Post on 17-Jan-2017
Nanco Dolman MSc BLArch
Amsterdam, 4 November 2015
Towards water resilient cities
Building on international experiences
27 October 2015
Water for Enhanced Urban Liveability
Distill international experiences for Water Sensitive Cities
8 case studies on 3 continents
Different positions in Water Sensitive Cities framework
Based on project experience
Present effectiveness, implementation and way forward
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Bangkok
New Orleans
New York
Singapore
Rotterdam
London
HCMC
Jakarta
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City challenges
Today, 3.5 billion people - half of humanity – live in cities
In 2030, 60% of the global population will live in cities
In 2015, 80% of the megacities is located in river deltas
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Some key challenges to urban liveability
(CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, 2012)
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Water challenges
90% of disasters are water-related
Different threats Flooding from rivers and sea
Disruptions from precipitation
• Storm water overwhelms the drainage system
• Periods of droughts
Groundwater and subsidence
Heat
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Increased pressure
Sea level rise
Change precipitation patterns
Longer periods of heat and drought
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Projected Sea Level Rise (IPCC)
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Increased vulnerability
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Urbanization Bangkok (World Bank, 2011)
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The case studies
Restore imbalance of the urban water cycle
Solutions proposed following WSUD Integrating water with urban planning
In dialogue challenges can be addressed
Smaller scale measures to restore (some of) the balance
Disasters often initiate a response Understanding the drivers
Building back smarter
Facilitating stakeholders dialogue
Learn from experience
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Water Sensitive Cities Framework
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Need for direct effective solutions
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Bangkok/ HCMC/ Jakarta
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Thailand: Bangkok
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Thailand: Bangkok
Roughly 7 million people
Chao Phraya River, Gulf of Thailand
History
Historicaly ‘living with water’ Floating markets
Houses on stilts
Waterways filled
Bangkok: a sewered city
Challenges
Exponential population growth
Increase in challenges Deforestation
Subsidence
Flood events
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Bangkok: 2011 Floods
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Bangkok: initiative
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‘Bangkok Water Adaptive City 2045’
Dialogue with city stakeholders and
universities Series of workshops with stakeholders
Students from Thailand, Singapore,
Netherlands
Opportunity for Bangkok to leapfrog to an
advanced stage of the WSC framework
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Bangkok: proposed solutions
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Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City
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Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City
Roughly 13 million people
Saigon River, East (Vietnam) Sea
History
Limited effective drainage system
Expansion towards the sea
Ho Chi Minh City: a sewered city
Large international plans & support
Ho Chi Minh City Moving towards the
sea
Mekong Delta Plan
Struggling with implementation
Needs are more basic
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HCMC: Climate Change
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Indonesia: Jakarta
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Jakarta Flood Risk
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Jakarta - NCICD
Stage 1 Protection until 2020 Short term coastal protection
Stage 2 Protection until 2030 Integrated sea dyke construction with new land
reclamation
Stage 3 Protection until 2040 Construction of multi-purpose sea dyke at Jakarta Bay
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Sewered cities: lessons learnt
First steps to explore WSUD
Created awareness; attention for challenges and city planning
Facilitated dialogue among stakeholders
Governance unable to support changes
More direct solutions required; ambition for no-regret measures
Need for knowledge transfer and capacity building
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Introducing a water sensitive approach
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New Orleans/ New York City
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USA: New Orleans
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USA: New Orleans
Katrina (2005) illustrated the vulnerability of a delta city
Now a 100-year hurricane protection system
Drainage infrastructure is inadequate for challenges. Result of drainage water management strategy
Broken infrastructure and subsidence
New shared approach required
With the Urban Water Plan, New Orleans can address urban water challenges
and make better use of its water assets
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Greater New Orleans Water Management Strategy
WATER REGULARLY
OVERWHELMS SYSTEMS
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Greater New Orleans Water Management Strategy
WATER IMBALANCE
CAUSES SUBSIDENCE
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Greater New Orleans Water Management Strategy
WATER IS EXCLUDED
FROM MOST PUBLIC SPACES
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Urban water strategy
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Water assignment New Orleans
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Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan
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USA: New York City
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USA: New York City
Sandy 2012 $50 billion damages; 2nd-costliest hurricane
Government response; series of initiatives and strategies Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (SIRR)
Green Infrastructure plan
Rebuild by Design
Technically sound strategies Strong focus on awareness; get stakeholder buy-in
Grassroot involvement; implementation at local level
Challenge: coherence fragmented approach
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A stronger, more resilient New York
Floods and extreme storm water surplus Bloomberg: “A floodwall doesn’t have to be just a wall, it can be part
of an elevated park or boardwalk, and still block flood waters”.
Enhance urban liveability - green infrastructure Planting more trees on streets and rooftops to absorb water or
divert it to higher-capacity sewers.
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Rebuild by Design
Design competition for the Sandy-affected region Ten teams with the world’s best engineers and architects
Ideas regional (and global) replicable
Funding available to get the top ideas implemented
An opportunity for a more overarching plan
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A comprehensive urban water strategy
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OMA | Royal HaskoningDHV winner Rebuild by
Design Competition
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Integrated planning, water as asset
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London
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United Kingdom: London
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Thames Estuary 2100
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Managing risks and increasing
resilience, the Mayor’s climate
change adaptation strategy,
October 2011
Water society & The Blue Ribbon
Network, The London Plan 2011;
“allowing a large number of
citizens to live, work and play
safely on the water is a strategic
aim of the London Plan”
Water ecology – green
infrastructure and open
environments: the all London
green grid, supplementary
planning guidance to the London
Plan 2012
Water olympics – Queen Elizabeth
olympic park 2030
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Urban green-blue grids
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The Blue Ribbon network
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London’s 2012 Olympic Park
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Queen Elizabeth Olympic park 2030
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Climate-proof planning
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Rotterdam
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The Netherlands: Rotterdam
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The Netherlands: Rotterdam
Rotterdam protected: 10,000 yrs level of protection
Urban Water Plan
Rotterdam Adapation Strategy 5 year planning
CBA and often checks on performance
Several projects realized (Green Roofs program, water plazas)
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Rotterdam Adaptation Strategy
Water system under control
Pilots are being evaluated Regular checks
Need for updated CBA
Strategy consolidated after
5 years Awareness
Creates jobs
Heat risk map - 2050
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Rotterdam Flood Control
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Rotterdam Multifunctional barrier
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Water plazas Rotterdam
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Water plazas Rotterdam
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Water plazas Rotterdam
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Closing the urban water cycles
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Singapore
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Singapore
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ABC Waters – Active Beautiful Clean
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Bringing nature back to urban setting
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Bring people closer to the water
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Kallang River as concrete canal
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Kallang River as meandering stream
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Evaluation and effectiveness
For every city a specific approach is required Different social background
Integration of many disciplines
Other climate effects
Not all measures are evaluated, weighted
For most water challenges… Governance is key
Political will and community ownership is vital
WSUD is a challenge
Requires an event to initiate
Requires persistence and funding
Challenges often underestimated or not understood
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Urbanization Policy Framework
Planning, Connecting, and Financing Cities—Now (World Bank, 2013)
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Key elements in transitioning towards
water resilient cities
A. Analyse – urban system and its environment Vulnerabilities
Opportunities
B. Aim – drawing up ambitions Goals and challenges
Planning adaptation strategy
C. Act – implementation in planning & sensing Choosing adaptation measures
Securing & realization in daily practice
NB; adaptation is always tailored!
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Aim
Analyse Act
Strategy to implementation
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Thank you for
your attention
Next week on UNISDR –
PreventionWeb
Q&A Water Resilient Cities;
http://www.preventionweb.net
/experts/ask/session/46333