150

50

10

Fruits

Dairy

Spices

Alcoholic beverages

Nuts and seeds

Seafoods

Meats

Herbs

Plant derivatives

Vegetables

Flowers

Animal products

Plants

Cereal

50 %

30 %

10 %

1 %

Flavor Network Yong-Yeol Ahn, Sebastian Ahnert, James P. Bagrow, and A.-L. Barabási

Flavor network. Culinary ingredients �circles� and their chemical relationship are illustrated. The color of each ingredient represents the food category that the ingredient belongs, and the size of an ingredient is proportional to the frequency we use �collected from online recipe databases: epicurious.com, allrecipes.com, menupan.com�. Two culinary ingredients are connected if they share many flavor compounds. We extracted the list of flavor compounds in each ingredient from the book “Fenaroli’s handbook of flavor ingredients �5th ed.�” and then applied a backbone extraction method by Serrano et al. �PNAS 106, 6483� to pick statistically significant links between ingredients. The thickness of an edge represents the number of shared flavor compounds. To reduce clutter, edges are bundled based on the algorithm by Danny Holten �http://www.win.tue.nl/~dholten/�.

CategoriesPrevalenceShared compounds

almond

leek

blueberry

wood

caviar

fish

mandarin

roquefort cheese

bacon

romano cheese

lemongrass

apricot

olive

herringrutabaga

parsnip

camembert cheese

kiwi

turnip

egg noodle

black sesame seed

red algae

saffron

truffle

smoked salmon

peanut oil

celery oil

cassava

sturgeon caviarcheddar cheese

mango

smoke

licorice

beef broth

sheep cheese

emmental cheese

butter

gin

munster cheese

tarragon

salmon

macaroni

orange juice

hop

matsutake

black pepper

black raspberry

sage

thyme

currantcarrot

cacao

porcini

hazelnut

haddock

scallop

date

rum

berry

zucchini

cucumber

lettuce

marjoram

litchi

roasted meat

passion fruit

horseradish

sassafras

port wine

sour milk

bean

ginger

seed

huckleberry

peanut butter

holy basil

sour cherry

cumin

smoked fish

lentil

cherry brandy

banana

mung bean

bourbon whiskey

jasmine tea

barleycilantro

cod

cocoa

nut

parmesan cheese

black mustard seed oil

grape brandy

thai pepper

mate

baked potato

cashew

pear

ham

pimenta

catfish

yogurt

nira

roasted sesame seed

root

cream cheese

provolone cheese

shiitake

leaf

basil

parsley

pimento

sea algae

mussel

chicken liver

gruyere cheese

oregano

shallot

orange

fruit

green tea

balm

pumpkin

eel

roasted almond

coffee

carnation

pecan

artemisia

lavender

salmon roe

cream

palm

black teacarob

asparagus

veal

cardamom

jamaican rum

turmeric

mushroom

cayenne

sakeconcord grape

dill

prawn

bartlett pear

corn

frankfurtercabernet sauvignon wine

cane molasses

red kidney bean

pear brandychampagne wine

galanga

scallion

white bread

caraway

bone oil

onion

roasted hazelnut

endive

mandarin peel

lime juice

shrimp

lima bean

walnut

peach

star anise

strawberry jam

lamb

crab

goat cheese

tamarind

orange flower

citrus

pork liver

white wine

potato

raisin

yam

watermelon

pineapple

black bean

red bean

popcorn

okra

chinese cabbage

peanut

fennel

red wine

whiskey

tomato

garlic

juniper berrytangerine

coconut oil

bell pepper

durian

macadamia nut

lemon juice

honey

swiss cheese

cider

bread

milk

cognac

yeast

tomato juice

flower

clove

corn flake

wine

raw beef

sesame oil

corn grit

brassica

cinnamon

papaya

raspberry

avocado

ouzo

katsuobushi

kumquat

roasted nut

spearmint

anise seed

strawberry

plum

rose

brown rice

soybean oil

melon

cabbage

bay

cauliflower

laurel

vegetablepistachio

kohlrabi

prickly pear

fenugreek

lemon

bergamot

cranberry

enokidake

coconut

sauerkraut

apple brandy

rhubarb

buttermilk

lovage

roasted beef

brandy

chicken

blue cheese

jasmine

shellfish

celery

lime peel oil

armagnac

squashblack currant

nutmeg

chervil

japanese plum

pea

whole grain wheat flour

mint

lime

roasted peanut

roasted pork

oat

tabasco pepper

feta cheese tequila

malt

wheat bread

soybean

citrus peel

wasabi

chickpea

lard

grape juice

green bell pepper

quince

mustard

beef

milk fat

tea

egg

sweet potato

strawberry juice

sesame seed

beef liver

beet

beer

oyster

geranium

peppermint oil

rosemary

mutton

tuna

gardenia

sunflower oil

muscat grapeelderberry

mozzarella cheese

lingonberry

chicory

cured pork

chive

blackberry

rapeseed

coriander

lemon peel

mace

apple

porkkale

rye bread

liver

kidney bean

savory

beech

vanilla

grapefruit

fig

chamomile

cottage cheese

nectarine

cheese

pepper

rye flour

chicken broth

buckwheat

potato chip

blackberry brandy

pork sausage

soy sauce

grape

kelp

seaweed

meat

broccoli

maple syrup

orange peel

lilac flower oil

brussels sprout

wheat

angelica

rice

mackerel

peppermint

lobster

smoked sausage

octopus

radish

watercress

cerealsquid

olive oil

bitter orange anise

vegetable oil

cherry

artichoke

oatmealguava

roasted pecan

vinegar

violet

clam

sherry

turkey

chayote