• PERIOD KNOWN AS ARMADA PEACE OR BELLE EPOQUE

• NEW ECONOMIC ORDER: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II.

•NEW POLITIC ORDER: IMPERIALISM.

• NATIONALISMS

• MILITARY ALLIANCES

• II INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CAPITALISM. CONCENTRATION

•CAPITAL AND GLOBALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY.

• NEW ECONOMIC POWERS: USA, JAPAN AND GERMANY.

•IN EUROPE, GERMANY IMPROVED MORE THAN GREAT BRITAIN

•AND FRANCE.

•GERMANY REMOVED MARKETS TO ENGLAND. THREATENED HER

•ECONOMY.

•LATE GERMAN UNIFICATION.

• GREAT ECONOMIC WEIGHT OF GERMANY, BUT FEW COLONIAL

POSSESSIONS

• GERMANY DEMANDED A NEW COLONIAL REALITY. FRANCE

AND BRITAIN OPPOSED.

• TWO EPISODES OF RIVALRY: MOROCCAN CRISIS.

• FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS (1905): CLAIM TO CREATE A

FRENCH PROTECTORATE IN MOROCCO. OPPOSITION FROM GERMANY

AND SPAIN.

• ALGECIRAS`S CONFERENCE (1906)

• SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS (1911): FINALLY GERMANY ACHIEVED

•FRENCH TERRITORIES. PART OF CONGO.

• DECAY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE: GREECE, MONTENEGRO,

SERBIA, ALBANIA, BULGARIA, ROMANIA AND MACEDONIA ...

• COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS.

• NATIONALIST ASPIRATIONS OF NEW STATES: "THE GREAT

SERBIA ".

• 1908: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WAS ANNEXED BY AUSTRIA.

• 1912: I BALKAN WAR

• 1913: II BALKAN WAR

“Si alguna vez hay otra guerra en Europa, será el resultado de alguna maldita estupidez

en los Balcanes”. Otto Von Bismarck-Canciller alemán.

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870): PRUSSIA BEAT.

FRANCE HAS TO GIVE ALSACE AND LORRAINE. CRAVING FOR REVENGE.

BISMARCK WILL TRY TO ISOLATE TO FRANCE.

• 1872-1890: REALPOLITIK

( GERMANY)

(OTTO VON BISMARCK)

• WHAT WAS THE GOAL?

BALANCE BETWEEN

THE POWERS.

ISOLATION OF FRANCE.

HOSTILITIES

• 1890: NEW GERMAN KAISER

GUILLERMO II FIRED BISMARCK.

• WELTPOLITIK: MORE AGGRESSIVE

AND IMPERIALIST POLICY

POWERS BEGIN TO CREATING

ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS.

ARMS RACE.

• FORMED AT THE BEGINNING BY

GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

AND ITALY.

• ITALY WILL WITHDRAW AND JOIN

TO THE OTHER ALLIANCE.

• TURKEY (1914) AND BULGARIA (1915)

WILL JOIN THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

• ENTENTE CORDIALE (1904): FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN.

• TRIPLE ENTENTE (1907): FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.

• JOINED IN CONFLICT: BELGIUM, ITALY, JAPAN, USA, SERBIA,

ROMANIA, PORTUGAL, CHINA AND LATIN AMERICAN STATES.

TRIPLE

ALLIANCE

TRIPLE

ENTENTE

GEOGRAPHICALLY CLOSER

TERRITORIES

MORE DISPERSED

TERRITORIES

DEMOGRAPHICALLY 117 MILLIONS

OF INHABITANTS

255 MILLIONS

OF INHABITANTES.

ECONOMICALLY INDUSTRIALLY

TOP

INEXHAUSTIBLE RAW

MATERIALS

MILITARILY ARMY BEST EQUIPPED AND

TRAINED. MORE AND

BETTER EQUIPMENT

NAVAL SUPERIORITY AND

NUMBER OF

SOLDIERS.

• THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WANT A QUICK VICTORY.

• US BREAK THE APPARENT BALANCE IN 1917.

• 28 JUNE 1914: MURDER OF FRANCISCO FERNANDO

(HEIR TO Austro-Hungarian throne) AND HIS WIFE IN SARAJEVO

(BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA)

• GAVRILO PRINCIP. TERRORIST OF "BLACK HAND"

• “BLACK HAND”: TERRORIST ORGANIZATION WHOSE PURPOSE WAS

THE INCORPORATION OF BOSNIA IN “THE GREAT SERBIA”

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BLAMED SERBIA TO COOPERATE WITH

"THE BLACK HAND" AND THEY SENT AN ULTIMATUM.

SERBIA REJECTED THE ULTIMATUM.

• JULY 28 1914: WORLD WAR I STARTED. THE ALLIANCES

WERE PUT UP.

• 28TH JULY: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA.

• RUSSIA, SERBIA'S ALLY, DECLARED

WAR ON AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

• GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY`S

ALLY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA

AND FRANCE.

• BRITAIN, AN ALLY OF FRANCE,

DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY.

• ITALY WITHDREW FROM THE

TRIPLE ALLIANCE, LATER JOIN

THE TRIPLE ENTENTE

(THEY PROMISED COLONIAL

TERRITORIES AFTER THE WAR)

ON JULY 28 BEGAN THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

• CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BATTLEFRONT AND REARGUARD.

• NEW PRODUCTION, WORK AND HEALTH ORGANIZATION.

•SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIALS: RATIONS.

•GREAT BENEFIT: NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.

• OPERATIONS IN 1914 WERE BASED ON GERMAN EFFORTS TO DEFEAT

TO FRANCE AND THEN ANNHILATE TO RUSSIA.

• STRATEGY BASED ON FAST MOVING TO SURPRISE YOUR ENEMIES.

“BLITZKRIEG”.

• TWO FRONTS: WEST AND EAST.

• SHLIEFFEN PLAN: TO INVADE QUICKLY FRANCE AND BELGIUM.

→→ The Germans in command of Van Moltke succeeded in the invasion of Belgium

and northern France without opposition. Moltke transfer troops to Russia.

→→ The French commanding by Joffre reorganized his troops around the river

Marne and inflicted a heavy defeat to the Germans.

→→ Moltke was replaced by Falkenhayn.

• SERBIA DEFEAT AUSTRÍA-HUNGRÍA.

• RUSSIA DEFEAT THE AUSTRIANS IN LAMBERG AND WILL SEIZE

GALITZIA (POLAND).

• GERMAN GENERAL HINDENBURG WON THE RUSSIANS IN THE

BATTLES OF LAGOS TANNENBERG AND THE MASURIAN LAKES.

•THE SHLIEFFEN BLITZKRAIG STABILIZES THE FRONTS.

• IT STARTED WHAT IS KNOWN AS “TRENCH WARFARE”.

→→ Chemical war in Ypres (Belgium) by Germany.

→→ Total war in the battle of Verdun.

→→ Allied counteroffensive in the Somme.

•ITALY JOINED IN THE WAR WITH THE ENTENTE..

• NAVAL BATTLE IN JUTLAND BETWEEN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

• SINKING OF THE "LUSITANIA" (AMERICAN SHIP). US RETHINKS HIS ENTRANCE IN THE WAR.

• GERMANY OCCUPIED POLAND RUSSIA AND LITHUANIA.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RECOVERED SERBIA AND GALITZIA.

• BULGARIA IS IN WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

• RUMANIA IS IN THE WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ENTENTE.

• DEMORALIZATION IN TROOPS AND SOCIETY.

→→ Long and costly war: In lives and supplies.

→→ Soldier Riots, hardly repressed.

→→ Strikes in the industries.

• BREST-LITOVSK TREATY: RUSSIA WITHDREW OF THE WAR.

• 2ND BATTLE OF THE SOMME: LAST GERMAN OFFENSIVE. ALLIES

COUNTERATTACK AND PITCH THE GERMANS TO BELGIUM.

• BULGARIA AND TURKEY GAVE UP IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SIGNED THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 3

• REVOLUTION IN GERMANY: WILHEM II ABDICATES AND THE NEW

GOVERNMENT OF EBERT SIGNS THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 11.

THE CONFERENCE OF PARÍS: 4 ACTORS

LLOYD GEORGE(G.B) WILSON (USA)

ORLANDO (ITALY) CLEMENCEAU (FRANCE)

EXPIRED COUNTRIES WERE NOT INVITED

• FRANCE-CLEMENCEAU: Harder and intransigence posture against Germany.

France will pay ".

• GREAT BRITAIN-LLOYD GEORGE: more conciliatory position. They didn´t

want to punish Germany in excess.

• USA: “WILSON`S 14 POINTS”.→ No secret alliances

→ Free passage through international waters

and fewer trade obstacles.

→ + 55% of country's indigenous population

will be independent

→ New countries: democratic regimes.

• ITALY-ORLANDO: It didn`t receive the territories that were promised

CLEMENCEAU LLOYD GEORGE WILSON ORLANDO

• France recovers Alsace and Lorraine

• France got the mines of Sarre.

• Polish Corridor.

•´Valley of Niemen River: Lithuania

• Belgium got Eupen and Malmendy:

• Sclhessweig was annexed to Denmark.

• Danzig and Memel: Free towns.

• Germany lost all of its colonies.

GERMANY LOST 76.000 km2 (13% of the territory) and 6,5 millions of

Inhabitants (10% of his population).

• REDUCTION OF THE ARMY: No more than 100.000 soldiers and 4000 generals.

• PROHIBITION OF MILITARY SERVICE REQUIRED.

• DELIVERY OF MATERIAL AND FLEET OF WAR

•PROHIBITION OF MAKING NEW WEAPONS

• DEMILITARISATION OF “RENANIA”

• REPAIR OF WAR: 132,000 MILLIONS OF MARKS = 400,000 MILLION DOLLARS.

• NO ACCESS TO THE SDN (SOCIEDAD DE NACIONES)

• PERPETUAL PROHIBITION OF “ANSCHLUSS”: UNION GERMANY-AUSTRIA.

• It was reduced to a little country with 8 millions of inhabitants

• The Austro-Hungarian Empire emerged 3 new countries: Austria, Hungary and

Czechoslovakia.

• Huge territories were given to two new countries: Poland and Yugoslavia.

• Italy also got territories in the Balkans.

THE TREATY OF TRIANON-HUNGARY

• It was reduced to a little country with 7 millions of inhabitants.

• It lost Croatia(to Yugoslavia), Transilvania (to Romania) y Eslovaquia

(Checoslovaquia).

THE TRETY OF NEUILLY-BULGARIA.

• Cession of territories to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. No landlocked.

THE TREATY OF SEVRES- TURQUÍA

• Total disintegration of the empire: It is reduced to the Anatolian peninsula.

• Lost in the Middle East: Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon and parts of Arabia.

• VERY HIGH NUMBER OF DEATHS: 10 MILLIONS OF INHABITANTS.

• MANY CIVILIAN DEATHS.

• OTHER CONSEQUENCES: Wounded, mutilated, orphans and widows.

CONSECUENCIAS

DEMOGRÁFICAS

DEATHS 9.272.000

WOUNDED 6.5000.000

WIDOWS 4.250.000

ORPHANS 8.000.000

• EXTREME MATERIAL DESTRUCTION: Russia and France were the most

affected countries. Crops, infraestructures and cities totally destroyed.

• LOSS OF WEALTH OF COUNTRIES: About 25% average.

• NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL CONVERSION.

• ENDEBT COUNTRIES