Post on 03-Jun-2018
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A NATURAL TREASURE
THE ZAPALLAR FOREST
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Aleander on Holdt, 1809
Frierich Gerg Weitsch
Charles Darn
I FoRmERLyAdmIREdHUmboLdT,I NoWALmoSTAdoRE HIm.Charles Darn, letter written in 1832
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Althugh the each ha their uniue stles an ifferent
persnalities, the explrers Alexaner Vn Hult an
Charles darwin represent tw inuential gures f science.bth were gifte with the ailit an willingness t unerstan
the natural wrl. overcing enrus challenges in their
vages, the reache prfun an revlutinar cnclusins
regaring the cnnectivit f natural phenena. darwin
cnsiere Hult ne f the greatest scientic explrers
f his tie, an freuentl referre t hi in his jurnals an
persnal letters. Hults explratin f the lanscape,
as well as his writing stle, inspire darwin t eark n his
vage n the beagle. He als prvie hi with the asic
guielines n what an hw t serve an recr his nings.
Hult an darwin were naturalists whse inuence can
e seen thrughut the scpe f science. It is interesting that
each f their respective wrks have, as their rigin, a vage f
iscver that tk place uring their uth.
Hult is ften cnsiere the father f eclg. He was the
rst t take n the stu f the relatinship etween rganiss
an their envirnent. Hults travels were well thught
ut an prepare while darwin encuntere an unexpecte
challenges an setacks. In these vages, the cast f Chile was
f ke iprtance fr prviing evience that supprte their
future theries aut the links etween species istriutin an
natural phenena. Hult was ne f the rst naturalistst relate the earths phsical phenena t species istriutin
when he state:
In the stu f phsical phenena we n the nlest
an st relevant result t e a knwlege f the chain
f life, which all natural frces are intercnnecte an
utuall epenent.
The Peruvian current was nae after Hult, wh escrie
its extrarinar iprtance fr castal ecsstes f Suth
Aerica. This cean current is the ain suject f a fascinating
letter Hult wrte t Charles darwin in 1839:
I wul have like t talk t u re aut the cl water
cean current that rers the cast, n which I pnere
s ften, ecause I elieve it ies the cliate f the
cast. A cl water river runs f r the Sutheast an hits
the cast f Chile ging twars the suth an nrth f the
Chns alng the Peruvian cast.
TwO SOuTHERN ExPEDiTiONSA VISIoNARy ANd HIS mENToR
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The Hult current appeare illins f ears ag, when,
wing inertia arun Antarctica, the curse f these waters
suffere a nal isruptin. As the Suth Aerican cntinent
eerge, a eep rige egan t fr n the cean tt alng
the Pacic cast f Suth Aerica that ene up eviating
the current nrthwars reaching the Galapags Islans. The
arine tt that rers the cntinent has an epth
variatins, which generates a cnvectin actin that serves as
a ule current, enaling the Hult current t e self-
sustaine. When the current nall reaches the Galapags, it
turns westwars, an ens up scattering its waters thrughut
the Plnesian Islans.
The cliate f the regin f Valparais is inuence the
current, which als ecisivel affects the cliate f the entire
Chilean castline. man specialize haitats thrughut Chile
we their existence t this phenenn.
A COLD wATER RivERTHE HUmboLdT CURRENT
Las Docas each, Reon of valparaso Pht: Rrig mraga Z.
USAr
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uPwELLiNgSA CoNSTANT SoURCE oF NoURISHmENT
Upwellings are ascening currents that carr water fr the
epth f the cean t the surface. The teperature an salinit
f cean waters have an essential effect n its ensit an create
ense water ies in specic places. These waters are rich in
nutrients, aking the sink t the tt f the cean, t e
then extene twars ther latitues cean currents. In 1839,
Hult utline an explanatr echanis aut the rise f
eep cean r water - the upwellings - which wul asicall
explain the wa the Hult current perates n the western
cast f Suth Aerica.
The Antarctic waters f the Hult current cntain an
extrarinaril rich ensit f planktn, transfring these
waters int ne f the st iprtant shing gruns n the
planet, thus aking the currents waters an iprtant ecnic
resurce fr Chile, Ecuar an Peru.
JPL
/NASA
bll KelpDurvillaea antarctica
Pht: Karl yunis K.
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A bOuNTiFuL OCEANoRIGIN oF bIoLoGICAL RICHNESS ANd dIVERSITy
one f the st ilgicall rich areas f the Chilean cean is
lcate etween Valparais an Ls mlles. This is ue ainl
t the inuence f the Hult current an t the utstaning
tpgraph f the cean r an the castline in this part f
Chile. The ain water ies an the irectin in which the
currents w have a raatic inuence n the istriutin f the
varius arine species.
A ra range f li ving an nn-living cean resurces interrelate
in varius ecsstes alng this cast. The waters, which are
rich in inerals an rganic atter, allw the existence f a
iverse arra f arine life.
The Hult current als rings with it the fgs that cnense
ver the sea an castal hills. A few natural arriers alng the
central cast f Chile allw these rning ists t precipitate.
The terrestrial cunities f the castal hills f the Valparais
regin f Chile als we their existence t the Hult current,
since it allws fr the cnensatin f the sea ist against the
steep slpes f the Castal muntain range.bottle-nosed Dolphn Tursiops truncatusPht: Rrig mraga Z.
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FOgNURTURING THE FoREST
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Prevailing wins fr the Pacic cean ve twars the cast,
precipitating as the pass ver the cler waters f the Hult
current, thus prucing a ense laer f fg knwn as the
Caanchaca. These air asses, laen with isture are frce
t ascen ver the castal terrain, which causes the t cl
at an altitue f apprxiatel 400 eters ave sea level. This
phenenn creates a icrcliate in the high castal hills f
Zapallar ue t an arupt interrupti n f the theral inversin levels
as the hit the castal cliffs, resulting in cnensatin thrugh
the frests fg-catching effect. This pruces precipitatin
siilar in vlue t thse f the Suthern teperate rainfrest
regins, an wul explain wh ense frests are fun at higher
elevatins. Fg is ifferent t rain water in that it cntains nitrgen
cpuns, sulfur, carn an, f curse, sea salt, prucing
relict frests with hrphilus characteristics plant species with
a ttal epenence n the sea-ist.
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SofaAranet
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THE RELiCT FORESTA WITNESS oF CHANGE
In spite f scarce precipitatin, the evelpent an survival
f the castal frests f Chiles meiterranean ecregin is
pssile thanks t the cntriutin f isture cntent fr fg.
Castal ist lwn the win is trappe the vegetatin in
iense uantities, fring large rps n the fliage, which
then escen t the frest r. This interrelatin etween the
fliage an the sea ist is what sustains the frest f Zapallar
an the assciate ilgical i versit.
This uniue ecsste cntains species that ppulate vast
areas f this ecregin when rainfall was far re aunant. The
successin f glaciatins that tk place uring the Pleistcene
an Plicene separate the frests f Zapallar, Santa Ins in
Pichiangui, an Alts e Talina in Fra Jrge, fr the rest f
the frests f the Chilean suthern zne. These frests are ta
a living renant f what a vast frest ecsste use t lk like
in the central parts f Chile thusans f ears ag. Ang the
tree species that have survive fr pre-glacial ties are the
olivill (Aextoxicon punctatu), the Canel (driys winteri), the
Petra (myrceugenia exsucca), an varius fern species. These
plants fre the tanical funatin f the priar frest
that suseuentl unerwent clnizatin certain xerphle
species like the Peu (Crataegus onogyna), the bellt
(beilschieia iersii), an certain mrtaceae.
It was recentl iscvere that the olivill is the nl species
in its fail, inicating that ther eers f the Aextxicn
fail existe in the past; hence the olivill is a living fssil that
pral evlve in the central regin f Chile.KarlyunisK.
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CATCHiNg THE FOgAdAPTATIoN FoR SURVIVAL
oasis fg-frest ecsstes nl exist in a few select lcatins
in the wrl. These uniue an fragile haitats cntain ra an
fauna with high levels f eneis. The castal frest f Zapallar
cntains trees with large canpies an entwine ranches,
allwing isture t e trappe fliage an ss cvere
ark. The water rplets slie wn the trunks an leaves an
fall t the grun, where the nutrient rich water is use a
ultitue f plants that live within this frest ecsste.
KarlyunisK.
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These ist frest ecsstes shelter a ense unerstre
cntaining an aunance f vines an large variet f wering
species, an f the eneic t Chile. The presence f epiphtes
cvering tree trunks is ne f the ain ifferences etween the
castal fg frest an ther rier tpes f frest haitat fun in
the meiterranean ecregin f Chile.
The Zapallar frest prvies sustenance an shelter fr iverse
species f insects, irs, aals, an aphiians. Althugh
there is n evience f its presence nwaas, a rare aphiian,
knwn as darwins Frg (Rhinoera arwinii), existe in the
frest f Zapallar, an is nw presue lcall extinct. Speciensf this eleatic species f the teperate rainfrests f the
suthern regin f Chile were cllecte in 1861 an nw elng t
the Haurg museu.
THE uNDERSTOREyA mINUTE TREASURE
KarlyunisK.
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The particular ecsste that survives in these ist frests f
central Chile is the ieal haitat fr a iversit f extrarinar
species f ra an fauna. Ang the irs that currentl well
in castal frests, there are an which are characteristic f the
Valivian frest fun in suthern Chile, ipling that th are ver
siilar as regars their feeing stcks, insects an wil fruits.
Several ntale an enangere irs fun in Zapallar inclue,
the Thrn-Taile Raait (Spinicaua spinicaua), the des murs
Wiretail (Sylviorthorhynchus esursii), the Trcaza r Chilean
Pigen (Zenaia auriculata), an the Rufus-Legge owl (Strix
rupes).
The mare e la Culera (Acanthinera cuingi), ne f the
wrls largest eetles, can als e fun in these ws.
The Hult penguin (Spheniscus huolti), a species fun
nl within the waters f the Hult current, inhaits the casts
f Chile an Peru. Surrune cacti, the istinct characteristic
f the Hult Penguin is that it nests an repruces in ht
meiterranean cliate far fr the Antarctic ice. The igrate t
the suth uring the El Ni phenenn, when war waters
ivert the Hult current, frcing the t aann their
repructive clnies in Peru an the nrth f Chile in search
f f fun in iprtant cln sites in central Chile, this factexeplies the iprtance f these suthern repructive sites
fr their survival. one such site is the Islan f the Penguins
lcate in frnt f Cachagua each.
FLORA AND FAuNAUNIqUE SPECIES
Holdt Penn
Spheniscus humboldtiPht: Rrig mraga Z.
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In 1920, Feeric Jhw escrie at least six plant species which
are nw lcall extinct in Zapallar. Ta, ang the species n the
enangere list we n the bellt el Nrte, a species eneic
t the zne an which has een eclare a Chilean Natural
mnuent. The ecrease in istriutin an genetic iversit f
ault speciens, alng with external factrs such as the reval
f rganic atter fr the frest r, estructin f vegetatin,
ersin, cpetitin fr intruce species an vergrazing,
have weakene the recver f this iprtant tree species. The
frest f Zapallar is ne f the few places where u can n the
Nrthern bellt in Chile. It is istriute unevenl inhaiting
itpes that are re hui ue t the presence f grun water
an castal fg.
Ta, the rphlg f the bellt fruit prevents its natural
ispersal. Se scientists elieve that in prehistric ties it was
sprea extinct ega fauna such as egatheres, astns,
an pre-histric hrses that fe n its fruit.
Anther eneic species f central Chiles castal frests
is the passinwer (Passiora pinnatistipula). In Chile, this
agnicentl eautiful vine a nl e fun in Pichianguis
Santa Ins hills, as well as in the frests f Zapallar, preferringareas where the frest canp is re pen. The passira is the
nl Chilean species f trpical rigin, with an eile err siilar
t that f the passin fruit.
Passora Passifora pinnatistipula Pht: Karl yunis K.
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belloto del NorteBeilschmiedia miersiiPht: Karl yunis K.
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In the r znes, an species f plants have evelpe the sae
characteristics f plants assciate with siilar meiterranean
ecsstes thrughut the wrl, prucing leaves an trunks
cvere with a laer f wax that prevent ehratin. T he tpical
ara f the Zapallar frest ces ainl fr the perfue f
the Peu an bl trees. This perfue can e fun in the
ils an waxes in their leaves, which help t liit ehratin.
It is ecause f this feature that the general frest tpe f the
Zapallar area is knwn as a castal esclerphlic frest. The
ter esclerphlic ces fr the Greek ters scler (har)
an phlln (leaf). These r haitats are als clnize therr-ste plants such as the Chagual,(Puya chilensis), the Tes
Cacti (Chloris chilensis), the bl (Peuus olus), an the
mlle (Schinus latifolius).
Eriosyce subgibbosa
Pht: Karl yunis K.
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Cysthanchesgrandiora
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man plants aapt t rughts string water in their stes (cacti)
r within thick, esh leaves (succulents like the Csthanches).
Cysthanches grandiora
Pht: Karl yunis K.
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Orchd
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Anther wa t survive a rught is t stre isture in succulent
rts, as rchis an alstrerias , r in unergrun stes
(uls), as the native wilwers aaucas r auiles . The
presence f these kins f aaptatins in lcal ra is a sign f
the presence f a meiterranean cliate, eaning cl, rain
winters, an ht, r suers. Such cnitins frce plants t
epl their grwth an wering in earl springtie in rer t
fen ff i-suer rughts.
It is in this seasn f plent, wering an renewal that the
Zapallar frest eces vital fr varius species f igratingirs such as the Giant Huingir. This eautiful ir, the
largest huingir in the wrl, is thught t igrate efre
the winter nths t the blivian ungas.
OrchdChloraea lamellata
Pht: Karl yunis K.
AacaRhodophiala chilensis Pht: Karl yunis K.
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gant Hnrd
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Patagona gigas
Pht: Rrig mraga Z.
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ChnnoL t f li
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The Chungung r Lntra felina is the nl species f the Lntra
genus fun exclusivel in arine haitats. It uses castlines that
exten apprxiatel 30 eters inlan an 100 t 150 eters ut
t sea. This anial inhaits arine areas expse t strng ties
an wins. It prefers rck casts that cntain caverns that reain
ave sea level at high tie, an epens n large seawee es
that ffer an aunant an vast iversit f pre species such as
ussels, clas an sea urchins. The Zapallar a ffers an ieal
haitat fr the Chungung, which can ften e seen alng the
rck shres.In rer t eat the shellsh n which it ainl fees, the Chungung
takes a stne, swis n its ack, an uses its paws t reak pen
the shells hitting the with the stne.
Lontra felina
Pht: Rrig mraga Z.
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THE PLACE
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In 1846, Francisc Javier ovalle acuire the Catapilc estate via
a fail auctin. back then, the estate aste the sae surface
that Zapallar Cunt has ta. ovalle was arrie t Isael Vicua
Aguirre, the elest aughter f the estates frer wner, lieral
plitician an Presient f Chile, Francisc Ran Vicua.
The new wner cntriute great nais an prgress t the
estate, uiling the Catapilc a, ang an ther wrks. The
reservir was the rst f its kin in Suth Aerica, an enale
the irrigatin f large tracks f farlan. T transprt the ever-increasing pructin f grains ut f the zne, ovalle purchase
a sall steaship an uilt a ule-trail cnnecting the rete
cve f Zapallar t agricultural lans lcate several iles inlan,
transfring Zapallar a int a sall prt use exclusivel fr the
estates pructin.
one f thse ras, esigne in 1860 the Geran engineer
Ter Schit, was laele El Sell. It egan in the farlans
f Catapilc, near the reservir, cntinuing ue West thrugh the
area knwn as La Ceniza, till it reache Zapallar a. This trail
was use fr an ears as a transprt rute eans f rves
f ules that crsse Zapallar frest, up until then, an unspile
wilerness. Cal was later extracte fr the frest slw-urning the w f the frest in large rick vens, an an hills
that surrune the each were swn, thus replacing fragile native
haitat with agricultural els.
one f the wners 14 ffspring, n olegari ovalle Vicua,
was Zapallars funer. Since his earl chilh, olegari ha
fallen in lve with the Catapilc Estate. Upn the eath f his
parents, he inherite an iprtant part f the riginal estate
calle Cachagua. After a trip t Eurpe, olegari ecie t
estalish a castal resrt twn an selecte the eautiful cvef Zapallar fr this twnship. Up until then, Zapallar ha nl
een enje his fail an the estate wrkers. His riginal
esign, which still exists, sprang fr his in. His riginal
plan preserve the ravines, cnserving the as pulic parkwas
an estalishe walking paths in these areas s that the huses
f the twnship ha access t the seasie an eaches.
The rst suerhuse was uilt in 1892, an the fllwing ear
an failies f Geran rigin, incluing olegaris acuaintance
dr. Feeric Jhw, ecae the rst resients. All f these fun ingfailies were instantl ewitche the eaut f the new village.
It was in this peri that the prfun frienship etween olegari
an Feeric egan.
THE PLACEZAPALLAR
Hstorc Zapallar, crca 1896 Gariel Rrguez - Zapallar Cunt Archive
Don Federco Joho and others lean for an ecrson on horseack
Gariel Rrguez - Zapallar Cunt Archive
3938
EARLy CONSERvATiONiSTS
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EARLy CONSERvATiONiSTSTWo FRIENdS, A VISIoNARy ANd HIS TEACHER
Feeric Jhw vn bielher was rn in Geran in 1859,
an later hire the Gvernent f Chilean Presient Js
manuel balacea in 1888, ue t his excellence as a teacher
f cheistr, tan an zlg. Feeric was a wise naturalist,
an a renwne prfessr an scientist. Chile is i nete t hi
fr the creatin f the Peaggical Institute, which ffere its
teachings t hunres f future prfessrs, as well as executing
a vast prtfli f valuale scientic research.
The frienship f these tw en an their share lve fr
Zapallar gave rise t the rst cnservatin initiative invlving theagnicent frest f Zapallar. Wrrie the visile evastatin
f the surruning hills, olegari aske Feeric what cul
e ne t restre the natural lanscape. Jhw tl hi t
nthing at all, save fr taking his hers awa fr the, s that
the natural vegetatin cul urish.
once olegari passe awa, Feeric eicate an iprtant
part f his last ears t an exhaustive research f the Cachagua
Estates ra, a task that later ecae his psthuus wrk:
Flra e las plantas vasculares e Zapallar (diversit f
Vascular Plants in Zapallar.) The k was re-eite in 2007, with
the help f his gransn, dr. Juan Carls Jhw. Ta there is a
new generatin f cnservatinists an resients inspire the
wrk olegari an Feeric. The frests f Zapallar, their raan fauna, are a natural treasure that an aspire t preserve.
This prject is citte t the estalishent f scientic an
technical research eneting the cnservatin f the Zapallar
frest, an fsters the participatin f experts capale f sustaining
effrts aie at awakening in chilren, ungsters, an aults an
awareness, respect an harnius cexistence with ur naturalwrl. Actins such as aviing ver-grazing, as Feeric Jhw
suggeste ver a hunre ears ag, as well as restring native
haitat, cntrlling extic species, i pleenting ersin cntrl,
preventing frest res, esigning an aintaining apprpriate
hiking trails an fstering an unerstaning f the value f the
lcal lanscape, can ensure that future generatins enj urshare treasure. It is ur hpe that ur cllective actins will
enale the Zapallar frest cnservatin prject t serve as an
exaple f effective private lan cnservatin in Chile.
Olearo Oalle and Federco Joho
Archive f Juan Carls Jhw an the Zapallar Cunt Archive
Zapallar n the old das Gariel Rrguez - the Zapallar Cunt Archive
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bibLiOgRAPHy
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mers, N. et al. Nature 403, 853858 (2000)
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Pint, R., Larrain, H., Cerecea, P., Lzar, P., osses, P., Scheenauer, R.S., 2001. mnitring fg-vegetatin cunities at fg sites in Alt Patache suth f Iuiue, nrthern Chile uring El Ni anLa Nia events (19972000). Prceeings f Secn Internatinal Cnference n Fg an Fg Cllectin.St. Jhns, Newfunlan, Canaa, pp. 293296. Jul 1520, 2001.
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CAST AwAy THE EviL iDEA
OF bECOmiNg A POmPOuS viLLA
uNDER NO CiRCumSTANCE ACCEPT THiS
TO PuRSuE bEAuTy TiLL TuRNiNg ugLy
LET THE NEwCOmER ALwAyS SEE
THiS mOuNTAiN CORNER
wHOSE FEET ARE bATHED by THE SEA
wHOSE HAiR iS mADE OF FORESTS
AND LET iT bE wHAT iS AND wAS
PART bOAT, PART REFugE.
Javier Prez ovalle, 1930
42
8/12/2019 Flora y Fauna de Zapallar
23/23
The forests of Zapallar, Cachaa, and Cataplco ake p the ost alale resere of
nate ora n Chles central coastlne. Ther ast oderst constttes a loal patron
classed as a oderst hotspot Conseraton internatonal (mers), and ths adopted
the Chlean goernent as one of ts prort stes for doestc conseratonst efforts.
Corporacn bosqes de Zapallar as to nole nehors and ftre eneratons n the care
and preseraton of these alale eaples of medterranean ecosstes, orkn ratefll
and respectfll th ts oners and enjon the enets that the zones olocal and scenc
oderst offers ts ctzens.
its rst oard s ade p Jan Carlos Joho, Dense Astoreca, Lsa
Ezarre, Rodro Crz, Jos mel Torrco, Federco Rneln and Deo Larran.
The pulicatin f this k was ae pssile thanks t thespnsrship f The Nature Cnservanc, Crpracin Paruespara Chile an Crpracin bsues e Zapallar.
Tet rtten Karl yunis Kretscher, Juan Carls Jhw,Feeric Ringeling an Victria AlnsDesn, prodcton and prntn: Caren mntt an Cca LnTranslaton: macarena Palins an Karl yunis KretscherCorreccn de estlo:Eugenia FernnezPrnted oGRAmA
2009 The Nature CnservancPrinte in Chile-ISbN 978-956-332-086-2
.osqesdezapallar.cl
Thank u t dr. Juan Carls Jhw, Feeric Ringeling, Js Antni Varas an the cunit f Zapallar fr their supprt in the preservatin f their natural treasure.Crpracin bsues e Zapallar seeks t invlve neighrs an future generatins in caring fr an preserving this valuale meiterranean ecsste in Chile, wrkingwith gratitue an respect in cnjunctin with the lanwners.