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�ម���នទ� �� 2ធ�ប�យ2�ព ,មក�#កN (#), � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�នក�W- ធនN, ក#./ �_ប-ក�WធនN, កម��_ប-ក�WធនN, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន�ម4<នធនN, ក#./ �_ប-�ម4<នធនN, កម��_ប-�ម4<នធនN, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន2�<នធនN, ក#./ �_ប-2�<នធនN, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន2ធ�ក�WធនN, ក#./ �_ប-2ធ�ក�WធនN, កម��_ប-2ធ�ក�WធនN, � �ធ ច/�ក�#ក�ចVបចV]យ, � �ធ ច/� % បចV]យ, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន % បចV]យ, � �ធ ច/� . បចV]យ, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន . បចV]យ, ,ម�]ពT (#), �#/�]ពT (#), ��e#0�ន�ម���នទ �� = �ម���នទ� � 2ធ�ប�យ2�ព ,មក�#កN (#), � �ធ ច/� � បចV]យ, � �ធ : �ង � �គR@N�ន � បចV]យ, �)ប� �គR@N�គ��_, � �ធ ច/� �� បចV]យ, � �ធ : �ង� �គR@N�ន �� បចV]យ, � �ធ ច/� យ� បចV]យ, � �ធ ច/� ��� ន�ង ��� បចV]យ, ,ម�]ពT (#), ��e#0�ន�ម���នទ �� = �ម���នទ� �� 2ធ�ប�យ2�ព ,មក�#កN (#), ប�ចVកបចV]យ � បចV]យ�-យ-

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ច/����ម,ម j. (បb� + �ចន) បb��ចន =��� #ប = ច/����ម�#/ j. (បb� + កម + % + ��) បb�កuម�� =ថយ� )#lប0�)Oយ = = rងម/ខ, (�ធ?�ABMន2#3ផT/យន'ង2#3���ម) = ច/����ម,ម,ម j. (ប� + ជយ ក�� �5ឈ��) ប�ជយ =ប\ជ]យ, ក�� �5Dញ0= j. (ប� + ភ� ��ចក. ច�)ម�ន) ប�ភ� =��ចក. @�ន�eច = = ជ/ �� �ញ, )គប0){ន0, �)�ច.........= ច/����ម,ម,ម j. (ប� � + �) ប� ��� =�'ង��ច�)គប0){ន0= j. (ប� � + ន�m0 ន) ប� �ន�m0 ន =��ចក. � ��#0ជ/ �� �ញ, ប� �ន�|? ន = j. (ប� � + ចយ) ប� �ចយ =ក�� �5�នf �ជ/ �� �ញ, O��នf � = j. (ប� � + យន=) ប� �យន= =ទ ប�ផ/#, ជ/ �� �ញ, �យ = ច/����ម�#/ (ប� � + ប�� + % + ��) ប� �ប���� =�ពញជ/ �� �ញ,ប� �ប_�= = ច��0, �ផfង, ......, � ���� = ច/����មគ/W,ម j. (� � + � �ធ) � �� �ធ =Mន�បKក Q = ច/����ម,ម,ម j. (� � + ចក] �) � �ចក] � =2�កMនបxy ��)គ¡ង�ឃ�ញច��0 = j. (� � + �ទ) � ��ទ =)ប�ទ��ផfង = j. (� � + �ទ + 9បយ) � ��ទ��បយ =j�យ�ន�5�យ

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�)})ប�ទ� = ច/����ម�#/ j. (� � + � + J + ��) � �YJ�� =�'ងច��0, �'ង� ���� = = )ពម, �ម!យ, ��, )ប�ព = ច/����ម,ម,ម j. (� + ឆ� �) \p � � =��4ក�� = j. (� + � + គម) គម =O�)បជ/ �{� , �Mគម = ច/����ម�#/ j. (� + ច� + % + ��) \j ��� =�d)ពម, ���� �d�ម!យ{� = j. (� + �� + យ + ��) ន=�B�� =�)#ក2�)ពម = = ��, � #, Pយ, ....., �មLK�, 2? �មLK�= ច/����ម,ម,ម�គ/W,ម j. (� + នក] �=) �នក] �= =¬កf�� = j. (� + �ន�=) ��ន�= =2�កMន�ភ�ក� # = j. (� + គនQ) �គនQ =MនកK�ន�� គYកK�ន)ក2_ប = ច/����ម�#/ j. (� + ក�) �កu� =�ធ?��ន�-យPយ = j. (� + ប�ប~ + % + ��) �ប�ប~�� =� ក�� = j. (� + � + � + (X > ទH) + ��) �ទH�� = : �ងM��-យ�� =

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ក�!')�?1 0) :ម���W� ��ន� �ធ �)ប�jប�គR�_ច�ន�|��!ច�@�យ�ន� �ប�ច/�jប�គRព rង���មក�� �5�@�យ�ឃ�ញ( jប�គR�ន�Mន2�sច�ធ?�aB�#/< �ង�,��)ប)ប�SK �02#3ន]យ�d�ន���Mន � )ប�ភទគY I. jប�គR�ប�#�ប�ន2#3�ប�0�#/ �. jប�គRMន2#3)�ប:ម�#/ �. jប�គR�ធ?�2#3�ប�0�#/AB�បKក = I. Aប�គ1�ប�'�ប�ន�'/�ប�)3'> �� ( X�0��mធក �នន]យ( jប�គRខK�O��ប�ច/�មក�@�យន'ង�)ប�]ពT�,� Q :ម���ម�ទ�#ព/ ��ន�ទ �<�ប �2#3���ម�)ប(5L ងsក��-យ គY)#u��)ប:ម�បបថ� �)#u��)បផT/យ2#3{� � �ញ �_ច|កB�ខ��( ប�ទ គYផT/យន'ង �ប�ក, �d ផT/យន'ង មក = �_ម�ម��j<@�W7 rង�)Oម�ន� ���� =ប�ទ, �� �#/, ច/� � � jប�គRrង���ម�d� � ����� =�ប�ក (� � + �� + % + ��) = ច��� =)ប)ព'#., ច� �#/, ច/� � � jប�គRrង���ម�d� � �ច��� =�����d (� � + ច� + % + ��) = ខម�� =2#0ធន0, ខម �#/, ច/� ន� jប�គRrង���មមក�d� ន�ក] ម�� ====�ចញ (ន� + ខម + % + ��) = គចp�� =�d, គម �#/, ច/� � jប�គRrង���មមក�d� �គចp�� =មក (� + គម + % + ��) =

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�_ម��ងv#�ម��#�d�ទ�# jប�គR����)ប�)បកប���ម|កB� ម!យ,ម,មក. , គ/W,មក. , �#/ក. bចច/�jប�គRsម!យក��នaB�#�មន]យ ច/��#jប�គRម!យក��ន ព ��ប ក��ន �)�ច�#��ចក. ក�/ងទ �,� Q គYម�នក�W#0()#u��#ច/�បL/,� ន�ទ = �_ម�ម��rង�)Oម�ន� %���ន@� (%�� + �ន@�) =���)ក��ង = បb��ក] (ប + %�� + �ក] ) =�#��Mក[ = � ��ន�� (� � + ន� + % + ��) =ទ_,� ន = មJh H��� (� + %ន� + H���) =យកមកទ/ក, �!ប�!ម = បទ( មJh H��� (� + %ន� + H���) �ន��� �ធ �ន8� (���

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(ន� + O + យ�) > ន�Oន =ន�<ន, �@#/ = (ន� + � + �) > ន�[ =ទ b)�]យ, ���>, ទ �> = I.� �)ប�ច/�rង���ម�#/aB�d�ក�� �5�]ពT j. (ន� + គចp��) > ន�គចp�� =ច_���0 (ម�ន�មន ន�គdចp�� �ទ) = (ន� + ក�ជR��) > ន�ក�ជR�� = �Oងច/� (ម�ន�មន ន�កu�ជR�� �ទ) = (ន� + ខន��) > ន�ខន�� = កប0ទ/ក (ម�ន�មន ន�ក] ន�� �ទ) =

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�,� Q )#u�Mនព ��Pv #0�_ចj<@�W7 rង�)Oម �ច �]ពT�ន�ម�នbច���ង-ក0rង���មប�ផ/#�ន)ប�5គ�ន�ទ )#u����ងទ � �-ច0r# �)}ព �ន�bច���ង-ក0ទ I rង���មបង��0�ន)ប�5គ�ន = �ច, �ច, យទ� �)ប��ខ � :ម��-ប0�)ប�_ច�|��@�យក�/ង�ម���នទ �� = ន��# � �]ពT�ន��)ច�ន�)ប��ម!យ)ប�5គ���Mនមeក�� �5�2,គ#O� ព �)|��O�� ��គ�#��0O�rងម/ខ = �ប��បចV/ប4ន�O� គY�បចV/ប4ន�ជ�#2,គ# j. I. �� �ច �ន� ;ភ�l %គចp�l P )ប��ន�ប� �គ �ន�@�យ ន_�5ន(|@នN), (�គ) ន'ង�ន�d�@�យ = �. �ច /� ធម'� �ទ�យ3 � ��� /�� ភ� �Bន=� P )ប��ន�ប� )ព�. ����ង ន_�)ព�ធមw, 2�ក)�ជC.ទ. ន'ងMន = �. យនh�JH� (=យនh�ន + %H�) បព0�ជRយ3 � P �_ច�ម.ច@�· 2ញ គ!��#ប!� = J. %�បi� Jម ភគ[ %�ន=�ទក]� kប�ថ ក' ន� %���-kន� %ន�Y�នយ3 P

�_ច�ម.ច@�· )ព�Mន)ព�គ �ទ�ប2ន/xy # ន_�O��)ប�)ព� ក�/ង2�ន. �នទក[�sបថ (��នrង#4_ង) =

�� �ម���នទ ��

)ប��ន�ប��)ប�� �ភ#.� ព!កភ� ��fន.��O$#�ប#.� )�ប02,គ#O� ន�យម�)ប�ន��#ព ��]ពTគY �ច ន�ង �ច ���ង-ក0ទ I �ទ � =

(ច_��ក�ម���ម���នទ � ក�/ងគ I)

��. ប>ចgន'/ន�a' (ន��#)�ប0��ចក. �!�)

�]ពT��]ពT��]ពT��]ពT�� � � � កM

កថ� កចj�

ន� នន�

9OH� �ទ�

�យ3ថ�ទ�

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប �, 2? , �@#/2? , �_ច�ម.ច 5L ងs, �_ច�ម.ច �, ����, ខK���� @�·, �2�, ...�ទ�'ង ម�ន�មន�, �)កង, ...�ទ�'ង �(, �ក� �(, �ក� 5L ងs�ន�, �_ច�ម.ច�ន�, គY2? ខK� ?

� �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប� ន�យម���ង-ក0rង���មបង��0�ន)ប�5គ = I. កM គnp ម, 9OH� �J ?

ព!ក�យ�ង ន'ង�d� ? �ក�ន'ងម�ន�d�ទ ?

�ម���នទ �� ��

�. កចj� �� �កu;� ខមន�យ� ? កចj� �បន�យ� ? M� ��កv�� �#�2�ក2#0)< ��ន� ? ន�ង�/ �ង2#.ពaB)ប)ព'#.�d�ន���� ? �. កថ� ���មg 9ទធM �� ��� � �កង]ថ ? �#�2�ក.ទ. បL/នបLង ���ម4 ឆKង ន_�ទ'ក 5L ង�មLច ? J. កM J�ម�� /� � ក�� ? ញ/0 ន� �� ក�� ? 9OH� %Yន�/0 ? �#�(កម�)�,� ���)ព�. �ធ?��@�យ ��� ��_ច�ម.ច ? (កម��,� ��� ��_ច�ម.ច ���)ព�. ) �ធ?��@�យ �'ង�@�យ� ? �ក� ម�ន<ន0�'ង�ទ ? �. �ទ�/ ន�� ? គនQ�m0 ? �ទ� �&u ប�� �ន@�O ? 2�ក ��ទ�:� ? ��គន8ព? ? �ក� ��កv�ទ�\ជ ��� � ប/� �នT�< (=2�កaBន_�<នក�/ងO�ម/ន) = �. /� �B ធម'� �ទ��J= %ន�ប�ព0�កថ� ក�ថ� �យ3-ថ�ទ� ? Oនកថ� �;កថ� គdកថ� &ន� �ទ�ន� � "&� � �ក� �;� P )ព�. O���ម.ង ន_�ធមw ��0{#0 �ទ�ប):�0��ម.ងន_�2ន/ប/ព? ក( (�!�( 2ន/ប/ព? ក()គY2? ខK� ? (2ន/ប/ព? ក(គY)<នក( � �ក( �គRក( �<��ប�0Oម< �ង£យន�ង ក�������(ក<ប = ក�/ងj<@�W7 ទ I )ប�5គ�)OយគY 9OH� �J ? ម�នMន

�� �ម���នទ ��

ក�� �5�]ពT គnp ម )�ក��_បaB�ឃ�ញ�ទ បL/�ន.��ចក. � �ញគY)�ប0aB�'ង�!ច�@�យ ន�ង�ព���� កM �]ពT�ន�Mន� �ធ �)ប�ក�/ង)ប�5គ,,�ន � 5L ង = �_ម�ក�ម��ក�/ង�ម���នទ II គ I =

��. �មfe�ចgន'/ន�a' (ន��#)�ប0��ចក. ទទ!�, �ឆK�យ)

�ម, �មJ= �)ប�_ច{� ( “�2�, D�, �ទ, ក�/s� ����,ក�/s, )ព�ក�/s,” ����ម �_�ច��)#u����កយកsម!យ�)បaB�មគ!�:ម�នNខE�0កs. ��<ប = � �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប�� �ធ �)ប� ន�យម���ង-ក0���ម)ប�5គន�ង�)ប��ខ � ប,T ប0ព b�បនN j.

I. �ម ភ�ន= គnp ម� P បព�)#�$កMV �0��ច�)ម�ន �ទ (ខC/ �) ន'ង�d =

�. �ម ភ�ន= ន &u ��� ���� � P បព�)#�$កMV �0��ច�)ម�ន D� (គY,ងខC/ �) ម�នbច ���ម4 ��0�> ក�/ងទ �,��ទ = �. �ម ភ�ន= P )ព�ក�/s �$កMV �0 (�ន��|កBទទ!�ក�/ងព�ធ �M<ន� � =

�ម���នទ �� ��

�. A�យhជន'/ន�a' (ន��#)�ប0��ចក. �#�ន, 2�Uq� ញ)

�]ពT��]ពT��]ពT��]ពT�� � � � .ងv �គv Hន@

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��. ��នក'/ន�a' (ន��#)�ប0��ចក. �)ច�ន5L ង)

�H �ម���នទ ��

�]�]�]�]ពTពTពTពT����� � � � ច [

បន %ប�, ប�

H� ��

%ប�ច %ថ[

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�ម���នទ �� �I

ច ន�ង [ �)Mប0�)ប�q ប0បទម!យន�ងបទម!យ�ទ�# បទ�,� Qbច�,ម,ម��ក�� �5�]ពT ន�ង)#u����ង ច ន�ង [ rងច/ង\�0 Q បទ = បL/�ន.ក�bច�)ប� ច � [ )#'ម�#ម!យបទ�>rងច/ងប�ផ/#�ន,ម�ក�� �5�]ពT< �ង�,�ក��ន j. I. ន� ច J� ��� ច ប�\�� ក/0 �គ��� 9បiជR�Bន=� P ន�N.ទ ផង ,� .ទ. ផង �ធ?��@�យ ន_�ប/WB ន'ង�d�ក�# ក�/ង�/គ#� = �. %�មg� ���មg� ច គHប���� ន ក��ជ�យ3� � P គ@ប# .ទ. ម�ន គប4 �)Oធ ក�/ង2�ក.ទ. ន�ង �យ�ងខC/ �.ទ. = �. %H� ក�ម� ច �Zម� ច P � %H� ក�ម� �Zម� ច P ខC/ � ភq! � ផង ខC/ � ប ផង = � ខC/ � ភq! � ន�ង ប = J. t��/ [ ន���Jh [ គចp�J= [ យ�J= (យ�J) [%H� �ព0� ��=� �ម�=� ក��ម� P ខC/ � �<�ឈ� ក. �<�2ងR/យ ក. �<����� ក. �<���ក ក. �#ង�ធ?� ន_��ម:. ក�/ង�#?.ទ. < �ងព!ង = �. ទ���យមi � (=ទ���យ� + ប�) ព�ទQ� ��� គnp ម� P ខC/ �)ព�ក�/s �_ម��0 ន_�)ព�ព/ទ8 ព ��ងផង = �. %H� H� ម� ក�ម� ច �Zម� ច P M� ��មWN �មនព�# ខC/ � ភq! � ផង ប ផង =

�� �ម���នទ ��

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��. បទប7�!ន�a' (ន��#ប��ពញបទ)

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I. �#�|កB( ន�Z� �)ប(�_ច�ម.ច ? �. �#�ន��#�]ពT��]ពT)ប�ភទ5L ងs ? MនបL/,� ន5L ង ?

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ប!��@�យ ��ន ក�/ង�, ��� �ប�0)ព�. ;ទQ�ប- មi�O �2�កMនjប�ម4<គY�ន�@�យ ប�� យ� )�ក��@�យ “�&ម��[���B�ថ��” .�� ��� �( “�O�មE h��#��f�ថ�N” = �. � ;ទQ�បមiO “ក� ��(�ម��ថ� �”�� ប�� យ� P �)ប( � � ,ង ;ទQ�បមiO Mនjប�ម4<�ន�@�យ ប�� យ� )�ក��@�យ “ក� ��(�ម��ថ� �” .�� ��� �( “ក��{#ម �ថ� ” = .�� �]ពT����)ប�ក�/ង�ក[WN�ន� rង�មEន8� ( �� -�Y�ក �មEន8ច_��ម!យបទ,ម����>rងក�/ង .�� �D��ច0 =

�.... .�� 8,�o “គu, o” .�� �]ពT����)ប( “គY, (” �ន��0 .�� �]ពT���ព/ �D ��ច0�ធ?��ន8�ច_��ម!យបទ��ទក�Mន ����ង-ច0�#zងក�Mន rង�មEន8� ( ន�ទBន � ន�ទBន�� ម�ន�មEន8ច_��ម!យបទs�ទ j.

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�. �( .�ចj�B "&�B �[�ទ�� �S�� ��� P )ប�5គ�ន��)ប�ន � 5L ងគY ក.�)ប= �[�ទ�� � O�SK �0� ��, "&�B �ន a2កf� N�B (ទ@B �ប�0�]ពT) ន/ ·� �( .�� គY�{ �S�� ��មងMន ��� �)|��5� �ភ#.�< �ង£យ = ខ.�)ប= ��� �)|��5� �ភ#.�< �ង£យ �[�ទ�� � O�SK �0� ��, "&�B �ន a2កf� N�B (ទ@B �ប�0�]ពT) �ន� �( .�� គY�{ �S�� ��មងMន =

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ទ�zc �� �= ជ��� ទ�zc �� �= ជ��� P �ន�#?��ច�)ម�ន � ក\យs�0 �ន�ឃ�ញ (2�ក) �>��0 = �ន�#?��ច�)ម�ន � ក\យs�0 �ន�ឃ�ញ (2�ក) �>��0 = ��ម� ����� ��ម� ����� P M� ��$ក��Mនbយ/ ខC/ � ន'ងមក ខC/ � ន'ងមក ()�ប0O��នm) =

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+ �#/�#/�#/�#/ + � �ទ + � �ទ

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���ម4 aB�'ង(�]ពTs�ធនN2? �យ�ង)#u��)បaB)#u�:ម)ក�#B)កម�នធនN�,� Q ព �)|�ធនNម!យ Q Mន�_ប� �គR@N���ង Q ខK!ន �_ច�ឃ�ញ�@�យ(�]ពTធនN�|�rង����ន�� �� បចV]យ Mន)�Nទ ប�ផ/#� 7 O�ន. = ��$យក�d�)ប����ងក�/ង)ប�5គ)#u� ប��បកក�/ង�_ប� �ភ#.��ផfង Q :ម�បប 7 O�ន. = �_�ច��O�s�យ�ងជ!ប�]ពT�ផfង Q �_ច�|��@�យ ���ម4 aB�'ង(�]ពTs�)ប5L ងs�,� គY)#u�យកមក: �ង� �គR@N�ម��ក�ន'ង�'ងK ម Q �_ច� �bcZ;�, �bcមន=� Mន�_ប� �គR@Nន�ង�)ប�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

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�bcមន=� ក�/ង�_ប� �គR@N< �ងប ធនN (��) �bc� ម�ន=���� (��) �bcមន=� (ជ�J) P ក#./ .ក#./ .

I�J �ម���នទ ��

(��) �bc� ម�ន=�� ��;J�� (��) �bcមន=� (ជ�J) P ក#./ .#�f �bc� មន=��� � �;មl�� �bcមន=� P �M.#�f �)ប( 2�ក)ប'កFន_���ន����, ............ =

+�ធ��,�[#មក�'ក;ក@>ង,��4គ (')

,មក�#កN�����)មចមកព �� បចV]យbច�)ប��,ម,មក��ន ��គ/W,មក��ន = �ប��)ប��បទ� ����នN�នបទ,មs)#u����ង-ក0rង���មបទ,ម�,� Q �-យ)#u�ប��បកaBMន ��ងR, �ចនN ន�ង� �ភ#.�aB����{� =

កកកក. . . . �)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN ប�\�&� � ជ�J �គ�M គចp�� P ជន 2�ក�ធ?�ន_�ប/WB�)ប)ក# (ប/UyO� ) ��មង�d Oន0�/គ#� =

ខខខខ. . . . �)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ ធម'n� � �ខ� ��� P 2�ក)ប)ព'#.ន_�ធមw�)ប)ក# (ធម�D� ) ��មង��ក ��/ខ =

((((ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0 W W W W បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ))))

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+�ធ�ច>r �0� បចy$យ

�0� �បចV]យ���Mន#! � គYMន2�sចaBទ ឃN���ម�#/ខK�, SK �0�#/aB�d��_ប�ផfងខK�, Mន)ក�#B)កម�_ច �� បចV]យ)គប0)បO� = បL/�ន.�ព�ច/��@�យ)#u�SK �0 �0� បចV]យ� %ក �ន�ចV �!ច�/ប % �D�ទ/កaB�>)#'ម�# ក បL/�so � = �]ពT�����)មច�_បមក�)ប( “2�ក...” �_ចMន� �ធ ច/��_ច#�d�ន� I. )ប��ន�ប�ច/��ម!យ�#/���Mន)�N���ម�#/�)�N��fN )#u��#ទ ឃN�)ព'ទ8��ន�ចVគY)�N % > �, , , , . > N, 9 >8 � " �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

�#/�#/�#/�#/ ភ�ជ ក�

បb� + គH

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�����)ម�)ម�)ម�)មច�ច�ច�ច� > ��ជក > &�ក > បb�(d Hក

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� �ប�ច/��ម!យ�#/ម!យពmងR����)�N��fN�ទ ឃNក��-យ bច)ព'ទ8�)�N�ន�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

�#/�#/�#/�#/ � > �� ន� > Jយ

+ បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ + (�0� > %ក) + (�0� > %ក)

�����)ម�)ម�)ម�)មច�ច�ច�ច� > ��ក > Jយក

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប =2�ក. ប0 = =2�ក�'ក, � =

I�� �ម���នទ ��

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�#/�#/�#/�#/ Z O

+ បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ + យ + (�0� > %ក) + យ + (�0� > %ក)

�����)ម�)ម�)ម�)មច�ច�ច�ច� > Zយក > Oយក

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប =2�កផ'ក = =2�កaB =

J. bចSK �0�#/aB�d��_ប�ផfង Q �_ច �� បចV]យ�ន���

�#/�#/�#/�#/ Hន > ��

Hន > �ធ

+ បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ + (�0� > %ក) + (�0� > %ក)

�����)ម�)ម�)ម�)មច�ច�ច�ច� >��ក > �ធក

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប =2�ក�MK ប0 = =2�ក�MK ប0 =

�. �ប��)ប��ម!យ � �#/)#u�SK �0 �0� � �ននក � > Y + (�0� > �ននក) > Yននក =2�ក�ច� = �. �ប����ម�#/�)�Nទ ឃN )#u�ទ/ក�#/aBគង0�_ប���ម j. �ច + (�0� > %ក) > �ចក =2�ក�/ � = �. �ប�ទ ប�ផ/#�#/�ពBUqន���5គ )#u�ទ/ក�#/aBគង0�_ប���ម��� j.

�#/�#/�#/�#/ �ក] �ចp

+ បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ + (�0� > %ក) + (�0� > %ក)

��)មច���)មច���)មច���)មច� > �ក] ក > �ចpក

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប =2�ក�កF = =2�កឈ_� (�ង�ឈ�) =

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+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=ន �0� បចy$យ

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I�� �ម���នទ ��

I. %ន��ក Mន� �គR@N( (��) %ន������ (��) %ន���& (ជ�J) P �)ប( ជនs ��មងប�)ងZន �)|��@#/�,� ជន�,� ��� �( %ន���&, , , , %ន���& = 2�កប�)ងZន =

�. Yននក � �គR@N( (��) YJ���� (��) Yនន�& (ជ�J) P �)ប( ជនs �ច� �)|��@#/�,� ជន�,� ��� �( Yនន�&, Yនន�& = 2�ក�ច� =

�. ��ជក Mន� �គR@N( (��) ភ�\R ���� (��) ��ជ�& (ជ�J) P �)ប( ជនs�/ �)|��@#/�,� ជន�,� ��� �( ��ជ�&, ��ជ�& = 2�ក�/ , 2�កប� ��គ =

J. �ចក Mន� �គR@N( (��) �ច���� (��) �ច�& (ជ�J) = 2�ក�/ � =

�. �ក] ក Mន� �គR@N( (��) �ក] ���� (��) �ក] �& (ជ�J) =2�ក�កF =

�. Oយក Mន� �គR@N( (��) �ទ���� (��) Oយ�& (ជ�J) =2�កaB =

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�. Zយក Mន� �គR@N( (��) ប������ (��) Zយ�& (ជ�J) =2�កផ'ក =

�. ��ក Mន� �គR@N( (��) �k���� (��) ���& (ជ�J) =2�ក. ប0 =

�. Jយក Mន� �គR@N( (��) �ន���� (��) Jយ�& (ជ�J) =2�ក�'ក, � =

IH. ��ក Mន� �គR@N( (��) Hន���� (��) ���& (ជ�J) =2�ក�MK ប0 =

II. �ធក Mន� �គR@N( (��) Hន���� (��) �ធ�& (ជ�J) =2�ក�MK ប0 =

ខ. �0� បចV]យ)បកប�_បក�� �5��@#/�_ប-ក#./ធនN I. មiH�ក Mន� �គR@N(

(��) មiH������ (��) មiH��& (ជ�J) =2�ក�/ �ងជនaB� ក\យ (មកព � + ប + H� + �� + �0� ) =

�. &�បក Mន� �គR@N( (��) &��ប���� (��) &�ប�& (ជ�J) =2�ក�/ �ង

ជនaB�ធ?� ( ក� + k�ប + �0� ) =

I�H �ម���នទ ��

+�ធ��,�[#មក�'ក;ក@>ង,��4គ (')

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,��4គABC�!D កកកក. . . . �)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN�)ប��បទ� ����នN �ច�& ប�� ��� ម�គd Nក� ប�គd;� ទ��0 �� %ន�គចp�� P ប/�� �2�ក�/ � �ឃ�ញ�@�យ ន_�ប/គR� M� ក0 ក�/ងផK_ � �ទ�ប�d:ម ប/គR��,� =

ខ. . . . �)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ�)ប��,មបទ ���& �ច� �� �& ច ធម'� ��ន=� P 2�ក. ប0)ប� ផង�មនព�# 2�ក. ប0)� ផង ក�ព/ង. ប0 ន_�ធមw =

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(ភ�ក[/ )2�ក����ង ន_�ធមw ��មង)ប�ព? ន_�ប/WB �)ច�ន = (�ទ�& ព/ ��មន�ន��0�# ភ�ក[/ �ទ = 2�កsក��-យaB�#����ងធមw�នគY��� �( �ទ�កប/គR� =ប/គR�2�ក����ង) =

((((ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0 W?/W?/W?/W?/ បចV]យបចV]យបចV]យបចV]យ))))

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I. �� �បចV]យMន#! � �_�ច��� �ធ )បកប�_បម�នខ/��បKកព បចV]យ���Mន#! � z�ទ�#�ទ = �]ពT���ច/� �� បចV]យ�ន�bច)ប)ព'#. �d�ន � ធនNគY ក#./ �_ប-ក#./ធនN, ក#./ �_ប-#�f �ធនN, �M��_ប-#�f �ធនN = �. � �ធ : �ង� �គR@NគYMនគ#��_ច �� បចV]យ)គប0)បO� = បL/�ន.ន�យម�)ប:ម�_ប� �គR@N�នក#./ �_ប-ក#./ធនN�)ច�ន�ង �)ប( “2�ក...” Mន�ម�នMន�ទT/បបទ, �ម/ខក��ន = )ប��ន�ប�ច/��ម!យ�#/ព �#!���Mនទ ប�ផ/#�ពBUqនN ច, ជ, ទ, ន, ប, � )#u�SK �0ទ ប�ផ/#�#/< �ង�ន�� � �(�/បទ ប�ផ/#�#/�ចញ �@�យ#)ម#� �=� :ម� �ធ

I�� �ម���នទ ��

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�. �ប�ច/��ម!យ�#/Mនទ ប�ផ/#� ម )#u�SK �0 ម > ន, �ប�ទ ប�ផ/#�#/� ន )ប0)#u�ទ/ក ន aBគង0�_បន�ង#)ម¨#� ន=� �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

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J. �ប�ទ ប�ផ/#�#/�)�N 7 � 9 )#u�)ព'ទ8� 7 > N, 9 > " �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

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. កមt�7ប-ក�!nធន;

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�] �

(�យ) � �bc� ក� �យ�ន=�� (��) �] � (ធ' ) P (ធមw.ទ.s) (បចj�យន ���បចV]យ) ��មង�ធ?� � )ពម � គY( �bc� �-យ�� .�� �)|��@#/�,� (ធមw.ទ.�,�) ��� �( �] �, �] � =គYបចV]យ�ធ?�)ពម�-យ�� (���បចV]យ:ក0�#ង �-យ��) =

�ម���នទ �� �J�

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(�� ��[ � �� s) ក���� ��មង�ធ?� %ភ� �)ក�ពក %ភ� គY( � ���bcន �-យ� ���� � �� � គY( �bc� �-យ�� .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� ��[ � �� �,�) %ភ��] ��, %ភ�- �] �� =2�ក�ធ?����)ក�ពក = �_ម��ងv#�ម�� %ភ� )#u��ខ��ចក. � � ���bcន, � �ខ��ចក. � �bc� =

ប� �&] � (ជ�J) ប� � មន=�/ ក���� ��J�� (��) ប� �&] �� (%;�u ��) P (ជន) �#ង�ធ?� ប� � ជ/ �� �ញ គY( មន=�/ �-យជ/ �� �ញ (�-យ�)គ¡ង)ប-ប0�,�) �)|��@#/�,� (�)គ¡ង)ប-ប0�,�) ��� �( ប� �&] ��, ប� �&] �� =��)គ¡ង�ធ?�ជ/ �� �ញ�នជន, ប� �O[ � =

ប���&] � ប��� ក��� ប���&] �� PPPP

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O��ធ?� ក�/ងO�ម/ន ��� �( ប��&] ��,,,, ប���&] �� =ក�� �5 -ក0ក�/ងrងម/ខ (��_ប�ធនN) = (�]ពTខK�ម�ន�ន:�ង� �គR@Nន�ង�)បទ/ក�ទ �)|��ងp 'ម(2�ក- ��កFbច�)ប�ន�@�យ) =

ក�!')�?1 0) �]ពT�����)មចមកព � បចV]យ�_ច�|��!ច�@�យ�ន� �]ពT ខK��>�ព��)ប)#u��)ប):ប0�]ពTច� Q �#ម.ង �ប�ម�ន�)ប�_�D� ��ទ 2�ក . ប0bចម�នយ�0���ង\L �ក�Mន��� �)|�(ប/\W�$ក�ន�)ប�5L ង�,��!ចមក�@�យ�_ច� ���( �)ប( �\គ, �] � =�P[ �< �ង£យ, ��mX =b|ធ, ឈY, �bcZ; = ����� ����ម = �ប��,ម,ម គ�)ច�ន��)មចមកព �_ប� �គR@N�ប�0��_ប�- ធនN = �ប��គ/W,ម��)មចមកព )គប0ធនN Mន� �ធ ប��បក :ម� �ភ#.��ផfង Q �ន< �ង � ��ងRគY �ប�ប/ ���ងRប��បក:ម�បប ប�� � = �ប�i#3 ��ងR )#u�ច/� � បចV]យ ប��បក:ម�បប ក�� = �ប��នប/ ��ក��ងRប��បក:ម�បប ក�; = �ព�����ប��)ប��គ/Wបទ�ន,មs)#u�ប��បកaBMន ��ងR, �ចនN, � �ភ#.�aB����{� ន'ង,ម�)ប�ន�,� Q ព �)|�O�, �យក�d�)ប�ក�/ង

�ម���នទ �� ��I

)ប�5គគYយក�#�]ពTធនNបL/�so � =

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�ម���នទ �� ���

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Z � � + �

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IH. �ម' បចV]យ�បចV]យMន#! � Mនគ#��_ច ���� បចV]យ��� = O��ប��/ប � �#0�d �>��0�# ម' � ម �_ច� កម' � �. (យ� ��ន) &�ព0ន=� (��) កម'� (ក� ចj�) P (ក�ចVs ���ជន) គប4 �ធ?� �)|��@#/�,� (ក�ចV�,�) ��� �( កម'� =���ជនគប4 �ធ?� (កម�, 2��ព�) = ��)មចមកព (ក� + �ម') > កម', �/បទ ប�ផ/#�#/ន�ង�/ប � �កម��_ប-កម�ធនN = ធម' � �. (��) X������ (��) ធ�' (��[) P (��Ns) �#ង)ទ)ទង0 �)|��@#/�,� (��N�,�) ��� �( ធ�' =2�ក)ទ)ទង0 (ធមw) = ��)មចមកព (ធ� + �ម') > ធម', � ក#./ �_ប-ក#./ធនN = < �ងព ��]ពT�ន��)ប��,ម,មន�យម�)ប):ប0�]ពT( កម�, ធម�= ធមw, )ព�ធមw, � % O�ន.ប/ ���ងRន�ងនប/ ��ក��ងR = II. � �ចj បចV]យ�បចV]យMន#! � �ប��/ប � �#0�d�@�យ�>��0�# .ចj Mន2�sច�/បទ ប�ផ/#�#/�ន ន�ងន�យមច/��ម!យ ក� �#/ ម!យបL/�so � ក� ចj � �. (យ� ��ន) &�ព0ន=� (��) ក� ចj� (កម'�) P (2��ព�s ���ជន) គប4 �ធ?� �)|��@#/�,� (2��ព��,�) ��� �( ក� ចj� =���ជនគប4 �ធ?� = ��)មចមកព (ក� + � �ចj) > ក� ចj �កម�.កម�., � % O�ន.នប/ ��ក��ងRប��បក:ម� �ភ#.�,,�_ច ក�; =

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I.� )ប�ភទម�ន�ច0ទ ឃN���ម�#/ �#ខK�� �O�N . > N �ន�_ច (ក� �+�� ) > �ក��, � �. �ក��� 9ទQ� គចp�� 9ប� � ន������ �ក�� =ទង0 (= ធ�Y) = (គ� + �� ) > គ��, � �. (��) គ��� �\j �� គ���� �ម�� [ ��B� ��នHន=� (��) គ�� (�ច� ���) =bD�B, )គu, (2�ក�)��ន_���ចក. )�£ញ0ក�/ង���f) = �)ប�_�ច�� (�� �ច� ��� bD�B s) គ��� [ �#ង�)�� ក. �\j �� [ �#ង�)ច ក. គ���� [ �#ង�. � ក. �ម�� [ �#ង�ភ��ចញ ក. ��នH� ន_���ចក. )�£ញ0 ��B� ក�/ង���f.ទ. .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� �ច� ��� bD�B �,�) គ�� ��� �( គ��, គ�� =)គu (2�ក�)��ន_���ចក. )�£ញ0ក�/ង���f< �ង£យ) = (ចក] + �� ) > ចក]� , � �. ចក] �� � �បន=� ចក]� ====�ភ�ក, ចក[/ , O��ឃ�ញ = (�ន + �� ) > �ន�, � �. ��J�� ���ទ�ក] ន=� �ន� (� �� �) =Oយ, ��4ក,= (ធន + �� ) > ធន�, � �. ធន�� ទ@� ក������ ធន� =ធ�_ , (n�Z =�ផKធ�_ , ក_ន��) = (ប + �� ) > ប�, � �. ប�យ�� mធ�យ�� �ម��កH��� ប� (ច��ប��O) =�#?ច�UV' ម, MV �0�ខf# =

�ម���នទ �� �H�

(ពនQ + �� ) > ពនQ� , � �. ពនQយ�� ��នH���J�� ពនQ� =�#�, ព!ក, ពន8/ = (ភម + �� ) > ភម�, � �. ភម�� ច;���� ភម� =�\មច��UV� ម = (%ម� + �� ) > %ម�� , � �. %ម��� %ភ�Jទ� ក������ %ម�� ([� �) ====ទ'ក =

. ថ បចy$យ ថ �បចV]យ#!ព�#ម�ន�ច0�/ប�ទ ន�ងMន� �ធ ច/��ម!យ�#/ � 5L ង�_ច#�d�ន� �.I �កF�#/aBគង0�_ប���ម�_ច� (ទម + ថ) > ទមថ, � �. ទមន� ទន�# =O�ទ_,� ន, O�@?'ក = (ម + ថ) > មថ � �. ក� �; �ម���� ម�# =��ច-ក. ��ប0 = (ទ� + ថ) > ទ�ថ, � �. ទ��� ទ��# =��ចក. ខ?�0r? យ = (ប + ថ) > បថ, � �. បន� ប�# =O��4ថ, �ម4ថ = (� + � + ថ) > �[ថ, � �. ��ន=� �'�ន=� ���# =ទ �> = (9ប + � + ថ) > 9�Zថ, � �. 9ប�ន=� N/� �� 9�Z-�# =�ថ�j���ថ (SK �0 � �ន � �d� ") =

�HJ �ម���នទ ��

(យ� + ថ) > យ�ថ, � �. យ��� ម�B �ភ����� យ��# =@?_ង�#? = �.� �/បទ ប�ផ/#�ន�#/ខK� Q �_ច� (�H + ថ) > �ថ, � �. �H�យ�� 9Zទ�យ���� ��# =��ទ�, �ថ = (�ម + ថ) > �ថ, � �. �មន=� ក� xន=� N��J�� ��# =��ទ�, �ថ = �.� SK �0)�N 9 �ន �, �� ន�ង % �#/< �ងម_�� %� �_ច� (� > � + ថ) > ��, � �. ��� HM�� N��J�� ��� =b�/ធ = (�� > �� + ថ) > ���, � �. H����ប� ����� N��J�� ���� =��ព#0 = (% > %� + ថ) > %��, � �. O@ ន�� �ប� %�� ភ����� %�/� =2#3, ��ចក. = �.J SK �0ទ ប�ផ/#�#/� � �_ច� ( > � + ថ) > �� =n. , #)M = (� > � + ថ) > �� =n. , #)M = (� > �� + ថ) > ��� = ��ព#0 = (%� > %� + ថ) > %�� =)ទពB, �ម4#.� = ថ បចV]យbចយកមក�)ប�ក�/ង)ប�5គ�ផfង Q �_ចបចV]យz�ទ�#�ន�_ច�

�ម���នទ �� �H�

*. ម�# ច � �បBJ ច មថ� �បBន� P ��ចក. ��ប0 ផង O��ឃ�ញច��0 ផង ��� �( �មថ� �ប�f, = -. ច��=B ទម�# �ធ� P O�ទ_,� ន ន_�ច�#. �O�)ប�ព = ច��=B �ឆ�� � �ភ#.�ព�#�មន�#�)បOច0( “ន_�” ព �)|� ថ បចV]យMន2�sចបPR ប0�_ច{� ន'ង �0� , ��, យ� បចV]យ����|��!ច�@�យ����_ច� ព0ZបB %ក��� �bc� �,�zង =

�. ម បចy$យ ម �បចV]យ#!ព�#ម�ន�ច0�/ប�ទ ���Mន� �ធ )បកប�_ប � �បប�_ច#�d�ន� �.I � �ធ ទ/ក�#/aBគង0�_ប���ម�_ច�

(H� + ម) > H�ម � �. H��J���� H�� =ទ'ក��នf �ម = (ភ� + ម) > ភ�ម � �. �យន=� N��' �� ភ�� =យកf = (O + ម) > Oម � �. O�� %�ខ�r� ក������ O� =�ខf, ភ!ងSv = (� + ម) > �ម � �. ����� �� =5ម, ��$ = (^ > # + ម) > #ម � �. ��bcន=� N��J�� #� =កMK �ង =

�.� � �ធ )ព'ទ8�)�N�ប�0�#/�_ច�

�H� �ម���នទ ��

(� + ម) > ��ម � �. �k���� ��� =)ព�ច]នT = (;� + ម) > �<ម � �. ;�យ���� �<� =�\ម = (H� + ម) > �Hម � �. H��J�� ប��=���� �Hម� =M� = (� � + ម) > ��ម � �. [យន=� N��J�� ��� =)#�0#�ញ = (>ព�H + ម) > >ពH' � �. ��H� ��H� គ���H� >ព�H�� �Ay���� >ពS' =)ព�)ព@� (�/ប)�N���ម�#/) =

�. ; បចy$យ ; �បចV]យ#!ព�#Mន�)ប�ច��|��#�#/ J #!គY %;, ក;, ; ន�ង មថ �_ចMន� �ធ rង�)Oម�ន� (%; + ;) > %;f � �. %;�� ម������� %;f� =ទទ'ក, ថ� , ខV = (ក; + ;) > ក;f � �. ក;��ព0� �ខq�ព0ន=� ក;f� =GK #, �/ខ)�!� = (; + ;) > ;f � �. ;�� គចp�� ប� ����� ;f� =ក_ន��, )ពញ = ច��|� មថ �#/, SK �0 ថ � ; �ទ�បច/� ; បចV]យ (មថ > ម; + ;) > ម;f � �. មថ�� � ��<x���� ម�<f =2�ក)ប-�0ច��ប0 =

�ម���នទ �� �H�

ក�!')�?1 0) %;f, ក;f, ;f < �ង � �]ពT�ន�bច(ច/� យ បចV]យក��ន��� ព �)|� (; + យ) > ;3 = ;f �_�ច���d� %;3, ក;3, ;3 �)ប�_ចrង��� = �_ម�ក�ម��� �ធ SK �0ប._ �ទ ប�ផ/#�#/�ម!យ យ បចV]យក�/ង�ម���នទ IJ �នគ I =

�. %; បចy$យ

%; បចV]យ��$ច/�មក)#u��/ប#! % �ចញaB��0ន_�)#'ម�# ; បL/�so � �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (ក� + %;) > ក�; � �. ក��� ឆ�ន@�� Zប�ក ធ�ម'�� ក�;� =2��ព���, ក/�� = (កទ + %;) > កទ; � �. កទ�� មជR�� N��ន កទ;� =���ម�ចក = (ពH + %;) > ពH; � �. ពH�� ��ទQM គចp���� ពH;� =�)ច�ន, )O�0 = (ម�r + %;) > ម�r ; � �. ម�r� យ�� ភ��យ�� ម�r ;� =ប� ���W, �ង0ម_� = (�មខ + %;) > �មខ; � �. �មខ�� កb�� �ច��=� ក���� �មខ;�,

�H� �ម���នទ ��

�មខ< =�����កប�|ក0)ទ,ប0�ប�0)� = (មងd + %;) > មងd;. � �. មងdន=� ��ទQM គចpន=� N��J�� មងd;� = មងR� (��ចក� ច�)ម�ន) = (ក + %;) > ក; � �. �&u �� ��=�ន=� ក;� =< �ងម_�, < �ង)�/ង, < �ង2�0 =

. ��, <ន បចy$យ

បចV]យ � #!�ន��)Mប0ច/�ក�/ង�#/ � #!គY ក; ន�ង ; �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (ក; + ��) > ក;q� P (ក; + <ន) > ក<f ន P � �. ក;�� យ#�ខ� ប��=���� ក;q�k � ក<f �J =��ចក. ��, ព �\� = (បb� + ; + ��) > បb�;q� P (បb� + ; + <ន) > បb�<f ន P � �. JJ�ម'��/ បb��H� �/0 ;���� បb�;q-�k � បb�<f �J =ទ �ម��ព!ន�> =

�ម���នទ �� �H�

�. ថ�, �=�ម, �� ម បចy$យ បចV]យ< �ងប #!�ន�Mន��ប�ប�)ប�ពញ( “�ក�#�@�យ” �_ច{� = បL/�ន.ក�/ងទ �ន��)ប)#'ម��ចក. ��ង[បបL/�so � �_ច� (��ប� + ថ�) > ��បថ� � �. ��ប�ន ន�ព0�/= ��បថ� =O��ប0ញ] � = (� + ថ�) > យថ� � �. �យន ន�ព0�/= យថ� =O���ក = (ទ� + ថ�) > ទ�ថ� � �. ទ��ន ន�ព0�/= ទ�ថ� =��ចក. �}. )កeយ= (�ម� + ថ�) > �មថ� � �. ��មន ន�ព0�/= �មថ� =O�ច�P� � = �ប��)បaB�ពញ�)ប( “�ក�#�@�យ�)|�O��ប0ញ] �” ����ម = (� > �� + ថ�) > ���� � �. �ន=� N/� �� ���� =���ង = (ម > ម� + ថ�) > ម��� � �. ទធM �ម���� ម��� =ទ'ក�-�\�(K = (ក� > �&� + ថ�) > �&��� � �. ក��យ�� %�&u �យ�� �ភ��Jទ/= �� �&��� =ក�nxq ង = (ក� > ក� + �=�ម) > ក��=�ម � �. ក���ន ន�ព0�=� ក��=�ម� =O��ធ?� = (O + �=�ម) > ទ�=�ម � �. O�នន ន�ព0�=� ទ�=�ម� =O�aB = (ភ� + �=�ម) > ���=�ម � �. ភ��ន ន�ព0�=� ���=�ម� =O�Mន =

(" + H� + �� ម) > "S� �ម � �. %�ន�នន ន�ព0�=� "S� �ម� =O�ប_� =

�IH �ម���នទ ��

�. �� បចy$យ

�� �ន��បចV]យ#!ព�#ន�ងMន#! � បL/�ន.ម�នD#0ច_�ក�/ង sន/ពន8បចV]យ�ទ �_�ច����$ច/�ក�/ង�#/s )#u�ទ/កaBគង0�_ប���ម�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

(Hន + �� ) > H�� , Hន� � �. ��ជន� Hន�� HM�� N��J�� H�� , Hន� [ =ចPv , (R ម = (ជន + �� ) > Y�� � �. គមន� ជ�ន���� Y�� =ជងRង0 = (� + �� ) > ��� , �ន� � �. ��� ទ�ព0���� ��� , �ន� [ =)ព�bទ�#B = (� � + �� ) > ���� � �. ន�[�� �យ�� គចp���� ���� =ធ_� , ��2ង = (ខន + �� ) > ��� � �. ខន���m0 %�O� ���m0 �� ��� =�ងR#0�ឈ� = (�� + �� ) > ���� � �. ���� �ន=J= �ន ភ����� ���� , ពH���� %;ន=� [ ���� =¬�f = (%ម + �� ) > %�� � �. %ងdមងdB ��ជRន�� � � �ជ�ន�� � %ម�� គចp���� %�� =ច��Wក��ន���# (b#_ម), 2W_ , (I 2W/ = �� ប�MW_ ) =

�ម���នទ �� �II

. >�� k � បចy$យ

>�� បចV]យ��$ច/�មក)#u��/ប � �ចញ�@�យ��)មច�_ប � >� rងច/ង ���Mន�_ប�_ច���n�v'# b)�]យ�@#/�ន�គ!��#� � បចV]យ�d� �ញ�ទ = (បចV]យ���Mន#! � )#u��ធ?�5L ងsម�ន2ធ�ប�យ�ទ�#�ទ) = បL/�ន.ក�/ងកDV យនពmក�W� �$ក�នaBj<- @�W7 < �ងព ��បប�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (ឆទ + � � >��) > ឆ�=, ឆ>� � �. ��ប� ��ទ���� ឆ�=�, ឆ>�� = ឆ])# = (ច�� + � � >��) > ច��=, ច�>� � �. ��ម'�� ច��ន=���� ច��=�, ច�>�� ច��ន=ន=� មiយ��=ធ' N��J�� [ ច��=�, ច�>�� =ច�#., ច�)# = (�, �ទ + � � >��) > ��=, �>� � �. %��� %ភ�B��- ���� ��=�, �>�� %��� ��ទ���� [ ��=�, �>�� =�_)# = (ន� + � � >��) > �ន�=, �ន>� � �. ��= �ន���� �ន�=�, �ន>�� .ចp��zc ន� �នន=� N��J�� [ �ន�=�, �ន>�� =�ភ�ក = (បទ + � � >��) > ប�=, ប>� � �. �S� ប�ន=� N/� �� ប�=�, ប>�� =�)# =

Mន�]ពT�)ច�ន������ច/� � បចV]យ�ន� បL/�ន.�_មក/ �)ចl��ម!យ � បចV]យក�/ងក�#ក�� �5 =

�I� �ម���នទ ��

��. ធ បចy$យ

ធ �បចV]យ#!ព�# O��ប�ច/�មកbច�ឃ�ញ�_ប�ន5L ងPយ �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (�ម + ធ) > �នQ � �. �មន=� N�� ប�ទ���� �នQ� =�_ង, �ន8 = (ម�ទ + ធ) > ម�ទQ � �. �ទន=� N�� 8&ទ���� ម�OQ =ក��= (%� + ធ) > %ទQ � �. %�ន=� យន=� N/� �� %OQ =ផK_ � = (គ�ធ + ធ) > គទQ � �. �គធ���� គ�OQ =�#?:� # = (� �ធ + ធ) > � �ទQ � �. ប� �� �ជ����� � �ទQ� =� # = �_ម��ងv#�ម��ន�ងក#0ច�s ���ប�ប#)ម#ទ ប�ផ/#�#/ផង =

��. ទ, .ទ@ បចy$យ

បចV]យព �#!�ន�ក��#!ព�#��� O��ប�ច/�មកbច�ឃ�ញ�_ប�ន �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (� + 9ទ� + ទ) > ម�ទ@ � �. %�=ន� នh�B �/ន� មចpមក�ន� ប�����មនB � 9ន@�� ប��� ជ�ន���� ម��O@ =�ម/)ទ = (.ទ� + ទ) > .ន@ � �. .ន@�� ប�ម�B� �យ� ក������ .�J@ =2�ក�ធ� = (ចទ� + ទ) > ចន@ � �. ចន@���m0 .ចp���m0 �� ច�J@ =)ព�ច]នT =

�ម���នទ �� �I�

(ខ�ទ + ទ) > ខ�ទ@ � �. ខ�ទ�� ប�Z����� ខ��O@ =#_ច = (ប + ទ) > ទ@ � �. បន=� N�នJ�� �O@ =�_�, ���lង= (ទ; + ទ) > ទ;�ទ@ � �. ទ;�� ទ�គd��� � គចp���� ទ;��O@ =)ក, ទ]� =

�_ម��ងv#�ម��ន�ងក#0ច�s ���ប�ប#)ម#ទ ប�ផ/#�#/ផង =

�. ក k A បចy$យ

ក បចV]យ�ន�MនO��)ប��បKក{� បន.�ចគYក�/ងគមE �កDV យនពm-ក�W� ន�ង�ទTន #�បក�W� )�ប0(�)Mប0ច/�ក�/ងព!ក�#/�_ច� កA�, ឃb�, ក�t� ����មគY�#/s���Mន#! A�, b� � t� �ទ ប�ផ/#ន�ងaBច/�ន�គR@�#������ម�#/��ន �!ចSK �0ន�គR@�#�,�� � ន�ង�/ប ក បចV]យ�D� �@�យ#)ម¨#� �r = � zក�/ងគមE ��MគR$K នពmក�W� � �ញ )�ប0( �)Mប0ច/�ក�/ង�#/���Mនទ ប�ផ/#� ម � ន ���SK �0� � = �_�ច��� �ធ : �ង � �គR@N)#u��)ប�ក�� �5bខm# �_ចMនj<@�W7 rង�)Oម�ន� (កA� + ក) > ក�r � �. ក�r� ��m0 ឆ�ន@���m0 �� ក�kr =ក_ន�� =

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�>Mន�]ពT�)ប�បចV]យ�ន��)ច�ន�ទ�#���bចR �0�ន =

��. .� k ក� � បចy$យ

�ម���នទ �� �I�

ច��|� ក� � បចV]យ��$ច/�ក�/ងទ ប�ផ/#�#/)#u��/ប#! ក �ចញ�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (��ម + .� � ក� �) > ��ម� � �. ���ម���� ��ម�� � =ពងង'#, ទ'ក = (��H + .� � ក� �) > ��H�ម � �. ��H�� ប��=���� ��H�� � =�ម = (មទ + .� � ក� �) > មទ�� � �. ជJ មជRន=� N��J�� មទ� =) = (%ជ + .� � ក� �) > %ជ�� � �. %ជន=� គចpន=� N��J�� %ជ�� � = ទ $ន =

��. ទ� បចy$យ

ទ� �ន�ក��បចV]យ#!ព�#��� O��ប�ច/�មកbច�ឃ�ញ�_ប�ន�_ច rង�)Oម�ន� (ទទ + ទ�) > ទទ@� � �. ទ�ក]� ទO���� ទទ@� =�\គ�)�ង = (%ទ + ទ�) > %ទ@� � �. ទ��ក] ន %ទ�� ភក] �� N/� �� %ទ@� =�r� �,គ/គ = (មទ + ទ�) > មទ@� � �. មទ�� 9ម'�=� ក������ មទ@� =2�ក)�� 'ង =

��. 7�� បចy$យ

�I� �ម���នទ ��

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��. 9B, ន�, . បចy$យ

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+�ធ���ងH'nធន;ន�ម9យ \

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I. ពនQ �#/�)ប( “ចង”

(ពនQ + យ�) > ពនQន

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�. O �#/�)ប( “aB” O �#/�ប�ផf ��ម!យ �0� �d� Oយក =2�កaB =

�ម���នទ �� �I�

Oយក “2�កaB” �2�ក�ធ?�ន_�O�aB គY� ក#./ �_ប-ក#./ធនN = Mន� �គR@N( (��) �ទ���� (��) Oយ�& (ជ�J) =2�កaB, <យក = O �#/�ប�ផf ��ម!យ យ� �d� Oន =���ជនគប4 aB = Oន �ប�� “�#3/ ” ����គaB គY� កម��_ប-កម�ធនN ព �)|���#3/ = Mន� �គR@N( (យ� ��ន) O�ព0ន=� (��) Oន� (���� ) =(�#3/ )���ជនគប4 aB, <ន, 2��sយ = Oន �ប�� “2��ព�aB” គY� ��_ប-�ធនN ព �)|��ទ�ង?� = Mន� �គR@N( ទ�យ���� Oន� =O�aB = Oន �ប�� “�ច#,” គY� ក#./ �_ប-ក�WធនN �)|�aB�-យ�ច#, = Mន� �គR@N( (ជ�J) �ទ�� ��J�� (��) Oន� (�ច�Jកម'�) = (�ច#,កម�)��)គ¡ងaB�នជន (<ន) = Oន �ប�� “ទ ក�នKង” គY� 2ធ�ក�WធនN ព �)|��គaBន_�ទ ក�នKង = Mន� �គR@N( (ជ�J) �ទ�� N/� �� (��) Oន� (^ន�) =(�ន)�ទ aB�នជន =

((((ចប0,មក�#កN)#'ម�ន�ចប0,មក�#កN)#'ម�ន�ចប0,មក�#កN)#'ម�ន�ចប0,មក�#កN)#'ម�ន�))))

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(យ�) �B %��B H��� (��) �ទQ��� (បចjយY��) P

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I. �ខq�បចj|យ �. %ព3យបចj|យ

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��� �ម���នទ ��

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j<@�W7 ធម'�ក

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��� �( ���qទ��ទQ�� �ន���)មចមកព (���� + �ទ� + �ទQ��) > ���qទ��ទQ�� (SK �0 . �ន �� � យ > �3 �ន� ���3 + �ទ�) = ���� =ឆKង, �ទ�=����ម �)ប( #ទ8�#���Mន ���� �rង���ម = ក�/ងទ �ន�ន'ងម�ន\ប0:ម��� �ម!យ Q �_ចក�/ងបក�W7 z�ទ�#�ទ គY�ចក)ប�ភទ:ម� �ធ : �ង� �គR@N� �ញ ���ម4 aB)�!�យ�0 = #ទ8�#�ន�MនបចV]យ�#ម!យ#!គ#0គY �� ក ��)គ¡ង�MR �0ន�ង�)ប�ជ�ន!��]ពTប!ន)ប�ភទគY bខm#ក�� �5, ក�#ក�� �5, ,ម,ម ន�ង គ/W,ម = �ប��)ប�ជ�ន!�,ម�]ពTs ,ម�]ពT�,� Q OK យ�គ/W,ម = )ប��ន�ប�,ម�,� Q �ប0<ក0ទងន'ងមន/�f��#?Mនជ � �#)#u��)ប( “2�ក��� ...” �ន�ចV = O�)បកប�_ប�]ពT�ម!យបចV]យ�sន/ពន8Mន2�sច5L ង�មLច ច_��ម��ក�/ង�{#.#ទ8�#rង��� = �� ក បចV]យ�ន��)ប�ក�/ង��ចក. �)ច�ន5L ង(2�នក#3)�_ច� O�$យ, O�|ក0ព]ន8, ម�ធm�យ��0�>, ម�ធm�យ�ធ?����W� �, ទ�,ក0ទ�នង, O���ង�)គ¡ង�ភKង, O�, �យក, ទ �ក�#�ទ ��0�>, O���កF, O�)ប)ព'#.� ����ម = Mន� �ធ : �ង� �គR@N J �បប�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1�C;=ន'�'hទ�'ទ��'

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I. បទ���ម���W,ម )#u�ប��បក:ម� �ភ#.��ផfង Q aB)#u��ម!យ��ចក. ក�/ង� �គR@N�,� Q = �. បទច/ង�bខm#ក�� �5 )#u��ធ?��ន8��ម!យ .�� �]ពT = �. បទ#ទ8�#)#u�ច/� �� ក បចV]យជ�ន!�ក�� �5�]ពT� �ញ ន�ង ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�aB)#u�:មO�ន.�,� Q =

)ប��ន�ប��)ប�ជ�ន!�bខm#ក�� �5)#u��ថម .�� �]ពTច_�មកrង ច/ងbខm#ក�� �5 �_ច� (��� + .��) > ����� (ច_��ម��� �ធ ��-��� .�� �]ពTក�/ង�ម���នទ �H) =

(,ម,ម + ក�� �5bខm# + .��) > បទ#ទ8�#

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� �. J[យ ������ J� ��& P បទ���ម បទច/ង បទ#ទ8�#

*. (J[ + �� ក) > J� �ក � �. J[យ ������ J� ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���ឆKង�-យទ_ក (2�ក����ធ?����W� �:មទ_ក) =

�ម���នទ �� ���

ក�/ង� �គR@N បទ( J[យ ������ ម�នMនបទ)ប�ន�ទ �_�ច�� D ��ច0)#u��កបទ)ប�នមកបUV_ ����ម4 aB�)ប�ន��ចក. �� ន�ងគ�)ច�នន�យម�ថម យ-� ច_�មក aB�d�)ប�5គ យ-� �)ប�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (�� ជ�J � ជន zs) ���� ��មងឆKង J[យ �-យទ_ក .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� ជ�J � ជន �,�) J� ��& ��� �( J� ��&, J� ��& (ជ�J � ជន) =2�ក���ឆKង�-យទ_ក (2�ក�������ទ_ក, 2�ក�����0�>���ទ_ក, 2�កទ_ក �) = � z� �គR@N��ទ�ទ�#�>rង�)Oមក��)ប:មន]យ�_ច{� ច_�D �ទ/ក ��{��ទ�ប�)ប�ន<ន0ច�#. #�dន'ង�)ប�#�]ពTបL/�so � =

-. (កb+ �� ក) > �កb�ក � �. ក�bន ច����� �កb��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក��������-យ��ទ� (2�ក����ធ?�ក�ចVO��-យ�)ប���ទ�, 2�ក��ទ�) =

,. (Zទ + �� ក) > Zទ�ក � �. Z�ទន ច����� Zទ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក��������-យ�ជ�ង (2�ក�������, �ថ���) =

1. (%ក] + �� ក) > %ក]� ក � �. %�ក] ន ទ�ព0���� %ក]� �& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក�����ង�-យr� ច0 (2�ក��ង�v ) =

��� �ម���នទ ��

4. (&យ + �� ក) > &យ�ក � �. &�យ ��=���� &យ�ក� (កម'�) =(កម��) ���)ប)ព'#.�dក�/ងOយ = ក�/ង� �គR@N�ន�)#u��ថម យ�-�� ច_�មកaB)#u�{� ន'ង &យ�ក� ����នប/ ��ក��ងR ន�ងម�នMន|កB�)ប( “2�ក���...” �ទ ព �)|�ម�ន<ក0ទងន'ង,ម����មន/�f��#?Mនជ � �# =

6. (មន + �� ក) > មន�ក � �. មន� ��=���� មន�ក� (កម'�) =(កម��) ���)ប)ព'#.�dក�/ងច�#. =

C. (�ជគH + �� ក) > �ជគH�ក � �. �ជគ�H ����� �ជគH��& (ជ�J)= (ជន) 2�ក�����0�>ក�/ង)កង\ជ)គ'� (2�ក�>)ក^ង\ជ)គ'�, 2�ក\ជ)គ'�) =

D. (� �នយ + �� ក) > ��នយ�ក � �. � �នយ� %ធ����� ��នយ��& (ភ�ក]� ) =(ភ�ក[/ ) 2�ក������នន_� � �ន]យ (2�ក��កFrង� �ន]យ) =

E. (� + �� ក) > ��ក � �. ��ន �H���� ���& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���, ��d�-យក�� (2�កទ_�) =

*G. (ក�មa� + �� ក) > ក�មa�ក

�ម���នទ �� ���

� �. ក�មa� %�H���� ក�មa��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���, ��dន_�ក�ម (���-ក0ihLន0ក�/ងក�ម, 2�កទ_�ក�ម) =

**. (�<ក + �� ក) > �<ក� ក � �. �<&យ ���=���� �<ក� �& (ធ�' ) =(ធមw) ���)ប)ព'#.�d)ពម���ម4 �#?�$ក =

*-. (ព;� + �� ក) > m;��ក � �. ព;��ន ជ������ m;���& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក�����0�>�-យទ�ពក0 (2�ក�នទ) =

*,. (ក�� + �� ក) > �ក��� ក � �. ក��� HJ=0 ជ������ �ក��� �& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����MK ប0បកf ក�ព/ង��0 ()|នបកf ) = បxq ក0បxq ក0បxq ក0បxq ក0 � �គR@N�ន� �� ក បចV]យ�)ប�ជ�ន!�|កBព �ML #0)ពម{�គYក�#ក�� �5 �ន��0 HJ=0 =�MK ប0�@�យ ន�ងbខm#ក�� �5គY ជ���� =ក�ព/ង��0 =

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ក�/ង� �គR�@N)#u�Mន

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I. បទ���ម���W,ម )#u�ប��បក:ម� �ភ#.��ផfង Q aB)#u��ម!យ��ចក. ក�/ង� �គR@N�,� Q = �. បទច/ង�ក�#ក�� �5 ម�ន�ច0�)ប� .�� �ទ = �. បទ#ទ8�#�)ប� �� ក បចV]យជ�ន!�ន�ងប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�aB)#u�:មO�ន.�,� Q =

(,ម,ម + ក�#ក�� �5) > បទ#ទ8�#

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បទ���ម បទច/ង បទ#ទ8�#

*. (��; + �� ក) > ��;�ក � �. ���;H� �bc� ��;�ក� (��ជន�) =(�ជន)���$យ�@�យ�-យ�� (be�$យ��) = �)ប�$#)ប�5គ( (យ� ��ជន� � �ជន zs) �bc� ���$យ�@�យ ���;H� �-យ��.ទ. ��;�ក� ��� �( ��;�ក� , ��;�ក� (��ជន� � �ជន) ���$យ�@�យ�-យ�� =

-. (&យ + �� ក) > &យ�ក � �. &�យន ក�� &យ�ក� (កម'�) = (2��ព�) ����ធ?��@�យ �-យOយ =

�ម���នទ �� �JI

,. (�ច + �� ក) > [ច�ក � �. �ច� ក�� [ច�ក� (កម'�) =(2��ព�) ����ធ?��@�យ�-យ��� =

1. (�ជគH + �� ក) > �ជគH�ក � �. �ជគ�H Y�/ �ជគH��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ក�#�@�យក�/ង)កង\ជ)គ'� (2�ក)ក^ង\ជ)គ'�) =

4. (O0 � + �� ក) > �O[� �ក � �. O0 �� ន�យ��/= �O[� ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ង<? � (2�កD �<? �) =

6. (���� + �� ក) > ������ ក � �. �����ន ក� �� ������ �& (ភ�r� ) =(2 hLន0) ���ជនទ�ញ�@�យ�-យM� =

C. (ព�ទQ + �� ក) > ព�ទQ�ក � �. ព��ទQ ប�Jh ព�ទQ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)ជ�(K�@�យក�/ង)ព�ព/ទ8 =

D. (Y; + �� ក) > Y;�ក � �. Y�;ន H�/ Y;��& (�/= ) =(�#?) ����MK ប0�@�យ�-យ��sញ0 =

E. (��= + �� ក) > ��=�ក

�J� �ម���នទ ��

� �. ���=ន ព�JQ ��=��& (�/= ) =(�#?) ���ចង�@�យ�-យ�ច� =

�. ,��ភទ�,�[ជ� ន9�#ម#ម )ប��ន�ប��)ប�ជ�ន!�,ម,ម)#u�ប��បក�]ពT< �ង�ន��ប�M� �ភ#.� aB)#u�:មO�ន.ន�ង��ងR�,� Q ន�ងព/ �D ��ច0�ថម .�� �ទ =

ក�/ង� �គR�@N)#u�Mន I. បទ���ម���W,ម )#u�ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�:មO�ន.ន�ង��ងR�,� Q = �. បទកs. �)#u��)ប� %B �)ប( “�នជន�,�” = �. បទច/ង���W,ម )#u�ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�:មO�ន.ន�ង��ងR�,� Q = J. បទ#ទ8�#)#u�ច/� �� ក បចV]យជ�ន!��]ពT����/ប�#0�dន�ងប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�aB)#u�:មO�ន.ន�ង��ងR�,� Q =

(,ម,ម + %B + ,ម,ម ) > បទ#ទ8�# I � � J � �. ម�គd�� %B ����X ម�គd� ��& =

បទ���ម បទកs� � បទច/ង បទ#ទ8�#

�ម���នទ �� �J�

*. (ម�គd� + �� ក) > ម�គd� �ក � �. ម�គd�� %B ����X ម�គd� ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���Mន2នK_ង�b�/ធ = �)ប�$#)ប�5គ( ម�គd�� � 2នK_ង ����X �b�/ធ %B �ប�0ជន�,� (%��� Mន), (�� ជ�J ជន �,�) ម�គd�� ��� �( ម�គd��, ម�គd�� 2�ក���Mន2នK_ង�b�/ធ =

-. (ម�; + �� ក) > �;�ក � �. ម��< %B ����X �;��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���Mន2�)ង�b�/ធ =

,. ([� + �� ក) > [��ក � �. [�/ %B ��mX [���& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���MនខB�0�b|ធ =

1. (ក�មa + �� ក) > ក�មa�ក � �. ក��a %B ប� ��� ក�មa��& (���� ) =(�#3/ ) Mន���G� �ង�)បMW (�P? �0�G� �ង) =

4. � �� + �� ក) > ���� ក � �. � �k %B �បiន=� ���� �& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���Mនព�W����4N (2�ក��ងព�W) =

6. (គនQ + �� ក) > គនQ�ក

�JJ �ម���នទ ��

� �. គ�JQ %B ភ�r� គនQ��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���Mន�)គ¡ង)ក2_ប�ភ]WX (2�ក�ក0�)គ¡ង�#ង�មÈ�f) =

�. ,��ភទ�,�[ជ� ន9�គ>!#ម�>ទ� *. (ងv + �� ក) > ងv �ក

� �. ងvB ន=ក� ងv �ក (���� ) =(�#3/ ) �����ប�0�ងp=

�)ប�$#)ប�5គ (យ� ���� � �#3/ zs) ន=ក� �����ប�0 ងvB �ន�ងp (�� ���� � �#3/ �,�) ងv�ក� ��� �( ងv�ក� , ងv �ក� �����ប�0�ន�ងp = ក�/ង� �គR@N)#u��ថម យ�-�� �5គ ���� ����បទ)ប�ន ព �)|� ន=ក� (�#3/ �)ប�)��0) �គ/W,ម�/ទ8ន�ង�នប/ ��ក��ងR )#u��/ប�#0�d�@�យ�)ប� �� ក ជ�ន!�� �ញ�d� ងv�ក �)ប( “�����ប�0�ងp” =

-. (�&; + �� ក) > �&;�ក � �. �&�; .B�� �&;��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ធ�ក�/ង��ន�O�� =

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((((#�#mទ�#ទ8�#ចប0#�#mទ�#ទ8�#ចប0#�#mទ�#ទ8�#ចប0#�#mទ�#ទ8�#ចប0))))

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*. (មគធ + �) > គធ � �. មគ�ធ .B�� គ�X (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ធ�ក�/ង��នមគធN =

-. (មថ�� + �) > ថ�� � �. មថ��យ� .B�� ថ��� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ធ�ក�/ង��នមថ/\ =

,. (ក�ន= + �) > ក�ន= � �. ក�J= ន� � ��� ក��J= (�ទ��) =()ប�ទ�) ����ទ �ន�#?�)កZ� = �]ពT�����)មចព #ទ8�#�ន��គ/W,ម ប��បក:ម� �ភ#.�,,

��� �ម���នទ JH

�ន< �ងប ��ងR = ((((\{ទ�\{ទ�\{ទ�\{ទ�#ទ8�##ទ8�##ទ8�##ទ8�#ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0))))

�.� -]ទ�'ទ��'

��� �(�:ទ�#ទ8�#�ន�Mនន]យ�_ច#�#mទ�#ទ8�#��� �)|�Mន|កB( �ទ� �]ពT�ប0�ម!យ��� )�ប0aB�'ង(�#ទ8�#Mន Y� �បទrង���ម = #ទ8�#�ន�MនបចV]យ J #!គY .ម, .យ, .ក, ក� យ ��)គ¡ង�MR �0 = បចV]យ< �ង J �ន��)ប�ជ�ន!��#ក�#ក�� �5ន�ងbខm#ក�� �5បL/�so � ម�ន�)ប�ជ�ន!�,ម�គ/W,ម�ទ = � z� �ធ : �ង� �គR@NMន���W� ��_ច\{ទ�#ទ8�#��� = ច��|�បទ���មbច���W,ម�ន��#ក��ន �_ចj<@�W7 #�d�ន�

ក. . . . �,�[ជ� ន9�ក�'ក�� �4

*. (ប��� + .ម) > ប�� �ម � �. ប��� Y�/ ប�� �� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ក�#�@�យ ក�/ងO�ម/ន (2�ក����ក�#ម/ន) =

-. (មជ� + .ម) > មជ� �ម

�ម���នទ JH ���

� �. ម�ជ� Y�/ មជ� �� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ក�#�@�យ ក�/ងO�កs. � (2�ក����ក�#កs. �) =

,. (បnp + .ម) > បចp�ម � �. បnp Y�/ បចp�� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ក�#�@�យ ក�/ងO�rង�)Oយ (2�ក����ក�#�)Oយ) =

1. (%ន= + .ម) > %ន=�ម � �. %�ន= ន�យ��/= %ន=�� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ងទ ប�ផ/# (2�ក���ច/ង�គ) =

4. (%ន= + .យ) > %ន=�យ � �. %�ន= ន�យ��/= %ន=��� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ងទ ប�ផ/# (2�ក���ច/ង�គ) =

6. (មន�BY�� + .យ) > មន�BY��យ � �. មន�BY��� Y�/ មន�BY���� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក����ក�#�@�យ �-យ�#��នមន/�f (មន/�f�#�) =

C. (%BY�� + .យ) > %BY��យ � �. %BY��� Y�/ %BY���� (�/= ) =(�#?) ����ក�#�@�យ �-យ�#��ន��� (�#?���)=

D. (ប�r� �Y�� + .យ) > ប�r� �Y��យ � �. ប�r� �Y��� Y�/ ប�r� �Y���� (ជ�J) =(ជន)

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2�ក����ក�#�@�យ �-យ�#��នបWX� # = E. (%ន= + .ក) > %ន=�ក

� �. %�ន= ន�យ��/= %ន=��& (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ងទ ប�ផ/# (2�ក���ច/ង�គ) =

*G. (%នQ + ក� យ) > %នQក� យ � �. %�នQ ន�យ��/= %នQក� �� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ងទ ងង'# =

**. (bចjនQ + ក� យ) > ជចjនQក� យ � �. ជចj�នQ ន�យ��/= ជចjនQក� �� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���)បកប�@�យក�/ងពងង'#ព ក��W� # (���r? ក0ព ក��W� #) =

ជចjនQ �បទ�M� មកព Y�� + %នQ, SK �0 )�N . �ន �� � យ > �3 > ចj ន�ង��fN)�N � �ន Y �d� % ��)មច�ន ជចjនQ =

ខ. . . . �,�[ជ� ន9�bខh'ក�� �4 )ប��ន�ប��)ប�ជ�ន!�bខm#ក�� �5)#u�: �ង� �គR@N�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

*. (%នQ + ក� យ) > %នQក� យ

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� �. %�JQ %B %����� %នQក� �� (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���Mនពងង'# (r? ក0) = �)ប( %�JQ � ពងង'# %B �ប�0ជន�,� %��� ��មងMន .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� ជ�J � ជន �,�) %នQក� �� ��� �(%នQក� ��, %នQក� �� (ជ�J � ជន) Mនពងង'# =

-. (ប��= + .ម) > ប��=�ម � �. ប��/= %B %����� ប��=�� (ជ�J) = (ជន) ���Mនប/)# =

,. (%BY�� + .យ) > %BY��យ � �. %BY�� %B %����� %BY���� (�/= ) =(�#?)���Mន�#����� = � �>ក�/ងកDV យន_ប#3ម�កគ � ម�ន�)ប� %B �ទ �$ក�)ប� យB � �ញ =

ក�!')�?1 0) I. បចV]យs����ផ.�ម�-យ)�NគY .ម, .យ, .ក O��ប�ច/��ម!យ�]ពTs )#u�SK �0�)�Nន��f ]យ� �ញ �-យ2�sច�ន�ន8� j.(មជ� + .ម) > មជ� �ម, (មន�BY�� + .យ) > មន�BY��យ (ច_��ម��)#ង0���ន8��>rងម/ខ) =

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�. ច��|� ក� យ បចV]យ)#u�ទ/កaBគង0�_ប���ម (%នQ + ក� យ) > %នQក� យ (ច_��ម��)#ង0ពBUq ន�ន8�) = �. �]ពT#ទ8�#���ច/�បចV]យ J #!�ន� �គ/W,មប��បក:ម� �ភ#.��ផfង Q �ន< �ងប ��ងR =

((((�:ទ�#ទ8�#�:ទ�#ទ8�#�:ទ�#ទ8�#�:ទ�#ទ8�#ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0))))

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�ម_@#ទ8�#�ន�MនបចV]យ � #!គY ក�, �, / ��)គ¡ង�MR �0 �)ប�ជ�ន!�,ម�]ពTម!យML #0គY ម�H �)ប( “)បជ/ �, )កម, ព!ក, @?_ង” = � �ធ )បកប�_ប�]ពT�ម!យsន/ព]ន8បចV]យMន2�sចaB ទ ឃN�)ព'ទ8��ន�_ច � បចV]យក�/ង�{#.#ទ8�#��� = � �ធ ���ង� �គR@NគY�_ច{� < �ង2�0�-យMន�{�O�W7 �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=ន�ម7C'ទ��' I. បទ���ម�,ម,មប��បក�ឆ�� � �ភ#.�ព@/�ចនN�)ប( “�ប�0, �ន” �ន�ចV = �. បទច/ង�)ប� ម�H �]ពT )#u�ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�zក�ចនN�

�ម���នទ JH ���

ម��S �)ប( “)បជ/ �, )ក^ម, ព!ក, @?_ង” �)បsម!យaB�ម:ម ��ចក. = �. បទ#ទ8�#)#u��/ប ម�H �D��@�យច/�បចV]យ#!sម!យជ�ន!�� �ញន�ង)#u�ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�zក�ចនN�ន�ចV =

I � � � �. មន�lន� ម��S ន�B�& P

បទ���ម បទច/ង បទ#ទ8�#

*. ក� បចy$យ *. (មន�B + ក�) > ន�Bក

� �. មន�lន� ម��S ន�B�& =)បជ/ ��នមន/�f.ទ. = -. (មយ�� + ក�) > យ��ក

� �. មយ��ន� ម��S យ���& =@?_ង�ន�O� ក.ទ. = ,. (ក�Z� + ក�) > &�Z�ក

� �. ក�Z/ន� ម��S &�Z��& =@?_ង�ន)|ប.ទ. =

. � បចy$យ *. (មន�B + �) > ន�B

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-. (មយ�� + �) > យ�� ,. (ក�Z� + �) > &�Z�

Mន� �ធ : �ង� �គR@Nន�ង�)ប�_ច ក� បចV]យ��� = បទ#ទ8�#ប��បក� ន��l, យ���, &�Z�/ =

�. / បចy$យ *. ((ម + /) > (ម/

� �. (ន� ម��S (ម/ =)បជ/ ��ន)�/ក.ទ. = -. (ជន + /) > ជន/

� �. ជJន� ម��S ជន/ =)បជ/ ��នជន.ទ. = ,. (Sយ + /) > Sយ/

� �. S�ន� ម��S Sយ/ =ព!ក�ន��£ញ0.ទ. =

ក�!')�?1 0) �]ពT���ច/� �, ក� បចV]យ�ន#ទ8�#�ន��,ម,មន�ង��]ពT % O�ន.ប/ ���ងR bចប��បកក�/ង�_ប� �ភ#.��ផfង Q :ម�បប ប�� � = � z / បចV]យ� �ញ��]ពT � O�ន.i#3 ��ងR�#មLmង )#u�ប��បក:ម�បប ក�� )គប0� �ភ#.�< �ង2�0 =

((((�ម_@�ម_@�ម_@�ម_@#ទ8�##ទ8�##ទ8�##ទ8�#ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0))))

�ម���នទ JH ���

�. dន'ទ��' �ន#ទ8�# �)ប�បចV]យជ�ន!��]ពT�,� Q )�ប0aB�'ងន_�ទ �ន = ^ន �)ប( “ទ : �ង” = #ទ8�#�ន�MនបចV]យ � #!គY 7យ, Nយ3 = �)ប�ជ�ន!��]ពT J ML #0គY ^ន =�@#/�ទ : �ង, %�H�� =គ!�, H�� =)ប�5ជន7, ភ� =Mន = H�� ន�ង ភ� ព ��]ពT�ន�Mន����ងក�/ង�ទT-ន #� = � �ធ )បកប�_ប�]ពT�ម!យបចV]យព �#!�ន� ន�យមច/��ម!យ�]ពT ,មក�#កN�#មLmងគ#0 =

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=នdន'ទ��'

I. បទ���ម�,មក�#កN�ន�ចV ប��បកក�/ង�_ប� �ភ#.�,,:ម��0O�គ!� = �. បទច/ង�)ប� ^ន �]ពTប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�zក�ចនNនប/ ��ក-��ងRMន�_ប� ^ន� �)ប( “ទ : �ង” = �ប��)ប� %�H�� �bខm#-ក�� �5 )#u�ច/� .�� �]ពTច_�មក�d� %�H���� ន�ង�ប��)ប� ភ� )#u�ប��បក� ភ� � �@�យ�/ប�ចញ = �. បទ#ទ8�#ប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�zក�ចនN�ន�ចV =

�. 7យ �,�[ជ� ន9� ^ន

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*. (មទន + 7យ) > មទន�យ � �. មទនB ^ន� មទន�យ� =�ទ : �ង�នO�)�� 'ង =

-. (ពនQន + 7យ) > ពនQន�យ � �. ពនQនB ^ន� ពនQន�យ� =�ទ : �ង�នO�ចង =

,. (�ចន + 7យ) > �ចន�យ� � �. �ចនB ^ន� �ចន�យ� =�ទ : �ង�នO��!ចDក =

. 7យ, Nយ3 �,�[ជ� ន9� %�H��

*. (ទBន + 7យ) > ទBន�យ � �. ទBន� %�H���� ទBន��� (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���គ!�ន_�O��ឃ�ញ�O��ម�� =

-. (ទBន + Nយ3) > ទB�នយ3 � �. ទBន� %�H���� ទB�ន�យq (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���គ!�ន_�O��ឃ�ញ�O��ម�� =

,. (ប�ជន + 7យ) > ប�ជន�យ � �. ប�ជន� %�H���� ប�ជន��� (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���គ!�ន_�O�ប_� =

1. (ប�ជន + Nយ3) > ប�ជ�នយ3

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� �. ប�ជន� %�H���� ប�ជ�ន�យq (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���គ!�ន_�O�ប_� =

4. (ទក]� � + Nយ3) > ទក]� ��យ3 � �. ទក] �� %�H���� ទក]� ���យq (ជ�J) =(ជន) 2�ក���គ!�ន_�ទក[�s (O�aB) =

,. 7យ �,�[ជ� ន9� H�� ន�ង ភ�

*. (9ZOន + 7យ) > 9ZOន�យ � �. 9ZOន� H��� 9ZOន�យ� =��ចក. ទ�ន/កប)ម^ង��0j�- <ន =

-. (9ទ� + 7យ) > 9ទ� �យ � �. 9ទ�� ភ� � 9ទ� �យ� (��ជន�) =(ជន) ���Mនក�/ង�|� =

�ប�)�(� �)ប�$#)ប�5គ rងក�/ង�_ប� �គR@N)#u��ថម2UyបទគY �� - �� - ជ�J ច_�មក����)ប�_�ច�� (�� ជ�J � ជន zs) %�H�� ��មងគ!� ទBន� ន_�ក�� �5�ឃ�ញ .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� ជ�J � ជន �,�) ទBន���, ទB�ន�យq ��� �( ទBន��� � ទB�ន�យq, ទBន�-��, ទB�ន�យq (ជ�J � ជន) គ!�ន_�O��ឃ�ញ�គ!�ន_�O��ម��=

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ក�!')�?1 0) បទ#ទ8�#�����)មចព 7យ, Nយ3 បចV]យ�គ/W,មbចប��បកក�/ង�_ប� �ភ#.��ផfង Q �ន< �ងប ��ងR = O��)ប�ក�/ង)ប�5គន'ងMន�>rងម/ខ =

((((�ន#ទ8�#ចប0�ន#ទ8�#ចប0�ន#ទ8�#ចប0�ន#ទ8�#ចប0))))

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ព@/�#ទ8�#MនបចV]យ I #!គY �;� �)ប�ជ�ន!��]ពTគ/W,ម ព �ML #0គY ពH�; ន�ង បក�� = �ប��)ប�ជ�ន!� ពH�; )#u��)ប( “Mន ... �)ច�ន” = �ប��)ប�ជ�ន!� បក�� �)ប( “Mន ... �)ប)ក# ” = �)ប)����ងន'ង#�f �ធនNក�/ង,មក#�កN��� =

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=នពC>0'ទ��' I. បទ���ម�,ម,មប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�:មO�ន.ន�ង��ងR�ន,ម�,� Q = �. បទកs. ��)ប� � � N� �ព?,មប��បក� %B � N�� =

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�. បទច/ង�)ប� ពH�; (ប��បកaB����{� ន'ង�>rង���ម) ��)ប� បក�� �@�យ�/ប�D� = J. បទ#ទ8�#ច/� �;� បចV]យជ�ន!� ពH�; � បក�� ន�ងប��បក�ប�M� �ភ#.�zក�ចនN:ម 9 O�ន.�ន��ងR�,� Q =

I � � J

(%ភ�ជw + %B/N�� + ពH�</បក��) > %ភ�ជw;�

បទ���ម បទកs. � បទច/ង បទ#ទ8�#

�. �;� បចy$យ�,�[ជ� ន9� ពH�;

*. (%ភ�ជw + �;�) > %ភ�ជw;� � �. %ភ�ជw %B ពH�< %ភ�ជw;� (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���Mន2ភ�ជÉ�)ច�ន = �)ប( %ភ�ជw � 2ភ�ជÉ %B �ប�0ជន�,� ពH�< �)ច�ន (�� ជ�J � ជន �,�) %ភ�ជw;� ��� �( %ភ�ជw;�, %ភ�ជw;� (ជ�J � ជន) ���Mន2ភ�ជÉ�)ច�ន =

-. (ទ� + �;�) > ទ�;� � �. ទ� %B ពH�< ទ�;� (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���Mន��ចក. bW� #�)ច�ន =

��H �ម���នទ JH

,. (�� + �;�) > �/;� � �. ��� N�� ពH�;� �/;� (ប�ទ��) =()ប�ទ�) ���Mន�#/)#�ក0�)ច�ន =

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*. (%ភ�ជw + �;�) > %ភ�ជw;� � �. %ភ�ជw %B បក�� %ភ�ជw;� (ជ�J) =(ជន) ���Mន2ភ�ជÉ�)ប)ក# =

-. (�� + �;�) > �/;� � �. ��� N�� បក�� �/;� (ប�ទ��) =()ប�ទ�) ���Mន�#/)#�ក0�)ប)ក# =

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((((ព@/�#ទ8�#ចប0ព@/�#ទ8�#ចប0ព@/�#ទ8�#ចប0ព@/�#ទ8�#ចប0))))

�ម���នទ JH ��I

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(Zប + �ម) > Zប�ម (Zប + .bc) > Zប�bc

�)ប( �បប�ផ/#, b)កក0ប�ផ/# =

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rង�)Oម�ន���]ពTខK� Q ���)បកប�ម!យន'ង ��, .យ, .យ�Bក, �ម, .bc = ខK�Mន�_ប�)ប)ប�ម�ន)ប)ក# =

(ប�r� � + ��) (ប�r� � + �ម)

(H�ន + ��) (H�ន + �ម)

(ប�� � + ��) (%បi + .យ)

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(%បi + .bc) (យ�� + .យ) (យ�� + .bc)

(បbc + .យ) (បbc + .bc)

(��Ay + .យ) (��Ay + .bc)

(mxg + .យ) (mxg + .bc)

(%ន=�ក + .យ) (%ន=�ក + .bc)

> ក�� bc > កន�យ > កន�bc > �យ3, �ជយ3 > �bc, �ជbc > �ជយ3 > �ជbc > �ធ�យ > �ធ�bc > �នទ�យ > �នទ�bc

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+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;

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((((����#ទ8�#ចប0����#ទ8�#ចប0����#ទ8�#ចប0����#ទ8�#ចប0))))

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I � �

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. �=ន បចy$យ (ប�ថ�ជRន + �=ន) > ប�ថ�ជRន�=ន

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(Sយ + /) > Sយ/ � �. SយB ��[ Sយ/ =�N�ន��£ញ0, ព���£ញ0 =

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|កB( �� � �Xន មកព |កB( (�� + � �Xន) = បទ( �� ក�/ងទ �ន��)ប( “��� �” ន�ងបទ( � �Xន �)ប( “O�ង, O�:ក0�#ង, O��ធ?�” �ន��0 O��ធ?��O�����ង2�ព ��� ��ប�0#!2កf�ន�ង�ន���2កf��,� Q �ក�# �@_#��0O�ប�UVញ���lង ន�ង��� �rង��យmក�W7 =

n�;��}ន)�ប�)�ក��;

�N��rន0�ប�0|កB( %ក] � �ប�យក:ម�_)# (ទ I) ��ប_ងប�ផ/#�នគមE �កDV យនN: �ង( %�/� %ក] ��� �/ �)ប( ��ចក. �(2#3)�'ង�ន�-យ2កf� = ក�/ងន]យ( ប/គR�< �ង£យ�'ង2#3ន]យ

J�� �ម���នទ J�

���ចក. �ប�0|កB< �ងព!ង�ន�-យ�2កf� )ប��ន�ប�2កf�Mន� �ប#.� គY������D�ខ/�#!2កf� �,�ប/គR�ម�នbច�'ង2#3ន]យ�ន�ទ (bចយ�0)ចl�ន]យផងក�Mន) ន�ងO��K ���ក�/ង���ង2កf�Mន គ/W)ប�5ជន7ធ��ធងs�0 ��0O���កFន�ងO�យ�0�'ងន_�|កB�)បZន)ប�«�ប�0)ព��M� �មE/ទ8 =

ច�ន9ន=ន�ក��;

2ក[�N�2កf����Mន�)Mប0�)ប�)��0ក�/ង�� Mន JI #!�2ងR ន�ង�ចក�ព �ច��WកគY ��N�)�N � #!, ពBUq នN �� #! = )�N< �ង � #!គY % � . 7 9 8 N " = ពBUqនN< �ង �� #!គY ក ខ គ ឃ ង, ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ, b t A � �, � ថ ទ ធ ន, ប ផ ព ភ ម, យ � ; � H x �� = បxqបxqបxqបxq ក0ក0ក0ក0 ក�/ង គមE ��MគR$K នពmក�WNគមE ��MគR$K នពmក�WNគមE ��MគR$K នពmក�WNគមE ��MគR$K នពmក�WN )�ប0(2ក[�N< �ង2�0Mន J� #!�-យ�ថម)�N � #!�ទ�#គY)�N N ខK ន�ង)�N " ខK = ក�/ងO�������#!2កf��ខ���យ�ងម�នMន�_ប2កf��បប�ន��ទ = បL/�ន.)�N � #!�ន�Mន���lង����ន'ង N ក�/ង|កB( �ម/= , " ក�/ង|កB( "bc �(����ន'ង)�N N�� (�2#)ន�ង)�N "�� (�b#) �#ម.ងក��ន = � zពBUq នN� �ញ គមE ��2ង0�គK�ខK�)�ប0(Mន �J #!គY

�ម���នទ J� J��

�ថម xg �ន�ម!យ�ទ�# =

�'/ន$យ�ប�)�ក��;

|កB(2ក[�NMនន]យព �5L ងគYទ I “ម�ន2�0” ទ � “ម�ន� 'ង” = ក�/ង��ចក. ( 2កf��ប�0�� �_ម4 Mន)#'ម�# JI #!ក��-យ ក������ក#0):)ព�ព/ទ8�ចនNម�ន�ច�2�0 ន�ង ម�ន� 'ង គYbច�)ប�ក�/ងO���?ងយ�0ន_�2#3�����#�/ខ/ម�ន5L ងPយ =

0ក�!;�ប�),�; )�N< �ង � #!�,�Mន���lង � 5L ងគY ���lងខK ន�ង ���lង��ង = )�N � #!គY % . 9 �)�NMន���lងខK � ( )�N��fN = �$កaB��� �( ��fN��fN��fN��fN ព �)|�)�Nប #!�ន�MនO�ប�UVញ���lងក�/ង�យN�ព�ខK គY�)បZប����ន'ងO�ST #0)Mម��ម.ង�O�)ព�ច�ភ�កម.ង ន�ងbច\ប0(Mន I M): = )�N � #!គY � 7 8 N " �)�NMន���lង��ង � ( )�Nទ ឃN ព �)|�)�N)� �#!�ន�MនO�ប�UVញ���lងក�/ង�យN�ព���ង

JJH �ម���នទ J�

គY�)បZប����ន'ងO�ST #0)Mម��ព ��ង �O�)ព�ច�ភ�កព ��ង ន�ងbច\ប0(Mន � M): = )ប��ន�ប��ចកបន.�ទ�# គY )�N�/ទ8, )�N2�/ទ8, )�N��យ/#. =

>��ទQ �ន��0 )�N����)ប��ន�#�)�NគY)�N % � = >�%�ទQ �ន��0 )�N����)ប��នព �5L ង �)ប��)�Nផង �ពBUqនNផង គY . 7 9 8 = )�Nប!ន#!�ន� �ប��)ប�rង���មបទ����ផ.�ម�-យពBUqនN �កF�_ប�)�N���� �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (� � + ក����) > � �ក���� =��មងSK �0ប._ �, �ក�ច� = (� � + H���) > � �H��� = ��មង�> = (� + ក�) > �ក� = Pយ, )�!� = (� + ប��) > �ប�� = ��មង��ក = (� + គ�) > �គ� = ����d���@�យ = បL/�ន.�ប��)ប�rង���មបទ����ផ.�ម�-យ)�N� �ញ ម�ន�កF�_ប�)�N�����ទ គY)�N . 7 SK �0� យ ន�ង)�N 9 8 SK �0� � �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (� � + � + ក����) > �qក���� = �ធ?�aBច��0 = (� � + � + H���) > �qH��� = ន�5យ, �|� = (� + � + គ�) > �0 គ� = មក���@�យ = (� + �&�) > [&� = MនbO�N�� =

�ម���នទ J� JJI

>��យ��= �ន��0 )�N���ផf �{� �hង)�N�/ទ8ន�ង)�N2�/ទ8 គY (% � � + .) � (% � � + 7) �d� N ន�ង (% � � + 9) � (% � � + 8) �d� " �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

(ប + .ក] ��) > �បក] �� = )ក�lក�ម�� = (ន� + % + ��) > �ន�� =, ��d = (H + 9ទ�) > �Sទ� = បងប�_ន = (មS + 9ទធ�) > ម�Sទធ� = �ម/)ទ =

+!"; k �7ប�ប�),�;

���� ក�/ងទ �ន�Mនន]យ( 2កf� = )�N< �ង � #!rង����ន� �$ក�ចក:ម�WoN គYaB��� � គ�#:ម�ន���)�N�,� Q �ក�#�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

)�N % � )�N . 7 )�N 9 8

Mន��� �( Mន��� �( Mន��� �(

% �WoN = . �WoN = 9 �WoN =

)�Nម!យគ_ Q rង����ន�Mន��� �មmLង�ទ�#( ��� = ច��|�)�N N ន�ង " ម�នMនគ_{� �ទ � ( %��� = ��� �( ��� bច� មmLង�ទ�#( ��ប គY�_ប����{� ន�ង %��� bច

JJ� �ម���នទ J�

� មmLង�ទ�#( %��ប គY�_បម�ន����{� = ��� � ��ប គY)�N���Mនក�WN (ក�� គY2�យ�N�ធ?�AB�ចញ���lង ន'ង2ធ�ប�យ�>rងម/ខ) �_ច{� = %��� � %��ប គY)�N���Mនក�WN�ផfង{� = %��ប �ន)�N % � គY)�N . 7 9 8 N " = %��ប �ន)�N . 7 គY)�N % � 9 8 N " = %��ប �ន)�N 9 8 គY)�N % � . 7 N " = %��ប �ន)�N N គY)�N % � . 7 9 8 " = %��ប �ន)�N " គY)�N % � . 7 9 8 N =

0ក�!;�ប�)ពKz� ន; ពBUqនN< �ង �� #!�,�, ពBUq នN �� #!Dប0ព ក ��0 ម �ចក� � �គR, ក�/ងម!យ�គR Q Mន � #! � ( �គd �_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

ក �គR ច �គR b �គR � �គR ប �គR

គY ក ខ គ ឃ ង = គY ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ = គY b t A � � = គY � ថ ទ ធ ន = គY ប ផ ព ភ ម =

�ម���នទ J� JJ�

ពBUqនN����>��0 � #!�ទ�#ម�នD#0ច_�ក�/ង�គR�ទ � ( %�គd គY យ � ; � H ; �� =

ន�គ1C�' ពBUqនNទ �� ���Mន\ង��ម_�ន�ង����@���d:ម)�N �ប�� :ម�ន�he�( ន�គdH�� = បL/�ន.�ប�:មក4!ន�ទTn�.� �ញ� ( %ន�0� = ន�គR@�#�ន�bចប�UVញ���lង�-យព/ �D �-�ច0�ប�កM#0�ន =

E�ប�zyញ����ង�ប�),�;ន�ងពKz� ន;

គ�> ន�ង 0C> ពធ�ន0�)�ក�/ងO�ប�UV ញ���lង�� � ( គ�� �)ប( ធ�ន0 ន�ង ;H� �)ប( )� = គ�� �ន��0O�ប�UVញ���lង��ង�ទ ឃNMនច�W/ ច�MR �0�_ច#�d�ន� I. )�Nទ ឃN< �ង2�0គY � 7 8 N " ម�ន(�)ប��#zង��>�ម!យពBUqនN�ទ � ( គ�� j. � 7 8 N " [ ធ� ភ� �S�� =

JJJ �ម���នទ J�

�. )�N��fN � #!គY % . 9 :មព�#��@/ បL/�ន.�ប��)ប��>rង���មពBUq នN���5គគY#)ម¨#{� ព �#! )�Nប #!�ន�OK យ�គ�/� �ញ j. ព��OQ , H�/0 , យB, នក] ម�� ����ម = �_ម)�ប( )�N 9 �ន ព� ន�ង H�, )�N % �ន យ ន�ង ន ក�/ង|កB< �ង�ន�OK យ�គ�/�@�យ = �_�ច����$bន��_)# )#u�bន��_)#aB��ង�_ច�ទ ឃN គY � M):= �. )�N��fN � #!គY % . 9 �ប��)ប��>rង���មន�គR@�#ក�OK យ�គ�/��� j. ក��, .ម�, �ខ� = )�N % �ន ក, )�N . ន�ង)�N 9 �ន � ក�/ង|កB< �ង�ន��គ�/ �_�ច��)#u�bន��_)#aB��ង�_ច�ទ ឃN = J. )�N��fN � #!គY % . 9 )ប��ន�ប�ម�នMនពBUq នN��-�5គ�ន�គR@�#�>rងច/ង�ទ ��@/គY)� j. បច��, �ទ�� =

ពhង1 (Syllable) |កB��� < �ង£យ����|��ចញមកគY�ពmងR Q = ពmងRគY����lង���)បកប�l�ងព )�N �)បជ/ ��ន���lង���)បកប�l�ងព )�N�ម!យន'ងពBUq នNម!យ#!��)ច�ន#! = ក�/ង|កB( �បជR�� Mន J ពmងRគY �-បជ�-ជ-�� = < �ងប!នពmងR�ន� ពmងRទ I � )បកប�l�ងព )�N, ពmងRទ � បជ� )បកប�l�ងព ពBUqនNន�ង)�Nន�ងពBUq នN (#! ជ ក�/ងពmងR�ន�ម�នMន�_��ទ ){ន0�#�#!)បកបបL/�so �) ន�ង

�ម���នទ J� JJ�

ពmងRទ � ជ, ពmងRទ J �� )បកប�l�ងព ពBUq នNន�ង)�N = ពmងRន ម!យ Q bច�ពmងR�ប�ក�ប�ទក��ន�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� ពmងR�ប�ក �ន��0 ពmងRs���Mន�_�)�Nrងច/ង = � z ពmងRប�ទ �ន��0 ពmងRs���MនពBUqនNម�នMន�_��ន�គR@�#rងច/ង = ក�/ងj<@�W7 rង����ន� ពmងទ I, �, J គY �-, -ជ, -�� �ពmងR�ប�ក = � zពmងRទ � -បជ�- �ពmងRប�ទព �)|�MនពBUq នNម�នMន�_�rងច/ង =

គ�>ពhង1ន�ង0C>ពhង1

គ��ពqងd �ន��0 ពmងR< �ង£យs���Mន�_�)�Nទ ឃN�ពBUqនN�ក�ន�គR@�#�>rងច/ង j. �-ទ�ច�-�n (�ទ��nj ) = < �ង2�0Mនប ពmងR ន�ងពmងRន ម!យ Q �គ�/ពmងR ព �)|� �- ន�ង -�n Mន)�Nទ ឃN�rងច/ង ន�ង ទ�ច� MនពBUq នNម�នMន�_�rងច/ង = ;H�ពqងd �ន��0 ពmងR< �ង£យs���Mន�_�)�N ��fNrងច/ង j. 9-ប-� � (9ប� �) < �ងប ពmងR�ន� ពmងRន ម!យ Q � �@/ពmងR ព �)|�Mនrងច/ង�)�N��fN = ក�/ង�� ពmងRប�ទ< �ង£យs���Mន)�Nទ ឃN )#u�

JJ� �ម���នទ J�

�នD#0�គ�/ពmងR (ធ�ន0) �)|��_�D� � )�N�,� Q )#u��ន��fN �_ច ក�/ងO�)បកប�_ប�ភ� ��fន.��ន O �#/គY (O + % + B��) �ន�_ប� (OB��) ���Mនប ពmងRគY O�--�� = ពmងRទ I O� Mន)�Nទ ឃN �_�ច��D#0(ធ�ន0@!� )#u��#��fN)�N � � % �ទ�ប�ឃ�ញ�)ប�ក�/ង�_ប� ទB�� �_�ច��� �ញ = ពmងRប�ទ< �ង£យs����)�N��fN ន�ងពmងR�ប�ក< �ង- £យs����)�Nទ ឃN�គ�/ពmងR�_ច{� គYធ�ន0����{� ព �)|� O�ប�UVញ�_�Mន�យN����{� = �_�ច��ពmងR ទ��- ក�/ង|កB( ទ�= ន�ង O ក�/ង|កB( O��� �គ�/�_ច{� = ព����{� �ន��@�យ��� បs. �aBMនO�SK �0ប._ �5L ង�)ច�ន�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� I. )�Nទ ឃN�នពmងR�ប�កជ!នO�bច��fNន�ង)#u�#)ម#ពBUq នN �ប0�,� �_ច� មSផ;� (ម-S-ផ-;�) > មHប~;�, �យ�� (�-យ-��) > �យ3��, ទ�យ�� (ទ�-យ-��) > ទ�យ3�� ����ម = �. )�N��fN�នពmងRប�ទជ!នO�bចទ ឃN ន�ងពBUq នN�>�ប0�,�)#u��ន�)ម� �_ច� ក�=ព0� (ក��-�ព�-� �) > &�ព0�, ក�=� � (ក��--�� �) > &���, ���( (�-�-�() > ���( ����ម = �. )�Nទ ឃN�នពmងR�ប�កន�ង)�N��fN�នពmងRប�ទ ជ!នO�)#u��នជ�ន!��-យន�គR@�# �_ច� %&�� (%-&-��) > %ក� �, � �ទ�B�� (� �-ទ�-�-��) > � �ទ���� ����ម =

�ម���នទ J� JJ�

ប�� ក) �ន�){ន0�#�ផK_ ��)Mប0ព�D�sបL/�so � ព/ ��មន�)ក�#B-ច0r#(�]ពT�� �/ទ8�#)ប)ព'#.�d�_�ច��< �ង2�0�ទ =

�ថ�0 ន�ង ធន�' ព)��ធ�ន0�នពBUq នN � ( ថ�; �)ប( ���lង)� ន�ង ធន�� �)ប( ���lងធ�ន0 = ពBUqនNព!ក�ថ��MនO�ប�UVញ���lងផTប0ន'ង�ន(�ទ : �ង�ក�#���lង)#�ច Q �ន��0 ពBUq នN#!ទ I ន�ងទ � �ន�គRគY ក គ ច ជ b A � ទ ប ព = � zព!កធន�#� �ញMនO�ប�UVញ���lងផTប0ន'ង�ន�)ច�ន�ងព!ក�ថ��បន.�ច ន�ងMនខB�0យ�ចញមកផង �ន��0 ពBUq នN#!ទ � ន�ងទ J �ន�គRគY ខ ឃ ឆ ឈ t � ថ ធ ផ ភ = ច��WកពBUqនN#!ទ � �ន�គRគY ង ញ � ន ម � J�ក = ច��|�ពBUq នNព!ក2�គR� �ញ ម�ន�ឃ�ញ�$កD#0(��ថ���ធន�#�ទ =

���; ន�ង ����; (Aspirate and Unaspirate)

JJ� �ម���នទ J�

ពម�នកង� �ពង�ន���lង�ប�0ពBUq នN � ( %�� �)ប( ម�ន� �ពង ន�ងពកង� �ពង � ( �� �)ប( � �ពង = I. ពBUq នN���� %�� គYMន���lងម�នកង� �ពង �ន��0 ពBUq នN#!ទ I ន�ងទ � �ន�គRគY ក ខ ច ឆ b t � ថ ប ផ ន�ង = �. ពBUq នN���� �� គYMន���lងកង� �ពង �ន��0 ពBUq នN#!ទ � ទ J ន�ងទ � �ន�គRគY គ ឃ ង ជ ឈ ញ A � � ទ ធ ន ព ភ ម ន�ង យ � ; � H x = �. ច��|�ន�គR@�# (Ð�) �$កម�នD#0��c�N�2�c�N�ទ �ន��ម#�rង�, បL/�ន.rង�ទTn�.� �ញ� ( %ន�� D#0�ពBUqនN�c�N =

�ម�$ន� ន�ង ++'/�'; |កB����|��l�ង�-យO�ចងបទ���ម�ម!យបទម!យ�ទ�#rងច/ង �_ច��|�( %Jថប��r� កl��ម = �ន��|កBMនព �បទគY %Jថប��r� កB ម!យបទន�ង ���ម ម!យបទ��� បL/�ន.)#u�2�ក�|�)�(� �ធ?�aB�d�ម!យបទ�-យចងq ប0{� �ទ�ប� ( ម�នQ = j<@�W7 rង����ន� �ប�2�ក�|�ម�ន)�(� ចងq ប0{� �ធ?�aB

�ម���នទ J� JJ�

�d�ម!យបទ�ទ �|��|កB\យ( %Jថប��r� កB ���ម 5L ង�ន�� ( ������ =

+�ម>'6;

O�ប�UVញ���lង�-យ�ប�កM#0ន�ងម�នMនO�បPR ប02�យ�NaB�ធ?����lង �ន��0ព!ក)�Nទ ឃNMន � ����មក�/ងពmងR( / �ន|កB( ធម'bc�/ � ( � �ម��= =

dន ក�!; ន�ង បយ'ន; �WoN�2ក[�Nន ម!យ Q bចប�UVញ���lង�l�ង�ន )#u�Mន ^ន ក�� ន�ង បយ�ន = ^ន �ន��0 ទ : �ង������lង�ក�# = ក�� �ន��0 2�យ�N���ជ!យ�ធ?����lងAB$ន0¢�l�ង គY 2s. # = បយ�ន �ន��0 O�ពm5មបនKY���lង =

dន=ន�ក��;

(The Organs of articulation)

J�H �ម���នទ J�

#!2កf< �ង JI �,�Mនទ : �ង�ក�#���ង Q ខK!ន = ខK�Mនទ : �ង�ក�#)#'ម�#ម!យ ខK��ទ�#Mនទ : �ង�ក�#��0�dព � =

xកm� ន�ក��;

(2កf��ក�#ក�/ង�នម!យ) I. 2កf� � #!គY % � ក ខ គ ឃ ង ន�ង H �ក�#�>)#ង0ក � ( ក�c ជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0ក) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន ���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�>ប�ពង0ក ���Mនគ�02s. #ប��l�ង�dប�ទប�ពង0ខB�0 �@�យ�ង0D �)�N$ន0¢�l�ង�ទ�បប�UVញខB�0)ពម�ម!យន�ង���lង = �. 2កf� � #!គY . 7 ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ន�ង យ �ក�#�>)#ង0 ព�-ន � ( /;�ជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0ព�-ន) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង ���Mន�ផ�កកs. ��ន2s. #ង�l�ង�dបL�ន'ងព�-ន�)ក2_មM#0rង������ម4 ប�ទខB�0 បL/�ន.O�ប�ទ�ន�)#u�ទMK យ�-យ)�N �ទ�ប�ចញ����lង = �. 2កf� � #!គY b t A � � � ន�ង x �ក�#�>)#ង02xV ញ�ធ�ញrង��� � ( ម�ទQជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង02xV ញ�ធ�ញ) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង ���Mន�ផ�កជ�#

�ម���នទ J� J�I

ច/ង�ន2s. #ង�l�ង�dបL�ន'ងព�-ន�ផ�កrងម/ខ���ម4 ប�ទខB�0 = J. 2កf� � #!គY � ថ ទ ធ ន ; ន�ង �ក�#�>)#ង0�ធ�ញ �)បទ�0�ធ�ញ � ( ទន=ជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0�ធ�ញ) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង គYMន�ផ�កច/ង2s. #ប��dម/ខបL�ន'ង�ធ�ញ��ម�#���lង$ន0¢�ចញ�ន = �. 2កf� � #!គY 9 8 ប ផ ព ភ ម �ក�#�>)#ង0បប_�M#0 � ( "bcជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0បប_�M#0) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�ន�-យ)#u�ប�ទM#0�@�យ�ប�ក� �ញ = �. 2កf� I #!គY Ð� �ក�#�>)#ង0)ចម/� � ( J�កzc នជ � J�កជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0)ចម/�) = �នន]យ(2កf��ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�ន�-យព/ �D ��ច0�ប�កM#0�ទ គYMនខB�0�ចញ:ម)ចម/� = 2កf�< �ង£យrង����ន��ក�#ក�/ង�នម!យបL/�so � � ( Nកzc នជ =

ទ^�m� ន�ក��; (2កf��ក�#ក�/ង�នព �)

I. 2កf� I #!គY N �ក�#�>)#ង0កផងន�ងព�-នផង ព �)|� N

J�� �ម���នទ J�

�ន��ក�#ព )�N (% + .) �ទ�ប� ( ក�c /;�ជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0កន�ងព�-ន) = �នន]យ(2កf��ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�ន គY)#u�Mន2s. #បL�ន'ងព�-នផង = �. 2កf� I #!គY " �ក�#�>)#ង0កផងន�ងបប_�M#0ផង ព �)|� "�ន��ក�#ព )�N (% + 9) �ទ�ប� ( ក�kc bcជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0កន�ងបប_�M#0) = �នន]យ(2កf��ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�ន គY)#u��)ប�បប_�M#0ប�ទផង�ប�កផង = �. 2កf� I #!គY � �ក�#�>)#ង0�ធ�ញផងន�ងបប_�M#0ផង � ( ទ�J= bcជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0�ធ�ញន�ងបប_�M#0) = �នន]យ(2កf��ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង�នគY)#u��)ប��ធ�ញន�ងបប_�M#0ប�ទ�ប�កផង= J. 2កf� � #!គY ង ញ � ន ម �ក�#�>)#ង0�ន�នខK!នន�ង)#ង0)ចម/�ផង � ( កzc នJ�កzc នជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0�ន�នខK!នន�ង)ចម/�) = �នន]យ(2កf�< �ង�ន�Mន���lង$ន0¢�l�ង �ន គY)#u��ចញខB�0:ម)ចម/�ផង = 2កf�< �ង£យrង����ន��ក�#ក�/ង�នព � � ( ទ0�zc នជ = J. 2កf� I #!គY H )ប��ន�ប��)ប��!ម{� �ម!យន'ង�គRន.ពBUqនN J #!គY ញ � ន ម ន�ង2�គRគY យ ; � x �_ចក�/ង|កB( �\g� , �kg , Jg /0 , ��g ក� , ម�យg��, ��;g��, %� gយ��, ��xg =�= � ( 9��ជ � 9�ជ (2កf��ក�#)#ង0)ទuង�ខT]�)ទuង) =

�ម���នទ J� J��

�� �� ()�N2g�N)

(Semi-vowels)

)�N2g�N �ន��0 ពBUq នNs���bច�)ប�SK �0ប._ ��ម!យ)�N�ន = �ប�យ�0:ម� �ធ �ប�0��n�v'#)�ប0(Mន %Ay� ប!ន#!គY យ � ; � = )�N2g�Nប!ន#!�ន�Mន���W� ��ក�#�l�ង�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� យ �ក�#ព )�N . ន�ង % �-យO�bន)ប�ម��)�N . 5L ង �@]��d���)�N % �d� 2/ �-2N ��)មច�ន� យ = � �ក�#ព )�N � ន�ង % �-យO�bន)ប�ម��)�N � ()�N��n�v'#) 5L ង�@]��d���)�N % �d� � '-2N ��)មច�ន� � = ; �ក�#ព )�N � ន�ង % �-យO�bន)ប�ម��)�N � ()�N��n�v'#)5L ង�@]��d���)�N % �d� �'-2N ��)មច�ន� ; = � �ក�#ព )�N 9 ន�ង % �-យO�bន)ប�ម��)�N 9 5L ង�@]��d���)�N % �d� 2¥/-2N ��)មច�ន� � =

ក�!;=ន�ក��;

J�J �ម���នទ J�

2�យ�N���ជ!យ�ធ?�aBMន���lង � ( ក�� = ក�WN�ន2កf�< �ង JI #!�,�Mន J 5L ងគY ជ�[g មជ�, ជ��[g បគd, ជ�� gគd ន�ង កzc ន = I. ជ�[g មជ� ប� ���Wកs. �2s. #�ក�WN�ប�0ព!ក2កf� :�/ជN = �. ជ��[g បគd ប� ���Wជ�#ច/ង�ន2s. #�ក�WN�ប�0ព!ក2កf�ម/ទ8ជN = �. ជ�� gគd ប� ���Wច/ង2s. #�ក�WN�ប�0ព!ក2កf�ទន.ជN = J. កzc ន (�ន�ប�0ខK!ន)�ក�WN�ប�0ព!ក2កf�កW� ជN, a��ជN, N, ", � ន�ង �� (ន�គR@�#) =

ន���យ; ន�ង ន����'

ន�Bយ �)ប( ទ b)�]យ, ទ ព'ង �ន��0 )�N< �ង � #! គY( )�N< �ង�ន��ទ b)�]យ�ទ ព'ង�ប�0ពBUqនN ព �)|�)�Nbច�ចញ���lង�-យខK!នzង�ន = �ប�i#Mន)�Nជ!យ�ទ ពBUq នNម�នbច�ចញ���lង�ន�l�យ = O�\ប0#!ពBUqនNន ម!យ Q ����យ�ង�K ប0\ប0( កN ខN គN ឃN ងN ����ម�,� �/ទ8�#Mន)�N 2N b)�]យ�ទ�ប)�N< �ង2�0Mន��� �( ន�Bយ =

�ម���នទ J� J��

ន�B �� �)ប( b)�]យ�@�យ ���� ��ប�0ពBUq នN ព �)|�ពBUq នNម�នbច�ចញ���lង�-យខK!នzង�ន�ទ �_ច�ន�|��!ច�@�យ�>rង��� = បL/�ន.ច��|�)�N� �ញ ថ? #4 �#�#bច�ចញ���lង�-យខK!នzង�នក��-យ ក�)#u�MនពBUq នNb)�]យផង����ទ�ប�ធ?�aBO�ន�5យ�. )ប)ព'#.�d�ន = ព �)|�( )�Nbច�ចញ���lង�ន�មន �#�ន)#'មបL/,� នML #0បL/�so � �_ច�ក�/ង�ខ���យ�ង( bក0 Qbក0 Qbក0 Qbក0 Q (%) ក�/ងO�c#0�បP� ក0���W� �ក�/ង���ង2? ម!យ = bbbb �|កB)ទ�{��)ប�ក�/ងO�� 2�កsម!យម�ន�មគ!�( b�ន�, b�,� � �|កB$ន0M#0�_ច�( b ! ម�នយក�ទ = 2_ 2_ 2_ 2_ �|កB$ន0M#0�_ច�( 2_�មន�@�យ ! = z z z z (�ខ��( �2) �_ច�( z��ច, z�ក�# = aaaa �|កB$ន0M#0�_ច�( a@�· ! ����ម = �_�ច��)�Nន�ងពBUqនN)#u��#ព'ង|ក0{� �d� �ញ�dមក =

]�ង��ព�dនន�ងក�!;=ន �ក��{na0�

J�� �ម���នទ J�

xកm� ន�ក��

�ក��; dន ក�!; % � ក ខ គ ឃ ង H . 7 ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ យ b t A � � x � ថ ទ ធ ន ; 98 ប ផ ព ភ ម ��

ក�c (ក) /;� (ព�-ន) ម�ទQ(2xV ញ�ធ�ញ) ទន= (�ធ�ញ) "bc (បប_�M#0) J�ក ()ចម/�)

កW� N(�ក-� ន) ជ�h¦ មជ�N ជ��h¦ បគRN ជ�� ¦គRN a��N (�ក-� ន) ,��កN(�ក-� ន)

ទ^�m� ន�ក��

�ក��; dន ក�!; N " �

ង ញ � ន ម

ក�c + /;� ម�ទQ + "bc ទន= + "bc

កzc ន + J�ក

កW� N + ជ�h¦ មជ�N កW� N + a��N ជ�� ¦គRN + a��N

�ក-� ន + ,��កN

�ម���នទ J� J��

����ង�ប�)ពKz� ន;

ពKz� ន;+គ1 ����; ���;

�ថ� 0 ក ច b � ប

ធន�' ខ ឆ t ថ ផ

�ថ� 0 គ ជ A ទ ព

ធន�' ឃ ឈ � ធ ភ

�ថ� 0,+�ម>'6 ង ញ � ន ម

ពKz� ន;�+គ1 ����; ���; +�ម>'6

យ � ; � H x

��

((((ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ JJJJ����))))

�ម���នទ� ��

�ធ���យ��ព��ន�� (Euphonic Combination)

|កB( នQ� ��)មចមកព (� + X + .) �,មក�#កN �)ប( “O�#, #�W” �ន��0 O�##!2កf�ន'ង#!2កf��បទ (|កB) ន'ងបទaB�ប0{� ក�/ង�{�ប�Wង�ធ?�aBMនO�Pយ)�!����ម4 �#ងឆ]នT(OពB) aBMន���lងព �\�)��0)យ = :មធម�:|កBក�/ង�� ខK�Mន�)ច�នពmងR �_�ច�����ម4 aBន�5យ���ន�ន )#u��#�ធ?��ន8� គY#q ប0{� �-យO#0#!2កf��D�ខK� aB#�ច�ងម/ន បL/�ន.ម�នbច�ធ?��d�-យ{� ន�បបបទ�ទ = �ន8��O�#q ប02ក[�Nន�ង2ក[�NបL/�so � ម�ន)�(� ប�ងv�#2#3ន]យថ� �ទ �_ចMន�{�O�W7 #�d�ន�

,��ភទ=ន�ន�� នQ� )ប��ន�ប��ចក�ច��Wកធ� Q Mន � 5L ងគY �នQ�, ព3\R ននQ�, ន�គdH��នQ� = *. �នQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8�s���MនO�#)�Nន'ង)�N = -. ព3\R ននQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8�s���បទ���មMនទ ប�ផ/# �)�N#ន'ងបទច/ង����ផ.�ម�-យពBUqនN =

�ម���នទ JJ J��

,. ន�គdH��នQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8�s���បទ���មMនទ ប�ផ/#�ន�គR@�##ន'ងបទច/ង����ផ.�ម�-យ)�N�ពBUqនNក��ន � �  �[ម�BកនQ� � �X��នQ� ក��ន = �ន8��ន�bចក�W#0� មmLង�ទ�#�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� I. បទនQ� �ន��0 �ន8�s���MនO�#បទន'ងបទ �_ច� �>� + %យ� �d� �>/យ� �� ( ពH�នQ� ក��ន = �. ���នQ� �ន��0 �ន8�s���MនO�#2ក[�Nន'ង2ក[�N �_ច� ខ�=�� �d� ខ�q �� ( %�J= នQ� ក��ន =

�ន��ក�� ��4បក�!D

(Combination Rules)

� �ធ �ន8�rង����ន�)#u�O�jបក�W7 ���ម4 �)ប�ក�/ងO�# � ( នQ�ក� � ���បក�� Mន � 5L ង�_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

��� ���� ���� ���� �jបក�W7jបក�W7jបក�W7jបក�W7 *. �<�Z -. ��ទ�� ,. �គ�

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប (�/ប) �/បប��#0#!2កf��D� = (b�ទ�N) SK �0)�N�d�ពBUqនN = (ច/�bគម) ច/�#!2កf��ថម =

J�H �ម���នទ JJ

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�ន8��ន� �ន��0 បទ�ន8�ខK����MនO�SK �0 គYb�ទ�N� ពBUq នNMន � 5L ងគY ប�ព0��ទនQ� ន�ង ប���ទនQ�= ក. ប�ព0��ទនQ� �ន��0 O�#�-យកO�b�ទ�)�N���ម�ពBUqនN = ក.I �ប�)�N���ម� ., 7 ន�ងMន)�Nច/ងម�ន����{� b�ទ�គYSK �0 ., 7 �d� យ = �ប�)�Nច/ង�)�N��fNន�ងម�នMនពBUq នN���5គច/ង�ទ )#u�ទ ឃN)�Nច/ង�,�ផង��� �_ច� Oq�SM < (O� + %�SM) �q&� < (� � + �&�) �=ម3��� < (�=ម� + %���) ក.� �ប�)�N���ម� . 7 N ន�ងMន)�Nច/ងម�ន����{� bច b�ទ� គYSK �0 . 7 N � យ = �ប�)�N���មb)�]យន'ងពBUqនN���5គ )#u��/បពBUqនN���5គ�,� Q ���Mន�_ប�_ច{� ម!យ#!�ចញ �_ច� %គq(� � < (%គd� + %(� �) ���3��� < (����� + %��� ) បb�kc ����3B < (បb�kc ����=� + %B) ក.� �ប�បទ���មMនទ ប�ផ/#� �� �_ច� %��, .��, ប�� ����ម b�ទ�)�N . �ន �� � យ �ន�_ប� �3 �!ចSK �0�d� ចj �_ច�

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IH. ខC/ � O�Mន ន_�ជ�ងY ទទ!�<ន�@�យ ន_�(� � ព )គu�ពទB 2�0�H�ថ� ខC/ � ��@�យ = II. �$ក���� 2,ថប�WX� ក ន�ង j���O� �r �ង0�@�យ ន_��#. ព � ជ�#)កង�#3 (? យ�@�យ ន_��#.ព ��,� ��0)ព�ព/ទ8 = I�. )ព�ព/ទ8 ����ង�@�យ ��0ជន< �ងព!ង s មក�@�យ Oន0�#. = I�. )ព�ព/ទ8 )ប(ប0�@�យ ក�/ង�#.< �ងព ��,� 2�0����F ន�ងទទ!� ន_�O�jប#3ម� ព )គ¨�� < �ងព � = IJ. ម�{�N §ព/ក�ក�ក �ប�0,ង� �r ទ/ក�@�យ ន_�,ង ក�/ង,ទ �

J�J �ម���នទ JJ

M. យ �ប�0{#0, ,ង គY, �មក ន_���� �( “ម�{�M:” =

((((ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ JJJJJJJJ))))

ក��ពKm�)�'�នnt �'�

)ព�'#�_#��ងក/ ��ភKចទ'ក បWX� #�ច��ន8'កក/ ��ភKច)គu =

�ម���នទ� ��

�ធ���យ��ព��ន�� ('ចប)) ន�ង ពKz� #គម+�ធ�, ពKz� #�ទ�+�ធ�

. . . . ពKz� ន�ន��

(Consonantal Combination) |កB(ពBUqន�ន8��ន� ម�ន�មន�O�#ពBUq នNន�ងពBUq នN�ទ �ន��0 O�#)�Nន�ងពBUq នN �)|�យកពBUq នN�នបទច/ង�ធ?��ន�ម�#. �ន��ចក. (បទ���ម�)�N គY�_ច{� ន'ង���ន8���� = បL/�ន.Mនបទច/ង�|កB�ផ.�ម�-យពBUq នN �_ច� ខនQ, t��, �Y��, ភ�ក] , ក��, �bc�, , ប�� � ����ម = |កB�_�ច��� (�ផ.�ម�-យពBUq នN = �ន8��ន��)ប��ន8�ក�� ��5បក�W7 J 5L ងគY ទ���, , , , ��l, , , , ����(, , , , បក�� =

....� ��ទ�ឃពKz�ន�ន�� �ទ�ឃព3\R ននQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8����MនO�#�-យ

J�� �ម���នទ J�

ទ ឃN)�N���ម )ប��ន�ប�)�N���ម�)�N��fN ម�ន�មនទ ឃNពBUq នN�ទ ព �)|�ពBUq នNម�នbចទ ឃN�ន = បL/�ន.�-យ�បទច/ង�ផ.�ម�-យពBUqនN �ទ�ប� ( �ទ�ឃព3\R ននQ� �_ច�

��ក]� < (� + �ក]� ), ន�ព0�=�� ទ�ក]� < (ន�ព0�=�� + ទ�ក]� ) ខន=� ប�ម� < (ខន=� + ប�ម�), ម�ន� ច�� < (ម�ន� + ច��) ម\��� m�< < (ម\��� + m�<), ទ��ក]� < (ទ� + �ក]� )

.... �����ពKz� ន�ន��

��Bព3\R ននQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8����MនO�#�-យ ��fN)�N���ម )ប��ន�ប�)�N���ម�)�Nទ ឃN �ម!យបទច/ង����ពBUq នN ម�ន�មន��fNពBUq នN�ទ �ទ�ប� ( ��Bព3\R ននQ� �_ច� ��[ទ� Jម < (��[ទ� + Jម) យ�bc� � H��� � < (យ���� [ + H��� [) យ#�� � គ���ន �� < (យ# + �� � + គ���ន ��) ច��|� �� ន�ង N�� )#u��/ប)�N " �ន �� ន�ង N�� �@�យច/� % bគម� �ញ�_ច�

�ម���នទ J� J��

N ធ�' < (N�� + ធ�' ) ម�ន� < (�� + ម�ន�) �;[ < (�� + �;[) N ប�/= < (N�� + ប�/= )

....� ���4គពKz�ន�ន��

|កB( ���គ �)ប( “#)ម¨#” �_�ច���ន8��ន� �ន��0 O�#បទ�-យO�#)ម¨#ពBUq នNបទច/ង�ព �#! ���Mន � �បបគY ទ�ព3\R ន���គនQ�, %ទ�ព3\R ន���គនQ� = ក. ទ�ព3\R ន���គនQ� �ន��0 O�#�-យ�ធ?�O�#)ម#ពBUqនN���Mន�_ប����{� j<@�W7 ក #)ម¨#� កu, គ #)ម#� គd ����ម �_ច� ទ�កu� � < (ទ� + ក� �), %ន�គd�S < (%ន� + គ�S) ប� �ចjជ�� < (ប� � + ចជ��), � ��� �� < (� � + ��� ) 9បទ@�[ < (9ប + ទ�[), .ធបi�O < (.ធ + ប�O) ន�ម'�< < (ន� + ម�<), %បiB��/ < (%បi + ��/)

ខ. %ទ�ព3\R ន���គនQ� �ន��0 O�#�-យO�

J�� �ម���នទ J�

#)ម#ពBUqនN���Mន�_បម�ន����{� j<@�W7 b #)ម¨#� bc, ប #)ម#� ប~ ����ម�_ច� �>�bc��/ < (�>� + t��/), ន�ប~;� < (ន� + ផ;�) � �បក] �JQ < (� �ប + ខ�JQ ), ��ចp�=� < (�� + ឆ�=�) ន�នQ�J < (ន� + ធ�J), �បi��bc��/ < (� + ប��bc��/) ទ�ពa�ក]� < (ទ� + ភ�ក]� ), បtមជwន� < (បtម + �ន�) គ. )ប��ន�ប�)�N���ម�ទ ឃN ��មង)#u���fN�_ច� ប�កu� < (ប� + ក�), %��O < (� + ��O), មHប~;� < (មS + ផ;�), យថកuម� < (យ# + កម�) ��g ក] �� < (�kg + ខ��), %&] �/ < (� + ��/) ឃ. �<��5L ងsក��-យក�/ងន ម!យ Q �#ងMនO����ក��ង គYម�ន�ធ?�:មច�W/ ចគrង����ន�_ច� ��ទJខ�JQ < (��ទJ + ខ�JQ ) �� ក] �JQ < (�� + ខ�JQ ) ង. )ប��ន�ប�ពBUqនN� � )#u�#)ម¨#� ព0 �_ច� ន�m0 យ�� < (ន� + [យ��), ន�m0 ន� < (ន� + [ន�) ទ�ព0�ន�ចp�� < (ទ� + � �ន�ចp��) ច. )ប��ន�ប�MនពBUq នN#)ម#{� � #! )#u��/ប#!s����_ច{� ម!យ#!�ចញ �_ច�

�ម���នទ J� J��

%គq(� � < %គd�(� � < (%គd� + �(� �) ���3��� < �������� < (����� + %��� ) ���3B < ���=�B < (���=� + %B)

�_ម��ងv#�ម��ពBUq ន���5គ�ន8��ន� ន�យម�)ប��ម!យបទ�ន8�s���Mនបទ���ម�jប�គR�]ពT = O��ធ?��ទ?�NគYO��ធ?�2កf�AB�d�ព �#!�_ចMនrង����ន� គY�ធ?��l�ង���ម4 aBPយ)�!���0O��|� �ធ?�aBMន���lង#�ប0{� ម�ន-ច0 �ច��hងO��bក0�2!� =

....� បក'�ពKz� ន�ន��

បក��ព3\R ននQ� �ន��0 O�#�-យទ/កaB�>:ម�_ប���ម គY�កF)�N���មន�ងពBUqនN�នបទច/ងaB�>�_ច���ម �_ច� ម�Jប�ព0ងd ធ' < (ម�Jប�ព0ងd ធ' ) ���k� Z�ងd�/ < (���k� Z�ងd�/) មចj� �J បទ� < (មចj� �J បទ�) �ធ� ទBន� < (�ធ� ទBន�)

((((ពBUqន�ន8�ចប0ពBUqន�ន8�ចប0ពBUqន�ន8�ចប0ពBUqន�ន8�ចប0))))

J�H �ម���នទ J�

�. ន�គ1C�'�ន�� k �cម���ក�ន�� (Mixed Combination)

ន�គdH��នQ� �ន��0 O�#�]ពT���Mនបទ���មMនទ ប�ផ/#�ន�គR@�#(Ð�) �ម!យន'ងបទច/ង����ផ.�ម�-យ)�N�ពBUq នNក��ន �-យ�)ប��ន8�ក�� ��5បក�W7 �_ច� ��ទ��, , , , បក��, , , , �<�Z �_ចន'ង2ធ�ប�យ#�d�ន�

�.� ន�គ1C�]�ទ��ន�� ន�គdH�/�ទនQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8����MនO�#�-យ �ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#�ប�0បទ���ម�d�ពBUq នN គY J.I.I �ប�បទច/ង�ផ.�ម�ម!យពBUqនN�គR ន�យម�ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR- @�#��គRន.ពBUqនN គYពBUq នNទ � �ន�គR�,� Q �_ច� ទ�បង u�� < (ទ�ប� + ក��), N��ម' ��� < (N� � + �ម ���) ��\R �S < (��� + ជ�S), kc ន� < (� + ^ន�) %ម�ន@�O < (%ម�� + ទ�O), �ម~;� < (�� + ផ;�) យ�R �/ < (យ� + Y�/), �នQន� < (�� + ធន�) J.I.� �ប�បទច/ង� យ �ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#ន�ង យ � \� �_ច� ��� �( < (� + ���(), យ\��ទ� < (យ� + យ�ទ�)

�ម���នទ J� J�I

��� ជន� < (� + ��ជន�), ���\�� < (��� + �យ�) �នន=� �ក\�� �H� < (�នន=� �ក� + យ� + �H�) J.I.� �ប�បទច/ង� ; �ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#ន�ង ; � ;f �_ច� ;fH��& < (� + ;H��&), ប�;f�ងd� < (ប� � + ;�ងd�) បb�;f��J < (បb� + � + ;��J) J.I.J �ប�បទច/ង� H �ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#� ញ �_ច� �\g� �B < (�� + H� �B), N�\g� �[ < (N� � + H� �[) J.I.� �ប�បទច/ង� N �ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#ន�ង N �d� \� �(ច/� យ bគម�_ច បចj�=�\�� < (បចj�=� + N�), ��\�� < (�� + N�) Nក�\�� < (Nក� + N�), �ង]��\�� < (�� + ខ�� + N�) J.I.� �ប�បទច/ង�)�N bច�ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#� ទ � ម �ន�_ច� N�ទ�[ច < (N�� + %�[ច), �ទន/= < (�� + %ន/= ) យទ�ទ� < (យ� + .ទ�), ក� �ម�� < (កM + N��) �ទ��� < (�� + %���), �ម��� < (�� + %���) �មH� < (�� + %H�), យម�ទ� � យទ�ទ� < (យ� +.ទ�) J.I.� )�N�នបទច/ងខK�)#u��/ប�ចញ = )ប��ន�ប��/ប)�Nច/ង �ចញ�@�យ bច�ធ?�b�ទ�ន�គR@�#� ម � ន �_ច�

J�� �ម���នទ J�

%ភ�នន@�ន=� < (%ភ�នន@� � + .��), ចកuម� < (ចកu� + .�) 9�=�មi � < (9�=� M + %ប�), �0ម� < (�0� + %�) H;J@ ន� < (H;� + .Oន�), .ទមi � < (.ទ� + %ប�)

�. ន�គ1C�'បក'��ន��

ន�គdH��បក��នQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8����MនO�#�-យO��កFទ/កន�គR@�#aB�>:ម�_ប���ម �<�ប �បទច/ង�ពBUq នN� )�Nក��-យ �_ច� មថ� គ�/ < (មថ� + គ�/), ធម'� ច�� < (ធម'� + ច��) ���ជន� < (� + ��ជន�), �យ��=� < (� + យ��=�) �� ន�ព0��� < (�� + ន�ព0���), �� ព�ទQ� < (�� + ព�ទQ�)

�.� ន�គ1C�'�¦ប�ន��

ន�គdH���<បនQ� �ន��0 បទ�ន8����MនO�#�-យO��/បន�គR@�#�ចញ Mន � 5L ងគY �/បន�គR@�#�នបទ���ម ន�ង �/ប)�N�នបទច/ង �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� �/បន�គR@�#�នបទ���ម ន�ង�ប���នបទច/ង�)�N��fNម�នMន

�ម���នទ J� J��

ពBUq នN#)ម#�>�ប0�ទ ន�យមទ ឃN:មO�គ!��_ច� � �ទ�នគd� < (� �ទ�ន� + %គd�), %O�H� < (%OM + %H�) /�H� < (/� + %H�), N[H� < (N� � + %H�) %� �យnj ន ទBន� < (%� �យnj ន� + ទBន�) ព�OQ ន �ន� < (ព�OQ ន� + �ន�)

((((ចប0ន�គR@�#ចប0ន�គR@�#ចប0ន�គR@�#ចប0ន�គR@�#�ន8��ន8��ន8��ន8�))))

ពKz�#គម+�ធ� (Consonantal Insertions)

:មព�# � �ធ �ន�គY��ន8�< �ង£យ����ន�|����ប\ប0�>rង����!ច�@�យ��� �ព�������ន8� = បL/�ន.ក�/ងទ �ន��_ម� ( ព3\R Jគម� �ធ� � �ញ (�ន��0 � �ធ ច/�ពBUq នN�bគម គYច/�#!2កf�ថ� �ថមច_�មក�ទ�#) �-យយ�0�ឃ�ញ( បទ�ន8�)ប�ភទ�ន�ម�ន)#'ម�#�)ប�ក�� ��5បក�W7 ���Mន�)Mប0�)ប�បL/�so ��ទ គYMន< �ងច/� ពBUq នN�bគម�ទ�# = ពBUq នN���bច�)ប��bគម�,�គY គ, �, ទ, ន, ម, យ, �, �, H, x, �� =

J�J �ម���នទ J�

�. ច>r គ bគម ប�គ� < (Z + N�), %��បi�(�� < (%��បi + ��) ប�ថ�គ� < (ប�ថ + N�), ប�ថគយ� < (ប�ថ + %យ�)

. ច>r � bគម ��' ��H < (��' + .H), %ជR��គd < (%ជR + %�គd)

�. ច>r ទ bគម %�=ទ�/� < (%�= + %�/� ), /��ទ� < (/� + N�) ' ទ�� < (' + %�� ), ក� �ទ� < (ក� + N�)

�. ច>r ន bគម .�/Jយ�� < (.�/ + �យ��)

ច��Jh យ�� < (ច�� � + �យ��)

�. ច>r ម bគម .ធម�ជ��� < (.ធ + .ជ���), ;H��មB�� < (;H� + NB��) �យ���ម� < (�យ�� + N�), ក�ម�� < (ក� + .�)

. ច>r យ bគម នយ�ទ� < (ន + .ទ�), ��ទQ��យ� < (��ទQ� + N�) នយ�មB < (ន + .មB), �យ� � < ( + N� �) យ#យ�ទ� < (យ# + .ទ�), ន=��យ� < (ន=� + N�)

�ម���នទ J� J��

�. ច>r � bគម ន����=�� < (ន� + 9�=��), ពa���� < (ពa� + N�) ���គd� �� < (���គd + .�), ប�ន��� < (ប�ន + N�) Z����S� < (Z�� + %�S�) ទ��&] �/ < (ទ� + %&] �/)

�. ច>r � bគម ���ងd�;� < (�� + %ងd�;�), ភJ= ��ទ�ក] �� < (ភJ= + 9ទ�ក] ��) ប��ចj�� < (ប + 9ចj��), ភ�[Oយ < (ភ� + �Oយ), ��ទ�ក] �� < (9 + ទ�ក] ��) . (Mន�# � �ទbចច/�rង���ម�ន)

. ច>r H bគម �H�ជ� ច < (� + 9ជ� ច), ប�ថ�H� < (ប�ថ + N�) �H�bc��� < (� + 9bc���)

��.ច>r x bគម ឆxភ��� < (ឆ + %ភ��� ), ឆx��� < (ឆ + %���)

��.ច>r ន�គdH�� bគម ចក]� � 9ទZទ� < (ចក]� + 9ទZទ�), %� ���� < (%� + ���) ��\j� ធ < (�� + ច + .ធ), %ន��ថ�<ន� < (%ន� + ថ�<ន�) ម�Jប�ព0ងd < (ម�J + ប�ព0 + គ)

J�� �ម���នទ J�

ពKz�#�ទ�+�ធ� (Interchange of Letters)

:មព�#�ន�ក���ន8���� � ( ���នQ� បL/�ន.ក�/ងទ �ន�AB��� �( ព3\R J�ទ �)|��ឃ�ញMនO�SK �0ប._ �#!2កf�ព ម!យ�dម!យ�ទ�#ក�/ងបទ�#ម!យ �_ចrង�)Oម�ន� SK �0 ក �d� ខ �_ច� ន�កម�� > ន�ខម�� = SK �0 ក �d� ទ �_ច� ក��ប��/ > ទ��ប��/ = SK �0 ខ �d� ឃ �_ច� ន�ខ�r� > ន�ឃ�r� = SK �0 គ �d� ក �_ច� ក�;�ប�( > ក�;�ប�&, ��បគ� > ��បក� = SK �0 ជ �d� ទ �_ច� ប�នជ� > ប�នទ� = SK �0 ជ �d� យ �_ច� ន�ជ�ប��=� > ន�យ�ប��=� = SK �0 � �d� ន �_ច� ����k > ����J = SK �0 � �d� ក �_ច� ន�យ�/ > ន�យ�&, Jម�/ > Jម�& = SK �0 � �d� ចj �_ច� ភ�/ > ភ�nj = SK �0 � �d� b �_ច� បH�/ > បH�z, ទ�កu�� > ទ�កub� =

�ម���នទ J� J��

SK �0 � �d� ធ �_ច� គន=�m0 > គនQ�m0 = SK �0 � �d� � �_ច� %�=�Y > %>��Y = SK �0 ទ �d� � �_ច� �គ�O > �គ�/, ក���O > ក���/, �#គ�O > �#គ�/ = SK �0 ទ �d� ធ �_ច� ក' ទម'� > ក' ធម'� = SK �0 ទ �d� >ទ �_ច� ភ�O@ > ភ�>O = SK �0 ទ �d� � �_ច� នh���O > នh���[ = SK �0 ន�d� � �_ច� បន�Xន� > ប�� Xន� = SK �0 ធ �d� H �_ច� ��ធ�� > ��H��, �ធ� > �H� = SK �0 ប �d� ផ �_ច� ន�បi�� > ន�ប~�� = SK �0 ប �d� ម �_ច� �នបi�� > �នមi�� = SK �0 ប �d� � �_ច� &ប\�� > &�\�� = SK �0 ម �d� ប �_ច� (ច�� � + ប[M) > ច��មi[M > ច��បi[M, (H��M + បភ�នh�) > H���មiភ�នh� > H���បiភ�នh� = SK �0 យ �d� ក �_ច� យ� > ក� , �យ > �ក = SK �0 យ �d� ជ �_ច� គ��� > គ��Y = SK �0 យ �d� ព �_ច� ជ<យ� > ជ<ព� = SK �0 យ �d� � �_ច� �យ�ធ� > ���ធ�,

J�� �ម���នទ J�

ទ��យ�ក��� > ទ����ក��� = SK �0 � �d� ; �_ច� ប� �ប�k� > ប;�ប�k� , មS�� > មS�<, ប�យ�� > ប<យ�� = SK �0 ; �d� x �_ច� �H�< > �H�� = SK �0 � �d� ព �_ច� ក���/ > ក�ព0�/ = SK �0 �, � � �d� ប �_ច� � ��ចB�� > ប�ចB��, បចj��ក] J > បចj�បក] J =

ក�!')�?1 0)

�_ម2�ក��កF)�ប( O�SK �0ប._ �#!2កf��_ច�ន�|�មកrង����ន�ព/ ��មន�ច�ប0ទ_�d�ទ បL/�ន.គ!�យ�0�'ងន_�O��)ប)ប¨�ខK� Q �@�យ|កBខK��ទ�#�#bច�)ប��ន< �ងព �បទ�_ច� យ� �)ប�� ក� ក��ន = �>MនO�SK �0ប._ �#!2កf�����#!#)ម#��)ច�ន�ទ�# �_ច� %��ក# > %bcក#, (�mធ� + %��d ) > �mធ3��d > �mជ���d ����ម = O�SK �0ប._ �#!2កf�����#!#)ម¨#�ន�ព/ ��_�����ក�ពក�ទ )ប��ន�ប�2�ក��កF�យ�0ព ពBUq ន���5គ�ន���@�យ =

�ម���នទ J� J��

#ម�$ព% (') �]�]�]�]ពTពTពTពT����� � � � �បម នប/ �. ��< i.

ប� �� i. ��g ង u�� ប/ �.

�មធង u�� ប/ �. ��ង u�� ប/ �.

ទ�បង u�� ប/ �. ចកu��=� ប/ �.

ក� ក� ប/ �. [;ធ� ប/ �. nម� � ប/ �.

� ���ទ ប/ �. ��� នប/ �. �qម ប/ �

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប ��ចក. )�£ញ0 ធ�'ម, ជUq ញ ប� ��]ទ )ព�ព/ទ8)ព�,ម#W¦ ងv�N )ព�ព/ទ8)ព�,ម�មធងv�N )ព�ព/ទ8)ព�,ម��Wងv�N )ព�ព/ទ8)ព�,មទ បងv�N ��.ចច)កព]#.� �#?)#���� �ច កនT/យ �{�\ម��ង Q ��ចក. �កKZ�OK �ព��, ��\ ពmម (�P? �0)

3'>�$ព% (')

�HH �ម���នទ J�

�]�]�]�]ពTពTពTពT����� � � � %ធ� + � + �

� + � �ទ � � + ប + ម�ច

�Ay

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប �>)គប0)គង Mន)ពម ផ/#)�l� ច�)ម�ន, �/ង���ង

�]�]�]�]ពTពTពTពT����� � � � ប� � + �ជ

%ភ� + នន@ ប + គH %ន� + .

|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប|កB�)ប ����, �ច�����ង �)#ក2�ច��|� ផRង�l�ង �d:ម

0�J')=ន�ម���នទ� ��

កកកក. . . . ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន� I. �#�ពBUq ន�ន8�Mនន]យ�_ច�ម.ច ? �. �#�ពBUq ន�ន8��)ប��ន8�ក�� ��5បក�W7 2? ខK� ? �. �#�ន�គR@�#�ន8�Mនន]យ�_ច�ម.ច ? J. �#�ន�គR@�#�ន8��)ប��ន8�ក�� ��5បក�W7 2? ខK� ? �. �#�ពBUq ,គម� �ធ �2? ? �. �#�ពBUq នN���bច�)ប��bគមMនបL/,� ន#! គ 2? ខK� ? �. �#�ពBUq ,�ទ�� �ធ �2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 ខK� =

ខខខខ. . . . ច_��ធ?��ន8��ម!យ�]ច_��ធ?��ន8��ម!យ�]ច_��ធ?��ន8��ម!យ�]ច_��ធ?��ន8��ម!យ�]ពTពTពTពT< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�

�ម���នទ J� �HI

ពH� + ��/ �� + ��� ទ� + ក� � មS + ធ�J

ប�គd< + ធម'ទ� ' + បXន� ប\j + ខJQ � + បb�� ��OQ

គគគគ. . . . ច_��ញកបទ�ន8�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ញកបទ�ន8�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ញកបទ�ន8�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ញកបទ�ន8�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន� បគdH��� មHពa� � បi�� ��� %l�� មHព0�< � ��� �ក] �JQ %បib�ប�គd�< បគdkg ��

ប\j� �ន@��ន� �=��=� �� ���ទ�� ធ' ន�B�� %>/H� �ន�ន� ច/= ���ម �0 H�

//�� ទQ�ធ ម�គ�� HJ@ H� ��/H� H�ចក]� '� �ន� /[H� ម'ទ&] �/

ឃឃឃឃ. . . . ច_��)ប)ប�5គ< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន���ខ��ច_��)ប)ប�5គ< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន���ខ��ច_��)ប)ប�5គ< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន���ខ��ច_��)ប)ប�5គ< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន���ខ�� *. nយ� ក��� %(� � %ជw��� �Y ភ� �B�� ចកu��=� P -. ' .OJH� � �S� � គJ=0 �ថ� � �� ក�ប���<យ� ន�នhក� ទ��0 �គ�/មg� P ,. ��' ��H ភ�ក] �� N� � �ក]� �ព0� ប�� ��ទQ�� �Ay �l�� P

�H� �ម���នទ J�

1. ��� �ម ភ�ក] �� គ�<J� � �ជRJ �<ក'M P�បP ��� �ម គ�<ន�ប ប�គd< P 4. %�r� �ក] ន=� ក� ក� � [;ធM �ក] �J= nម� �� ���មgប� �ធ�ក� %�=�J �;� �ក] ថ P 6. ���ក0 B &��, /��ក0 B �q� P C. Oយ�& Oនប�� យ\��ទ� ប� �� 9បង uម�� P�បP � ����O� 9បង uម�� P D. %�� យ ច បJH� មkន� ក3ប��=��ន� ធម'� N[H� ��' ធម'� �ន� %បកu�J= P E. ��g ង u�� �មធង u�� ��ង u�� ទ�បង u��”�� ច/= �� ព�OQ Nក'��\�� ក�បi 9បiជRM� P *G. .ទម�[ច ភគ[ %�=មJ �� ភ�ក]� ភគ��/ ���� %ភ�នន@�ន=� P **. យ# H� ម��; %ន�បទ@�� ទ�xg ឆ��Jh ប� ���&] ប�ន��� � �H�� N�មi � �kg ន��យ %ន�H�� ន�ព0�=� ទ�ក]� .ទ� ប�នបi�ន� P *-. ន H� ����ន ���ន� ម'ន=�ធ ក�Oចន� %����ន ច ម'ន=� N ធ�' នន=�J P *,. �បម�/ Yយ�� ���& �បម�/ Yយ�� ភយ� �បម�/ � �បiម��=B ន��� ���& ក��/ ភយ� ?

�ម���នទ J� �H�

*1. �� ច ��;�� បគdយg �� � �Oយ ប�r� �/ ZZន� ប� ���ជR�� ម�ន� ��ន �� ម�ន� P *4. ��/ ន� �ខ� %�ន0�� ��� %ន�Zយ�ន� P

((((ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ JJJJ����))))

ក��ពKm�)�'�នnt �'�

)#u�-ក0ខK!ន �<��ផfង�#� ទ/ក�)ក )#u��ម:.

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ក/ ��ម��Pយ ទ ក��W� # �ខFយ� ��q ច�#.)#�ក0 =

2�ក)�ជCi#ខន. ក�����'កម/ខ

�_ច��� i#ភK/ក �_ច2�កគ/ក�ប0�r� � =

�ម���នទ� �

�ធ���យ��ព��?�

(Compounds)

�ន��0 � ��q ��យmក�W7 ម!យ)ប�ភទ�ទ�#���2�ក��កFគប4 �'ង គYO�, �យក�]ពT�ផfង Q Dប0: �ងព � បទ�l�ង�dយកមកប�)បញច_�{� ក�/ងន]យ(ប)ង¨មច_�{� aBខK �|កB�#ម!យ = )ប��ន�ប��យ�ងម�នយ�0ច_�ច�#.,ម�]ពTaB�ន���ទ ��0��$�)បបទ�M�ន'ងព��ក�ថម�ទ�#�ក0�ម�នrន �ព�������ងO�ន.ន�ង� �ធ ប��បកក�/ង�_ប� �ភ#.��ផfង Q �,� = �]ពT���bចយកមកប�)បញច_�{� �នគY�]ពT)គប0)ប�ភទMន ,ម,ម, គ/W,ម, �ព?,ម, ក�#ក�� �5, ,មក�#ក, #ទ8�#, ន��#, jប�គR ន�ង �M�,មខK!នzងក�bច�ធ?��M��ន��� = |កB( �)ប( “O�ប�)បញ” �,មក�#កN ��)មចមកព � ប/ព?បទ, SK �0ន�គR@�#�ន � � ម �d� ម ន�ង % �#/ក�/ងន]យ( “ប�)បញ, ��ង[ប”, ច/� � បចV]យ, �!ចទ ឃN % ���ម�#/� � �d� , (� + % + �) > � កម��_ប-កម�ធនN � ��_ប-�ធនN ���Mន� �គR@N(

�ម���នទ J� �H�

� �. ��ន ម�យ���� (��) �� (�O@ ) (�]ពT)����គប�)បញ�-យ�� � ( �M� = �)ប �� (�O@ � �]ពT) zs ��ន ����គ ម�យ�� ប�)បញ�-យ�� .�� �)|��@#/�,� (�� �O@ � �]ពT �,�) �� ��� �( , (�O@ �]ពT) ���)#u�ប�)បញ = បទ( �ន�Mន� �គR@N�)ច�ន5L ង�_ចrង�)Oម ម�យ���� �� P មន� �� P មន� �ខ�ប�ន� [ �� P ម�យ���� �� = ម�B���� �� P O�ប�)បញ�]ពT��)ច�ន�]ពTច_�{� �#ម!យ ���� (�M��ន�)#u��#ចង�� �គR@N:ម)ប�ភទ�ន�M��,� Q �_ច{� ន'ង#ទ8�# ��� = បL/�ន.#ទ8�#ម�នប�)បញ�]ពT�ទ ){ន0�#ច/�បចV]យជ�ន!��]ពT �ធ?�aBខK បL/�so � = ច��|��M�� �ញ គYប�)បញ�]ពT��)ច�ន�]ពTaBច_�{�\ប0Dប0ព � �]ពT�l�ង�d ���ម4 O#0ពmងRrងច/ង�ប�0បទ���មaB #�ច �ធ?�aB�_ប�]ពT)��0)យMន��ចក. ច��0$�0rង�មEន8 ជ!យaB�យ�ង�)ប�� �ន)#'ម)#u� �ទ�ប�ន�M�Mន�N��rន0

�H� �ម���នទ J�

ក�/ង,ទ ច/ង�)Oយ�ន� ���2�ក��កFគប4 ���ន = ច�W/ ច���គ!�យ�0�'ងន�ងចងD �ក�/ង){��ប_ង�ន���ង�M�គY|កB( �]ពT ន�ង បទ =

�$ព% ន�ង បទ

|កB( |ព@ �ន��0�_ប���ម�ន|កBន ម!យ Q ���ម�ន<ន0ច/�� �ភ#.��>�l�យ Mន)#'ម�#)�Nទ ប�ផ/#�ប�0|កB �_ច�|កB( ប�� �, ក�� , ម�ន�, J� �, គ��, �ធ� ����ម �!ម< �ងន��#ផង���� ( |ព@ = |កB( បទ �ន��0|កB)គប0)ប�ភទ )ប��ន�ប��,ម,ម គYMនច/�� �ភ#.�,,�!ច�@�យ�_ច� (ប�� � + �) > ប�� ���, (ប�� � + + ) > ប�� �B �_�ច������ម� ( បទ = �]ពTន�ងបទMនO�<ក0ទង�ម!យ�_ប� �គR@N�ប�0�M��_ច#�d�ន�

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=ន�?� O����ង� �គR@N�ប�0�M�គY���ង�_ច)ប�5គធម�: ���)#u�)បកប�-យ បទ)ប�ន ន�ង បទ2ធ�ប�យ គY បទ� ����នN = បទ

�ម���នទ J� �H�

2ធ�ប�យបទ)ប�ន���ង-ក0�>rង���មគYrង. � �rង�ឆ?ងគYrងច/ងក��ន �)�ច�#��ចក. )#'ម)#u�ក�/ងទ �,� Q �_ចj<@�W7 rង�)Oម�ន�

*. 9�nj ���&] > 9ចj���&] =���ម�ឈ�ខE�0 =

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ច�W/ ច��rន0��#�����ចក. �ប�0)ប�5គ �ប��)ប�d�/ {� ន'ង�M�s ក�: �ង� �គR@Nន�ង�)ប��M��,� Q �d = គប4 D �� �ធ ���ង� �គR@N�ប�0�M�ន ម!យ Q aB�នច��0$�0���_ច����ន�|��!ច�@�យ���ន'ងម�ន�|��ទ�#�ទ =

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�M��ន� �ន��0 �M����Mនប/ព?បទ�បទ�M� �នN Mនj#.�បទ�បទ)ប�ន = |កB( a �ន �)ប( “O������, O����ក” = �M��ន�Mនច�W/ ច��rន0)#u�D �គY ��$ចង� �គR@N)#u�ច/�បទ( (%H�) .�� �]ពT)#u��)ប( “(“ �ន�ចV = ��$ប�)បញច_��ម!យj#.�បទ)#u��/បបទ (%H�) .�� �ចញ�_ចrង�)Oម�ន� (ម� + �� ) > ម��� � �. ម�k (%H�) .�� �� > ម��� =��ចក. �MR �0( (2ញ) ��មWN = (�= + �� ) > �=�� � �. �/= .�� �� > �=�� =��ចក. �MR �0(� �#? = (ភ�ក]� + បb��� ) > ភ�ក]� បb���

�ម���នទ J� ���

� �. ភ�ក]� (%H�) .�� បb��� > ភ�ក]� បb��� =��ចក. �ប.�C ((2ញ) �ភ�ក[/ = (ម� + �� ) > ម��� � �. ម�� .�� �� > ម��� =��ចក. �MR �0(�ច0 = (ខ�=�យ + ន) > ខ�=�យន � �. ខ�=��� (%H�) .�� �J > ខ�=�យ�J =Mន�( (2ញ) �កf)#�យ7 = �)បaBយ�0Pយ( �J � Mន� .�� ( (%H� � 2ញ) ខ�=��� �កf)#�យ7 ខ�=�យ�J ��� �( ខ�=�យ�J, ខ�=�យ-�J =Mន�((2ញ)�កf)#�យ7 = បទ�M��ន� �ប��ឃ�ញ�#�_ប�]ពTbច�)ប��M���ទ�ន�_ច� ម��� �ប��)ប( “��ចក. �MR �0�ប�0�មWN” ន�ង ខ�=�យន �)ប( “Mន��ប�0កf)#�យ7” �_�ច��ក��ន �#�,�D#0��M��ផfង� �ញ (Mន�|��>rងម/ខ) = ច�W/ ច��rន0)#u��)បព j#.�បទ�d�កប/ព?បទ = ���ម4 aB�'ង(��M��ន��ម�ន�មន �_មព�D�s�ម��( �#�ប/ព?បទbច�)បគ!ប�ម!យ .�� �]ពT����)ប( “(” �ន��ចក. ព �\���ទ ន�ង�_ម��ងv#�ម��បទច/ង�ទ�# ព �)|�គ�)ច�ន�M�)ប�ភទ�ន�ន�យម�)ប�|កBMន��ចក. ( “��ចក. �MR �0(..., គY(...,

��H �ម���នទ J�

“�ម�#�(..., |កB(..., �'ង(...” �_�ច������ម�j#.�បទ = �ប�bច�)ប�|កB( “(=.��” \ �ង)#ង0ច�,K �ប/ព?បទន�ងj#.�បទ�ន �M� �,� Q � �M� �ន�M��M� �ន�M��M� �ន�M��M� �ន�M�ប/ព?បទប/ព?បទប/ព?បទប/ព?បទកម���យ�M�កម���យ�M�កម���យ�M�កម���យ�M� �ន��@�យ = បទ�M���)មចមកព � �គR@N�ន�� ( a �នប�ព0បទកម'X�យ- ��M�,ម �)|�Mនបទ)ប�ន�ពញប� �ប_�W7 = �]ពTz�ទ�# Q គប4 )�ប:មន]យ�ន� =

�. �+3�!ប>ពបទកមt3�យ�?� 2���Wប/ព?បទ�M��ន� �ន��0 បទ�M����Mនប/ព?បទ�បទ2���WN = |កB( %�X�� �)ប( “c#0” �-យ�)ប� N� �]ពT�)ប( “...គY...” \ �ងប/ព?បទព j#.�បទ����បទ)ប�ន = < �ងប/ព?បទន�ងj#.�បទន�យម�)ប��]ពT�,ម,ម���Mនន]យ����{� ក�/ង��ចក. (bច�)ប�ជ�ន!�{� �ន j. � �. ប�� N� �� > ប�� �� =ពនKYគYបxy = � �. ព��OQ N� ��ន� > ព�ទQ��ន� =�ក�គY)ព�ព/ទ8 = � �. ធ�' N� ��ន� > ធម'��ន� =�ក�គY)ព�ធមw = � �. �ង� N� ��ន� > ងv��ន� =�ក�គY)ព��ងp = � �. ធ�' N� ច�&u > ធម'ច�&u =ច)កគY)ព�ធមw =

�ម���នទ J� ��I

ក�!')�?1 0) |កB( N� �ន��#�]ពT)�ប0��ចក. eមc#0�)ប( “�មនព�#” rង�មEន8� ( %�X���� =Mន��ចក. (eម = បL/�ន.�ព��)ប�ក�/ង�_ប� �គR@N�ន� )#u��)ប( “គY“ ���ម4 c#0��ចក. ��ទ�_ច� ធម'ច�&u =ច)កគYធមw = |កB( ចកu =ច)ក, កង0 Mនទ_�d បL/�ន.ក�/ង�M��ន�eមc#0ទ/ក គYaBយកច)ក�)បZប�ធ�ប�#�ម!យន'ងធមwបL/�so � = បទ�M�មកព � �គR@N�ន�� ( %�X��ប�ព0បទកម'X-�យ = ច�W/ ច��rន0គYMន|កB�)ប( “...គY...” �>\ �ងប/ព?-បទន�ងj#.�បទ�ន�ចV = �ប��)បខ/�ព rង����ន� j. ប�� �� �ប��)ប( “ពនKY�នបxy ” �,�គY�ឆ�� #ប4/ � ���M� (Mន�|��>rងម/ខ) = �]ពTz�ទ�# Q �_ម)�ប:ម��ចក. �ន� =

+�ធ�8,�ន�ង]�ង+�គ1C; =នកមt3�យ�?�

O�: �ង� �គR@N�ប�0កម���យ�M�Mន � �បប គY�បប��ង[បន�ងព�. � =

��� �ម���នទ J�

�. . . . +����នប>ព^បទកមt3�យ�?� �....� 8បប��ង�ប

�)ប��#ព �បទគY បទ)ប�ន ន�ង បទ� ����នN បL/�so � j. � �. មH�J= �ថ�� > មS�ថ�� =)ព��ថ�N�ធ� =

�.... 8បបព�n6 �

�$កaB�ថម ច �]ពT�)ប( “ផង” ន�ង � �ព?,មប��បក� �� � �� �d:ម��ងRន�ង�)ប( “�,�“ ន�ង .�� �]ពT�)ប( “�)|��@#/�,�” j.

� �. មH�J= ច �� �ថ�� n�� > មS�ថ�� P � )ព��ថ�N �,� ផង �ធ� ផង �)|��@#/�,� ��� �( មS�ថ�� ()ព��ថ�N�ធ�) = �_ម��ងv#�ម��MនO��ថម ច �]ពTaB�ថម��0�dព �ក�នKង គYទ ច/ងបទ� ����នNន�ងច/ងបទ)ប�ន = ច��|� ច �]ពTច/ងបទ)ប�ន)#u������ច_��ម!យ .�� �]ពT� (ច + .��) > n�� �ន�ចV = �_ប� �គR@N�ប�0កម���យ�M�z�ទ�# Q ក�Mន� �ធ ���ង� �គR@N�បប�_ច{��_ចrង�)Oម�ន�

. . . . +����ន>'6�បទកមt3�យ�?�

�ម���នទ J� ���

8បប��ង�ប; �/= � ���� > �=� ���� =�#?� ���� = 8បបព�n6 �; �/= ច �� � ���� n�� > �=� ����=�#?�,� ផង ���� ���� ផង �)|��@#/�,� ��� �( �=� ���� =

�. . . . +�����#ភយបទកមt3�យ�?�

8បប��ង�ប; ��\j មbc\j > ��មbc� (^ន�) =(ទ ))#�ក0ផង �2��ផង = 8បបព�n6 �; ��\j �� មbc�j �� > ��មbc� P

�. . . . +�����#បមបទកមt3�យ�?�

8បប��ង�ប; ង]� .� ប�r � � > ង]ប�r � � (ខ�� �) =(ទ'ក�-�)��_ច �]ង[ =

8បបព�n6 �; ង]\j .� �� ប�r ��j �� > ង]ប�r � � ខ�� � =

�. . . . �?5 +នប>ព^បទកមt3�យ�?� 8បប��ង�ប; ខ�=��� (%H�) .�� �J > ខ�=�យ�J =Mន�( (2ញ)�កf)#�យ7 = 8បបព�n6 �; ខ�=��� ច (%H�).�� �� �J n�� >ខ�=យ�J

��J �ម���នទ J�

. . . . �+3�!ប>ព^បទកមt3�យ�?� 8បប��ង�ប; ព��OQ N� ��ន� > ព�ទQ��ន� =�ក�គY)ព�ព/ទ8 = 8បបព�n6 �; ព��OQ ច N� �� ��ន�j �� > ព�ទQ��ន� P

�]ពTz�ទ�# Q គប4 យក:ម� �ធ �ន��_ច{� = បL/�ន.ន�យម���ង � �គR@N�បប��ង[ប ព �)|�bច�)ប�ន��ចក. �_ច{� =

((((កម���យ�M�ចប0)#'ម�ន�កម���យ�M�ចប0)#'ម�ន�កម���យ�M�ចប0)#'ម�ន�កម���យ�M�ចប0)#'ម�ន�))))

0�J')=ន�ម���នទ� � កកកក. . . . ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�ច_��ឆK�យន'ង��ន!�< �ង£យrង�)Oម�ន�

I. �#�|កB( �)ប(5L ង�មLច ? �. �#��M�ន�ង�ន8�ខ/�{� �_ច�ម.ច ? �. � �ធ �ធ?��M�Mន � �បបគY ;��= ន�ង %;��= �#�Mនក�ចVខ/�{� 5L ងsខK� ? J. ច��|��]ពT���MនO�ន.� �, 7 ន�ង 8 ��$យកមក�ធ?�� បទ�M� �#�)#u��ធ?��_ច�ម.ចខK� ? �. ច��|��]ពT����ទ?���ងR ��$យកមក�ធ?��បទ�M��#�)#u��ធ?� �_ច�ម.ចខK� ?

�ម���នទ J� ���

�. �-យច��Wកធ� Q �M�Mន � 5L ង�#�Mន��� �2? ខK� ? �. �#��]ពT���bចយកមក�ធ?��បទ�M�គY�]ពT)ប�ភទsខK� ? �. កម���យ�M�Mន � 5L ង�#�Mន��� �� �_ច�ម.ចខK� ? �. �#�កម���យ�M����Mនប/ព?បទ�បទ� ����នN��M� 2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = IH. �#�កម���យ�M����Mនj#.�បទ�បទ� ����នN��M� 2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = II. �#�កម���យ�M����Mនបទ< �ងព ��បទ� ����នNន�ងMន បទ��ទ�)ប�ន �#���M�2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = I�. �#�កម���យ�M����MនបទjបM�បទ� ����នN Mន j#.�បទ�បទ)ប�ន ��M�2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = I�. �#�កម���យ�M����Mនប/ព?បទ�បទ�M� �នN Mនj#.�- បទ�បទ)ប�ន ��M�2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = IJ. �#�កម���យ�M����Mនប/ព?បទ�បទ2���WN Mន j#.�បទ�បទ)ប�ន ��M�2? ? �_មaBj<@�W7 = I�. ច_�: �ង� �គR@N�ប�0កម���យ�M�< �ង � 5L ង�បបព�. � � � �គR@N:ម��� �� < �ង � �,� Q =

((((ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ ចប0�ម���នទ JJJJ����))))

�ម���នទ� ��

�ធ���យ��ព��?� (')

. . . . ទ�គ>�?�

(Numeral Determinate compounds) ទ�គ/�M��ន�Mនគ#��_ចកម���យ�M�)គប0)បO� < �ងO�ប�)បញន�ង� �ធ ���ង� �គR@N = បL/�ន.2? ���ខ/��បKក�,� គYប/ព?បទ�)ប��# បក#���ខmគ/W,មDប0ព Nក �@_#��0 %bcន���� បL/�so �, � zj#.�បទ�,ម,ម:មធម�: = |កB( ទ�គ� ��)មចមកព បក#�-��ខmគY (ទ0� > ទ� + គ��) > ទ�គ�� =ច��Wកព �, ��$�ធ?��M��/ប � �#0�d = �M��ន�Mនប�)បញ�#បក#���ខmច_��ម!យ,ម,ម�#មLmង ���Mន� �ធ ���ង� �គR@N:ម��� � � �បបគY S�ទ�គ� ន�ង %S�ទ�គ� =

+�ធ����ង+�គ1C;�ប�)ទ�គ>�?�

.� �?J�ទ�គ>�?� |កB( S� �)ប( “�!ប�!ម“ ក�/ង��ចក. ( បទ�M�

�ម���នទ J� ���

�ន��|កB)បម_�)ក�បន]យច_��#ម!យ = ក�/ង� �គR@NMនប/ព?បទ�បក#���ខmន�ងMនj#.�បទ�,ម,មព@/�ចនN�#!)ប�ន = បទ �M���)មចព � �គR@N�ន�M��ន�Mន2#3�zក�ចនN ���)#u�ប��បក�នប/ ��ក��ងRzក�ចនN�ន�ចV = �<�ប �,ម,ម�)ប�ន�,� Q Mន��ងR2? ក��-យ �_�ច���@�យ�ទ�ប� ( S� j.

� �. ប\j ព<ន� > ប\j ព;� =កMK �ង)� � = � �. ��� �<& > ���<ក� =�$កប = � �. ច/= �� ម(d > ច��មគd� =មគRប!ន = � �. ប\j /ន� > ប\j �� =�យ)� � ()� ��យ) =

. ��?J�ទ�គ>�?�

|កB( %S� �)ប( “ម�ន�!ប�!ម” ក�/ង��ចក. (បទ�M��ន��|កBម�ន)បម_�)ក�បបន]យច_��#ម!យ�ទ �_ចក�/ងបទ( ប\j� �ន@��ន� =inនT យ7)� � គY\ប0inនT យ7ម!យ Q -ច0ព {� = �M��ន�ខ/�ព �Me�ទ�គ/ )#ង0���បទ�M�មកព � �គR@N�ន� )#u�ប��បក�ព@/�ចនN បL/�ន.ក�Mន�zក�ចនNផង��� ន�ង���)#u�ទ/កaBគង0�_ប:ម���ម ព �)|��>�#Mន2#3�ព@/�ចនN���� j.

��� �ម���នទ J�

� �. ប\j ព<ន� > ប\j ព<ន� =កMK �ង)� �< �ង£យ = � �. N�& ប�គd�< > Nកប�គd�< =ប/គR�M� ក0 = � �. ឆ �យ�Jន� > ឆ�យ�Jន� =bយ#នN)� �ម!យ< �ង-£យ=

បទ�M��ន��,ម,មbចប��បក:ម� �ភ#.��ផfង Q ���bច��ងv#�ឃ�ញ5L ងPយ ព �)|�Mនប/ព?បទ�បក#���ខm�#មLmង = �_ម��{�0�_�ច��( កម'X�យ Mន,ទ ប�)បញគ/W,ម�,ម,ម�ម!យន'ង,ម,មaB�d�បទ�#ម!យ = � z ទ�គ�Mន,ទ ប�)បញបក#���ខm�ម!យន'ង,ម,មaB�d�បទ�#ម!យ = �ន��ច�W/ ចគ!�ចងD � ��$ជ!ប�]ពT)ប�ភទ�ន�ក�/ងទ sក�bច�)ប�នK ម Q �-យ�ញក�]ពT: �ង� �គR@NaB)#u�:ម�]ក[ខ]WX �_ច�|��!ច�@�យ =

((((ទ�គ/�M�ទ�គ/�M�ទ�គ/�M�ទ�គ/�M�ចប0ចប0ចប0ចប0))))

�. . . . '�f>� ���?� (Dependent Determinate Compounds)

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+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;ន�ង8,��ប�)'�f>� ���?�

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�ម���នទ J� �JI

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�.� បzyម�'�f>� ���?�

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�ម���នទ J� �J�

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�. �'6ម�'�f>� ���?�

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Aបបទ�?� k Aបបទ'�f>� ���?�

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�. . . . ទន%^�?� (Copulative or Aggregative Compounds)

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�J� �ម���នទ J�

+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;=នទ^ន%�?�

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�.� �?J�ទន%^�?�

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((((ទ?នT?�M�ចប0ទ?នT?�M�ចប0ទ?នT?�M�ចប0ទ?នT?�M�ចប0))))

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បទ���ម បទច/ង យ � បទ�M� 2Uyបទ()ប�ន)

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I � � J

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ក�!')�?1 0)

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I � �

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+�ធ�]�ង+�គ1C;

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I � � J �

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���+�­-{n�ង)�គ`� The New Pali course Book 1&2, Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera. The Higher Pali course for Advance students, Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera. An Elementary Pali course, Narada Thera. Pali Primer, Lily de Silver. Pali Made Easy, Balangoda Ananda Maitreya. Practical Grammar of the Pali Language, Chales Duroiselle. Pali Grammar for Students, Steven Collins. Pali Grammar, Vito Perniola. Introduction to Pali, Antony Kennedy Warder. Concise pali-English Dictionary, Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera. Pali-English Dictionary, Rhys Davis and William Sted.

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