Fish Fish EvolutionEvolution

Part 1Part 1

stout infantfish

“pedomorphic”

Paedocypris progenetica(Cyprinid - Sumatra)

Stout Infantfish

The Competition

Photocorynus spiniceps 46 mm long female

Anglerfish6.2 mm long male

Leedsichthys problematicus

155 million years ago: 72 Feet!

Whale Shark

What’s for

lunch ?

Krill

Mammals4059

Birds8750

Reptiles5700

Amphibs3750

Fish23,70

0

Why So Many

Species ?

What is the What is the largest largest

habitat on habitat on earth?earth?

S. S. Ichthyology

The ship emits sound waves that reflect off the sea bottom and go back to the ship. Instruments on the ship measure how long the round trip took and compute the distance traveled.

S. S. Ichthyology

At night, the sound waves bounce off the layer of lantern fish and instruments on the ship are fooled into thinking that the ocean is shallow

Lanternfish

Light Organs

450’

Artesian wells flow without being pumped. Fish living 450 feet underground are sucked out of their homes by the well.

Trogloglanis pattersoni

The fish are found in outflow from wells that penetrate the Edwards Formation between 402 m at the Artesia well and 582 m at the O.R. Mitchell. These are flowing artesian wells having considerable artesian pressure. Considering the amount of change in these species when compared to other species in their families, it seems logical to postulate that they found their way into the aquifer in prepleistocene times, perhaps as a means of escaping the colder temperatures on the surface.

Desert Pupfish

Lake Baikal3000 Ft Deep

Deep Sea Fish

Caves

Springs

Fountain Darter

Mammoth Spring, AR

Arctic Icefish

Lake Natron: TanzaniaLake Natron: Tanzania

Natron TilapiaAlcolapia alcalicus

40 C

Why So Many

Species ?

#1: Because #1: Because there are so there are so many many different different places for fish places for fish to live !to live !

Why So Why So Many Many

Species ?Species ?

#2: Fish #2: Fish Got Got

There There First!First!

Fish Evolution

• First Fishlike Animals 640 mya• First True Fish 460 mya• First Reptiles 300 mya• First Mammals 200 mya

• First Fishlike Animals 640 mya• First True Fish 460 mya• First Reptiles 300 mya• First Mammals 200 mya

Stretching Reproduction

Would the changes be

passed on to the babies?

If you cut off a finger, do you

produce 9-fingered babies?

Mutation

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A ATTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A ATTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGC TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Random DNA Damage in sperm

Correct Repair

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A ATTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGC TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Random DNA Damage in sperm

Incorrect Repair

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR

Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR

What does it take for a Mutation to be

inheritable?

Mutations• They happen all the time• Unless they happen in an egg or

sperm, they only effect one cell and its direct lineage

No probs right ?

Mutations• They happen all the time• Unless they happen in an egg or sperm,

they only effect one cell and its direct lineage

• If they happen in eggs or sperm, then they end up in every cell of the progeny

• Many mutations have no effect on fitness• Many have negative effects• Rare ones have positive effects

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR

Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR

Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR

Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCAA AT

TCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

AT

GATG

CCA G

AGCA

A GTTCTAG

CC T

AGTCGA

TACT

A CGTGC

TC G

TTTAAG A

TCG

GATC

A AGT

Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR

Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR

The fish from the egg fertilized with the correctly-repaired gene makes gray skin crystals.

The fish with the incorrectly-repaired gene can’t make white so the underlying green color shows through.

Baby Fish Resulting from Sperm that Incurred DNA

Damage

ACormorant’s-

EyeView #1

ACormorant’s-

EyeView #1

ACormorant’s-

EyeView #2

ACormorant’s-

EyeView #2

ACormorant’s-Eye

View #3

ACormorant’s-Eye

View #3

Green Fish have Evolved from white

Relict Species

EvolutionEvolution•Gene based variability in the population–Mutations that made green fish

•Natural selection–Cormorants eating green or white fish

Relict Species

Sea Lancet

Amphioxus at Home

Amphioxus

MouthGills

Fin-Like Flap

EyeSpot

NotochordNeuralTube

Fish-Like Innovations in lancets

Amphioxus Notochords

No Notochord

With Notochord

Blue MuscleContraction

TelescopedAmphioxus

SwimmingAmphioxus

Spinal Cord Evolution

Pure Notochord

Intermediates

Vertebral column

= Cartilage

= Bone

Notochords #2- Hanger for Guts

Nerve Cord EvolutionStarfish: A simple network of nerves.

Earthworm: A network of nerves connected to ganglia

Fish: Hollow nerve cord (spinal cord) and a brain

Lancet: Hollow nerve cord, bulge at head-end

Tunicate

TunicateAnatomy

WaterIn

WaterFecesOvaOut

Ganglion

GillBars

HeartWaterTo Exit

Gonads

Tunicate Life

Cycle

MouthEyeSpot Nerve

Cord

Notochord

GillSlits

Egg

Free-SwimmingLarva

Metamorphosis

Neotany

Egg

Egg

Arm FeederArm Feeder Gill FeederGill Feeder

AncestralTunicate

AncestralTunicate

Modern TunicateModern Tunicate

Amphioxus

ModernFish Primitive

ChordateVia Neotany

Fish Evolution

1. There are so many places for them to live (diverse habitats for them to colonize).

2. Because they got there first (fish were the first vertebrates to evolve, so they were able to find a lot of unexploited niches).

There are 30,000 kinds of fish because…

How Does Evolution Work?

1) Variability in DNA sequences - inheritable in the eggs and sperm - GRAY and GREEN fish!

2) Natural selection - Positive or negative - Cormorants!

Where did fish come from (fish evolution)?

• First fish more than 600 MYA• Aphioxus is a relict species that looks

like the first fish-like animals– Neotany from tunicate larvae– Hollow nerve cord, notochord, internal

gills, free living life style