Post on 25-Dec-2015
Finding Mathematics in Genes and Diseases
Ming-Ying Leung
Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)
“1, 2, 3, … and Beyond”
• A slideshow for HKU Open Day in 1980
• I did the narration and background music
• The experience has a great impact on my journey
Mathematics is beyond numbers…
We find it in buildings, banks, and supermarkets…
…in atoms, molecules, and genes …
Outline:
Cytomegalovirus(CMV) Particle
• DNA and RNA• Genome, genes, and diseases• Palindromes and replication
origins in viral genomes• Mathematics for prediction
of replication origins
DNA and RNA
T G
CA
G
AC
TGU
AC
• DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, made up of 4 nucleotide bases Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine.
• RNA is ribonucleic acid, made up of 4 nucleotide bases Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil.
• For uniformity of notation, all DNA and RNA data sequences deposited in GenBank are represented as sequences of A, C, G, and T.
• The bases A and T form a complementary pair, so are C and G.
Genes and Genome
Genes and Diseases
Virus and Eye DiseasesCMV Particle
CMV Retinitis • inflammation of the retina • triggered by CMV particles• may lead to blindnessGenome size
~ 230 kbp
Replication Origins and Palindromes
• High concentration of palindromes exists around replication origins of other herpesviruses
• Locating clusters of palindromes (above a minimal length) on CMV genome sequence might reveal likely locations of its replication origins.
Palindromes in Letter Sequences
“A nut for a jar of tuna”
“Step on no pets”
ANUTFORA AROFTUNAJ
remove spaces and capitalize
STEPON NOPETS
Even Palindrome:
Odd Palindrome:
DNA Palindromes
Association of Palindrome Clusters with Replication Origins
Computational Prediction of Replication Origins
• Palindrome distribution in a random sequence model
• Criterion for identifying statistically significant palindrome clusters
• Evaluate prediction accuracy
• Try to improve…
• A mathematical model can be used to generate a DNA sequence
• A DNA molecule is made up of 4 types of bases• It can be represented by a letter sequence with
alphabet size = 4
• Adenosine• Cytosine• Guanine• Thymine
Wheel of Bases (WOB)
Random Sequence Model
G
AC
T
• Adenosine• Cytosine• Guanine• Thymine
Wheel of Bases (WOB)
Random Sequence ModelEach type of the bases has its chance (or probability) of being used, depending on the base composition of the DNA molecule.
G
AC
T
• Adenosine• Cytosine• Guanine• Thymine
Wheel of Bases (WOB)
Random Sequence Model
G
AC
T
Each type of the bases has its chance (or probability) of being used, depending on the base composition of the DNA molecule.
Poisson Process Approximation of Palindrome Distribution
Use of the Scan Statistic to Identify Clusters of Palindromes
Measures of Prediction Accuracy
Attempts to improve prediction accuracy by:
• Adopting the best possible approximation to the scan statistic distribution
• Taking the lengths of palindromes into consideration when counting palindromes
• Using a better random sequence model
Markov Chain Sequence Models
• More realistic random sequence model for DNA and RNA
• It allows neighbor dependence of bases (i.e., the present base will affect the selection of bases for the next base)
• A Markov chain of nucleotide bases can be generated using four WOBs in a “Sequence Generator (SG)”
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
T
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
T
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
CT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
CT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
TT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C
TTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C
TTTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C
ATTTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C
ATTTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C A
AAC CG TT GTTTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C A A
TTTT
Sequence Generator (SG)
Wheels of Bases (WOB)Bases
G
AC
T
C A A C A A CG TT G
Results Obtained for Markov Sequence Models
• Probabilities of occurrences of single palindromes
• Probabilities of occurrences of overlapping palindromes
• Mean and variance of palindrome counts
Related Work in Progress
• Finding the palindrome distribution on Markov random sequences
• Investigating other sequence patterns such as close repeats and inversions in relation to replication origins
Other Mathematical Topics in Genes and Diseases
• Optimization Techniques – prediction of molecular structures
• Differential Equations – molecular dynamics
• Matrix Theory – analyzing gene expression data
• Fourier Analysis – proteomics data
Acknowledgements
Collaborators Louis H. Y. Chen (National University of Singapore) David Chew (National University of Singapore) Kwok Pui Choi (National University of Singapore)Aihua Xia (University of Melbourne, Australia)
Funding Support NIH Grants S06GM08194-23, S06GM08194-24, and 2G12RR008124 NSF DUE9981104 W.M. Keck Center of Computational & Struct. Biol. at Rice University National Univ. of Singapore ARF Research Grant (R-146-000-013-112) Singapore BMRC Grants 01/21/19/140 and 01/1/21/19/217
St. Stephen’s Girls’ College
University of Hong Kong
Department of Mathematics: A Beach Picnic
Continuing to Find Mathematics in Genes and Diseases
Ming-Ying Leung
Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)