaborating with TB control programs
ISTC: Key Points
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Questions
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
1. A 62 year-old patient has been taking TB treatment for three months. She has hypertension and has been your patient for ten years. Although she has always been good at listening to all of your advice in the past, she has missed her last two appointments, and her husband now informs you that he is worried because she is not taking her TB medications at home as directed. He states that she rarely goes out of the house now, and she avoids her friends. In addition to asking about possible side effects from the medications, what else would be good to address during her next appointment?
A. Ask how she is coping with the diagnosis, understanding that emotional factors such as fear, stigma, and depression may play a role in non-adherence
B. Talk to her about directly-observed therapy as a way to help her succeed with treatment and support her closely
C. Assess her understanding of TB disease and treatment, and ask her what she thinks might be interfering with her ability to take her medications as directed
D. All of the above
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
2. As a clinic caregiver and administrator, you note that the clinic has a high rate of TB treatment failure and default. Healthcare team and system interventions that could improve patient adherence and completion rates include all of the following except:A. Develop a joint case conference to discuss problem TB cases with
doctors, nurses, and other clinic healthcare workers involved with the TB patients, to put together all aspects of patient care and problem-solve jointly
B. Define a list of strict rules for adherence that patients must follow in order to receive care for tuberculosis at the clinic. Post the rules and enforce. All patients will see the same information, staff will not have to spend time reviewing issues with patients, and the clinic will run more efficiently
C. Provide written educational material for patients in appropriate languages, and consider a peer-assistance program.
D. Develop a reminder system to contact defaulters through letters and/or telephone, and consider a system of incentives or enablers that could help improve adherence
ISTC TB Training Modules 2009
Fostering Adherence to Treatment
3. To develop a patient-centered system of care for TB, all of the following would be good to consider except:
A. The patient may be involved in deciding which TB medications they prefer to take in order to individualize treatment regimens
B. The patient’s needs and expectations regarding TB care should be explored, looking for ways to improve adherence, and thus, treatment outcomes
C. Foster relationships between patients and providers that rely on mutual respect and mutual responsibility toward a shared goal, rather than just offering expert advice and assuming passive compliance
D. Promote patient self-management through appropriate education and support. Support should be individualized and tailored to the cultural context