Post on 12-Nov-2014
Forest Sector A Birds Eye View
Presented By: Ashutosh Nanda
Road Map… Forestry Sector over View
Status of World Forestry
Indian Forestry Sector
Industries in Forestry Sector And Problems
Institutions in Forest Sector
Policy in forest Sector
Problems in Forestry Sector
Solution for the Identified Problems
What We Mean By Forest…
A forest is a type of ecosystem in which there is high density
of trees occupying a relatively large area of land.
An ecosystem is an ecological unit consisting of a biotic
community (an assemblage of plant, animal, and other living
organisms) together with its abiotic environment (such as
soil, rocks, water, temperature, slope of the land, etc.
What We Mean By Forestry???
The practice of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests for human and animal benefit.(FSI)
The science and art of cultivating, maintaining, and developing forests for scientific management of a forest land.(FRI)
Forestry, the management of forest lands for wood, water, wildlife, forage, and recreation.
(Sir Dietrich Brandis Father of Tropical Forestry/S.S. Negi)
Classification of Forest :
• Depending on Vegetation• Depending on Density• Depending on Altitude• Depending on Seasonality• Depending on Legal Status• Depending on Climatic Condition• Depending on Age Class• Depending on Geographical Distribution
FRI Classify forest in to 16 types for various Management Practices
Forest is a property of State and Centre
Importance of Forest
• Tangible BenefitsRevenue generation
Employment opportunity
Livelihood Generation- Food/Medicine/Resin/Gum etc
• Intangibles BenefitsEnvironmental sustainability
Reducing Green house Effect
Global Warming
Rainfall
recreational,
aesthetic, and spiritual benefits for millions of people.
So We Need To conserve Forest
World Forest Cover, 1990-2005Continent Total Forest Cover
1990 2000 2005
Million Hectares
Africa 699 656 635
Asia 574 567 572
Europe 989 998 1,001
North and Central America
711 708 706
Oceania 213 208 206
South America 891 853 832
TOTAL WORLD 4,077 3,989 3,952
Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (Rome: 2006), www.fao.org/forestry/site/32038/en
1990 2000 2005
TOTAL WORLD 4,077 3,989 3,952
3,890
3,910
3,930
3,950
3,970
3,990
4,010
4,030
4,050
4,070
4,077
3,989
3,952
Total world forest cover
Mil
lio
n h
ecto
r
1990 2000 2005
TOTAL WORLD 4,077 3,989 3,952
4,077
3,989
3,952
Total world forest cover
Mill
ion
hect
or
Change in World Forest Cover, 1990-2005Continent Forest Cover Annual Change in Forest Cover
1990 2000 2005 1990-20002000-2005
1990-2005
Million Hectares Million Hectares
Africa 699 656 635 -4.4 -4.0 -4.3
Asia 574 567 572 -0.8 1.0 -0.2
Europe 989 998 1,001 0.9 0.7 0.8
North and Central America
711 708 706 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3
Oceania 213 208 206 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
South America 891 853 832 -3.8 -4.3 -4.0
TOTAL WORLD 4,077 3,989 3,952 -8.9 -7.3 -8.4
Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (Rome: 2006),
www.fao.org/forestry/site/32038/en.
Region/Country Percentage of forest cover to land area (1995)
Per capita forest(ha)
World 26.6 0.64
Asia 16.4 0.1
Africa 17.7 0.7
Europe 41.3 1.3
China 14.3 0.1
Pakistan 2.3 0.01
Nepal 33.7 0.2
Bangladesh 7.8 0.02
Sri Lanka 27.8 0.1
Indonesia 60.6 0.6
Malaysia 47.1 0.8
Philippines 22.7 0.1
Japan 66.8 0.2
USA 23.2 0.8
India 15.7 0.06
Source: State of World Forest,FAO,1999.
Different Cause for Changing in forest Cover
• Logging
• Encroachments
• Mining/ Energy
• Heavy Biotic
pressure
• Land Clearing for
Ag/Settlement
• Over Grazing Data from WRI/WCMC/WWF, 1997
Data from FAO, 1997 http://earthwatch.unep.ch/emergingissues/forests/forestloss.php
Extent of forest and other wooded land
FRA 2005 categories
Area (1000 hectares)1990 2000 2005
Forest 63,939 67,554 67,701
Other wooded land 5,894 4,732 4,110
Forest and other wooded land
69,833 72,286 71,811
Other land 227,486 225,033 225,508which with tree cover
815 815 815
Total land area 297,319 297,319 297,319Inland water bodies
31,407 31,407 31,407
Total area of country
328,726 328,726 328,726
Indian Forestry Sector
Data source: FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005.
Data source: FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005.
Biomass stock in forest
FRA 2005 categoriesBiomass (million metric tones oven-dry weight)Forest1990 2000 2005
Above-ground biomass 3,801 4,062 4,093
Below-ground biomass 1,007 1,076 1,085
Total living biomass 4,808 5,138 5,178Dead wood 529 565 570Total 5,337 5,703 5,748
Growing stock in forest and other wooded land
FRA 2005 categories
Volume (million cubic meters over bark)
Forest
1990 2000 2005
Growing stock in forest and other wooded land
4,363 4,662 4,698
Commercial growing stock 1,745 1,865 1,879
FORESTRY IN INDIA
Data source: FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005.
Utilization
Timber
Hard WoodSoft Wood
Various Forest based industries paper/pulp/Sports/MusicalInstrument/Plywood/Match Box/Boat/Railways /fuel wood etc…
Non Timber
Various Plant Part other than Wood
Gum/Resin/oil/fruits/flowers/
fodder/seeds/leafs/ medicine/food etc...
Paper industry overview
Indian Paper Industry account 1.6% of worlds Production
Paper industry in India is the 15th largest paper industry in the world
Current Demand for Paper and Pulp 2008 is 6 million tone
The first paper mill in India was set up at Sreerampur, West Bengal, in the year
1812.
In 1951, there were 17 paper mills, and today there are about 515 units engaged
in the manufacture of paper and paperboards and newsprint in India.
. The output of the Indian Paper Industry is around six million tons per annum
with a turn over of about of Rs. 15000 crores
contributing over Rs. 2500 crores annually to the exchequer by way of various
fiscal duties and taxes
employs nearly 300000 people directly and 1000000 people indirectly
http://www.ipma.co.in/paper_industry_overview.asp
PROCESS OF PULP PRODUCTION
2000 2005 2010 20150
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4.11
5.04
6.3
7.98
2.56 2.763.15 3.32
1.55
2.28
3.14
4.66
Demand and Production Graph India for Paper
Demand
Production
Shortfall
Mill
ion
tonn
e
Source:http://ies.lbl.gov/iespubs/41843.pdf
1980 1994 2000 2005 20100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
3455
8006 88
26
8458
8152
Asia Import Status of Wood Pulp
Asia
00
0 M
etri
c to
nn
e
Data from WRI/WCMC/WWF, 1997
Key problems faced by paper industry
cost of production and cost efficiency
inadequate availability of raw materials,
power cost
Policy level difficulties
concentration of mills in one particular area.
Problems due to Paper Industry
Contaminated Sediments, Fish & Ducks
Continuing Toxic Pollution
Conventional Air Pollution
Energy Consumption
Solid Waste
Deforestation
Corruption of Democracy
http://www.ipma.co.in/percentage_share.asp
Initiative taken By Paper Industry
• AP Paper Mills($40 million investment in support to process improvements at the pulp mill)
• Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT):
($15 million investment,30000 farmers)
• JK Paper MiLL
($26 Million investment, 40000 farmers)
• ITC Paper
(23000 farmers)
Initiative By IFC
• IFC has approved more than $120 million in financing to India’s four leading pulp and paper companies
• Part-time employment for over 120,000 farmers • Increasing farmers’ income by 25-50 percent • 60 percent of the country’s farm forestry programs • Thousands of direct and indirect jobs • Fuel wood for local use
• Providing Technology for minimum waste during manufacturing
Policy Reforms in Paper Industry• Encourage small farmers to plant fast-growing trees on
unproductive land( Farm Forestry with PPP)
• Coordination with Different Research and ImplimentaionBody
• Change in Policy( Industrial Plantation)
• The industry is also seeking permit duty free imports of new & second hand machinery/equipment for Technology Up gradation.
• Right now, an estimated 55-million begasse is available, but currently we are using only 8%. Begasse can be introduced in replace of using bamboo, rice or white straw.
Present Norms
NTFP Conceptually NTFP (Non – Timber Forest Products) refers
to all biological materials other than timber extracted from natural forests for human and animal use.
It includes plant tissue used for fiber, building material, medicine, edible leaves, roots, flower, fruit, seed, nuts, honey, resin, glue, lac etc. and has both consumptive and exchange value.
Prior to national Forest Policy (NFP), 1988, NTFPs were popularly know as Minor Forest Products (MFP) that was centered around Kendu leaves (Bidi Patta) and few other product
( Saxena, N.C., Policy and Legal Reforms for Poor in India, UNDP, New Delhi)
Statistics…. In India there are 162 No of NTFP recognized and out of them 64
species are regularly traded
In India, the contribution of NTFP and eco-tourism to the Forestry Sector’s gross value (of Rs 259.85 billion) is 16%(MOFE)
It is claimed that 1.6 million person years of employment in India are from NTFP while the forestry sector in total provides 2.3 million person years of employment. (Shiva & Mathur, 1998)
All India average value of NTFP to be Rs 1671.54 per hectare and Rs. 41.89 billions as the estimate of gross value of NTFPs harvested on average in India {Chopra (2006)}
Western Tamil Nadu found income from different NTFPs to be Rs. 2720 per hectare (Sekhar et al., 1993)
Trade Potential
Commercial NTFPs are estimated to generate Rs. 3 billion (US$ 100million) annually in India.
It exports a large number of NTFP to other countries earning foreign exchange revenue to the tune of Rs. 10 billion (US $ 384 million) annually
India holds monopoly in world trade over some of the NTFPs as Karaya gum, myrobalans and Sandalwood chips and dust
The export of NTFP has grown by 20-25% over the past few years
In 2006-07, India earned Rs 39.7 billion from export of NTFP and their valued added extracts. (Ganguli, 2007)
Gross value : A Comparaison
Year Industrial Wood
In Lakh
Fuel-wood
In Lakh
Carbon
Sequestration
NTFP
In Lakh
1999 2706.393 16985.75 732.089 to
2825.886
4188.85
Source :MOSPI
Some Examples…
A bundle of 50 Sal(Shorea robusta) leaf plates which is procured at source in Orissa, India, at less than Rs.12 (US $ 0.3), is exported from Kolkata at Rs.932 (US $ 23).Satapathy (2001)
The Sal resin procured at Rs.20 (USD 0.50) per kg is sold at Rs.80 (USD 2.00) per kg.
Delhi price for dried jatamansi rhizome was US$2.26 per kilogram, gatherers in Humla, Nepal received just US$0.36 per kilogram (16%). (Hyman, )
There were at least four levels of intermediaries between the gatherers and Indian processing companies
NTFP Policies
NTFP-based forest management (National Forest Policy, 1988, Government of India, JFM )
NTFP rights
(1990 circular on Joint Forest Management (JFM)
{The Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 }
Decentralizing and devolving NTFP trade (2000 Forest policy)
Problems…
NTFP market has been highly unstable
Dominance of traders and unethical trade practices
Imperfection in flow of market information,
Lack of processing and storage facilities,
Absence of market regulations and marketing Channel etc
Effective Monitoring and Rules for NTFP Trading
Primary collectors deal in the market at individual level with
small quantities of products putting them at disadvantage
Possible Solutions For NTFP
Creating Proper Institutional Framework and Collective Action through proper Marketing
Channel
LAMPsCooperativeSHGCIG JLG
State Managed???Community Managed???
Example: ORMAS in Orissa Rajas Sangh in Rajasthan Lamps in West Bengal MP State NTFP Federation TDCC TRIFED
Successful Case Studies and Models
Nepal Model of Forest management Vasundhara Model of Collective Action Seva Mandirs approach through FPC Jan Chetena initiative at sirohi District
Institutional Framework
Ministry of Forest And Environment
FRI
Subordinate Office
BSI
Statutory Bodies
Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)Central Zoo Authority (CZA)NAEB
NATIONAL AFFORESTATION AND ECO-DEVELOPMENT
BOARD NAEB, set up in August 1992responsible for promoting afforestation,tree planting, ecological
restoration and eco-development activities in the country
National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Scheme: At A Glance
Integrated Afforestation and Eco-development Project Scheme(IAEPS)
Area Oriented Fuel wood and Fodder Project Scheme (AOFFPS),
Conservation of Non-Timber Forest Produce including Medicinal Plants
(NTFPS)
Association of ST and Rural Poor in Regeneration of Degraded Forests
(ASTRPS)
Samnavit Gram Vanikaran Samridhi Yojana (SGVSY)
Operation of NAEBimplemented through a 2-tier structure of Forest Development Agency (FDA) at the forest division level and Joint Forest Management Committee (JFMC).
FDAs are registered under the Societies Registration Act. JFMCs are registered either with the Forest Department or under Statutory provisions.
The structure of FDAs and JFMCs also caters to the gender concerns, whereby women membership to the extent of 50% has been made mandatory in these bodies. Members of Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes are the focus group in JFMCs.
Activities undertaken so far715 FDAs have been operationalised so far at a cost of Rs. 1,514.79 Crores to treat a total area of 9.23 lakh ha.
so far 19 jhum projects have been sanctioned in NE States and in Orissa in 2008-09.Year No. of new FDA
projects operationalised
No.of JFMCs Project Area Release (Rs. Crores)
2002-03 237 8209 405631 151.26
2003-04 231 7850 283272 207.98
2004-05 105 3474 107963 233.002005-06 (up to 31.3.2006)
95 2,391 55,232 248.58
http://209.85.175.132/search?q=cache:XB4UU616P8oJ:envfor.nic.in/naeb/welcome.html+NAEB&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in
Other Projects JBIC/JICA: Orissa Forestry Sector Development Project
World Bank Forestry Project in the states Like
• Uttarpradesh• West bengel• AP(Andhra Pradesh Community Forest
Management Project (APCFMP)
• Tamil Nadu
VARIOUS FOREST ACTS IN INDIA
1927 1971(Wildlife Protection Act) 1980(Forest Conservation Act) 1988( Forest Policy)
2006(Forest Rights Act) Title rights - i.e. ownership Use rights Relief and development rights Forest management rights
Opposition to the Act
TV Advertisements Against Act
Criticisms of the Act by Forest Rights Supporters
Eligibility Criteria
Section 4(2) of the Act
CURRENT DEBATE
Ownership : JFM Vs CFM(Forest Act 2006)
Forest Cover: Actual Forest Vs Recorded Forest
Regulation : MSP vs. Price Discovery
NTFP Products : Nationalized product( Tendu Leaves) Vs Other
Policy : Industrial Plantation Vs Community Forestry
Solution To shifting Cultivation????
Thank You