Flowers, Fruits, and SeedsFlowers, Fruits, and Seeds

Most herbs:Most herbs:

Dicotyledons!Dicotyledons!

Monocotyledons vs DicotyledonsMonocotyledons vs Dicotyledons

MonocotsMonocots More advanced plantsMore advanced plants One primary leafOne primary leaf Adventitious root systemAdventitious root system Flower parts arranged in Flower parts arranged in

3’s3’s Leaf veins: parallel.Leaf veins: parallel. Vascular cambium Vascular cambium

absentabsent Vascular bundles Vascular bundles

scattered throughout scattered throughout tissuetissue

DicotsMore primitiveTwo primary leavesTap root systemFlower parts arranged in 4’s or 5’s.Leave veins: network systemVascular cambium presentVascular bundles in a ring (‘vein’)

Flower StructureFlower Structure

Each flower grows from an Each flower grows from an embryonic embryonic primordiumprimordium forms the forms the budbud..

InflorescencesInflorescences - Group of several to - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.hundreds of flowers. E.g. Maize E.g. Maize

Flower StructureFlower Structure

FruitsFruits

Fruit:= Fruit:= matured & developedmatured & developed ovary ovary and and accessory parts that have developed and accessory parts that have developed and matured.matured. Normally contains seeds.Normally contains seeds. All fruits develop from All fruits develop from flower ovariesflower ovaries

(therefore found exclusively in flowering (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)plants)

Fruit RegionsFruit Regions

Fruit Fruit

FleshyFleshy BerriesBerries DrupesDrupes PomesPomes

DryDry

Those that split at Those that split at maturity (Dehiscent)maturity (Dehiscent)

Those that don’t split Those that don’t split at maturity at maturity (Indehiscent)(Indehiscent)

Fleshy FruitFleshy Fruit

Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe)Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe) BerryBerry Aggregate fruitAggregate fruit Multiple fruitMultiple fruit Pomes (not true fruit)Pomes (not true fruit)

Dry fruitDry fruit

DehiscentDehiscent FollicleFollicle CapsuleCapsule LegumeLegume SiliqueSilique

IndihescentIndihescent AcheneAchene GrainGrain NutsNuts ShizocarpShizocarp SamaraSamara

FruitsFruits Fleshy FruitsFleshy Fruits

Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a single pistil.single pistil.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Fleshy FruitFleshy Fruit

E.g. DrupeE.g. Drupe - Simple - Simple fleshy fruit with a fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed single seed enclosed by a hard, stony by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).endocarp (pit).

FruitsFruits Berry: Berry: Develops Develops

from a compound from a compound ovary. Contains ovary. Contains more than one more than one seed.seed. True berryTrue berry: fruit : fruit

with a thin skin and with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. soft pericarp (e.g. tomato).tomato).

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display

BerriesBerries

Pepos Pepos - Thick - Thick skins/exocarps skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).(Pumpkins).

BerriesBerries

HesperidiumHesperidium – Fruits – Fruits with leathery exocarps with leathery exocarps containing oil glands containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).(e.g. Citrus fruit).

FruitsFruits

PomesPomes – (not a – (not a true fruit)true fruit)

Pome: Accessory Pome: Accessory fruit with thick fruit with thick hypanthium. hypanthium.

Bulk of flesh Bulk of flesh comes from comes from enlarged floral tube enlarged floral tube or receptacle that or receptacle that grows up around grows up around the ovary. (Apples) the ovary. (Apples)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display

FruitsFruits

Aggregate FruitsAggregate Fruits Develop from a Develop from a

single flower single flower with numerous with numerous pistils.pistils.

Pistils mature as a Pistils mature as a clustered unit on clustered unit on a single a single receptaclereceptacle

E.g. Raspberries, E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.Strawberries.

                                                                                 

FruitsFruits

Multiple FruitsMultiple Fruits

Develop from Develop from many individual many individual flowers in a flowers in a single single inflorescence. inflorescence.

E.g. Pineapples, E.g. Pineapples, Figs, MaizeFigs, Maize

Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent

FollicleFollicle - Splits along - Splits along one side/seam.one side/seam.

FollicleFollicle

Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - DehiscentLegume (e.g. bean Legume (e.g. bean

pod) pod) • Consists of one Consists of one

folded carpelfolded carpel• Splits along two Splits along two

sides into 2 sides into 2 sectionssections

• Each represents Each represents half the carpel.half the carpel.

• Some legume Some legume pods, such as pods, such as carob and carob and mesquite, are mesquite, are indehiscent and indehiscent and do not split open. do not split open.

Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent

SiliqueSilique - Splits - Splits along two sides along two sides with the seeds in with the seeds in a central a central position when position when the two halves the two halves separate.separate.

(Silique = Two (Silique = Two carpels carpels separated by a separated by a seed-bearing seed-bearing septum) septum)

Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent

CapsulesCapsules - Consist of - Consist of at least two carpels, at least two carpels, and split in a variety of and split in a variety of ways.ways.

Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent

AcheneAchene Single seed attached to pericarp Single seed attached to pericarp Pericarp fused into huskPericarp fused into husk Husk - Easily removedHusk - Easily removed Eg: buckweed, sunflower seedEg: buckweed, sunflower seed

Sunflower seedSunflower seed

Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent

NutNut Single seed with hard Single seed with hard

pericarp/huskpericarp/husk Cup or cluster of bracts Cup or cluster of bracts

form at baseform at base Hazel nuts: only true nutsHazel nuts: only true nuts

Walnuts, cashews & Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupespecans = drupes

Brazil nuts = seeds of Brazil nuts = seeds of capsulescapsules

Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent

GrainGrain One-seeded fruit/seed fused with One-seeded fruit/seed fused with

seed coat (pericarp)seed coat (pericarp) Eg: wheat Eg: wheat

Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent

SamaraSamara Pericarp forms Pericarp forms

wingswings Fx: aids in seed Fx: aids in seed

dispersaldispersal Can be single or Can be single or

doubledouble Eg: Elm treeEg: Elm tree

Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent

SchizocarpSchizocarp

Whole seed separates Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitletsseeded fruitlets

E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot familyfamily

LESSON TAKE-AWAYLESSON TAKE-AWAY

Flower PartsFlower Parts Fruit TypesFruit Types