Post on 02-Jan-2016
Final Meeting
TW5-TSW-001
Deliverable 7
SCK•CEN, L. OomsCulham, October 23–24, 2006
Goals of the study
Definition of the material cycle paths
Strategy of the closed material cycle:Important benefits:
•Reduction of waste volume
•Savings on valuable materials
Other aspects:•Technical feasibility
•Material availibility
•Energy demand and Economical aspects
•Environmental issues and public opinion
Materials and their properties
Component Blanket HTS LTS VV TF COIL Div. struc Div. Tiles Total
Eurofer 1.74E+06 1.27E+06 7.02E+05 - - - - 3.71E+06
316SS - - - 7.09E+06 - 1.23E+06 - 8.32E+06
Others - - - - 4.48E+07 - - 4.48E+07
W 5.45E+04 - - - - - 1.68E+05 2.23E+05
LiPb 6.19E+06 - - - - - - 6.19E+06
WC - - 4.57E+06 - - - - 4.57E+06
B - - - 1.85E+05 - - - 1.85E+05
He 1.66E+06 1.27E+06 - - - 1.23E+06 - 4.16E+06
H2O - - 1.76E+06 4.27E+06 - - - 6.03E+06
Total 9.64E+06 2.55E+06 7.02E+06 1.16E+07 4.48E+07 2.46E+06 1.68E+05 7.82E+07
Materials used in the PPCS Model AB and their weights (kg)
2.5 years
5 years
Life time
Materials and their properties
Component Blanket HTS LTS VV TF COIL Divertor
Eurofer 18.0% 50.0% 10.0% - - -
316SS - - - 61.4% - 46.8%
Others - - - - 100.0% -
W 0.6% - - - - 6.4%
LiPb 64.2% - - - - -
WC - - 65.0% - - -
B - - - 1.6% - -
He 17.2% 50.0% - - - 46.8%
H2O - - 25.0% 37.0% - -
Percentage of material in each component
2.5 years
5 years
Life time
Materials and their properties
Refractory materials: W & WC
Breeder material: 17Li-83Pb
Coolants: He & H20
Structural materials:•Special metal: Eurofer•Stainless steel 316SS
Other materials:•Boron: boronizing the VV•Materials of the coils
Materials and their properties
Refractory materials: W & WC
Coating technologies:
•Vacuum/Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
•Chemical/Physical Vapour Disposition
•Roll cladding
•W-coatings on Graphitic substrates
Joining technologies:
•Brazing
•Electron Beam Welding
•Diffusion bonding/Hot Isostatic Pressing
•Active metal casting
Non destructive analysis:
•Radiography
•Ultrasonic
•Thermography
•Hot Helium leak tests
Materials and their properties
Refractory materials: W & WC
Recycling:
•Melting point: 3370°C => excluded
•Separation of W and base material by melting
•Obtaining W powder is the goal for recycling:
•Oxidation of W metal at 700°-800°C => volatile W-oxides (to be trapped and collected in filters). Disadvantages:
• high temperature + O2 = explosion risks, •very slow processus
•Chemical dissolvement => very resistant material only a mixture of concentrated HF and HNO3 would have results
•Crushing/grinding of Tungsten to powder => T is one of the hardest products (nearby diamond) and therefore hard to employ
Materials and their properties
Fabrication process of Tungsten
Materials and their properties
Structural materials
Melting is an option for these materials since this is the basic step in their fabrication.
Stainless steel 316SS Eurofer
But necessary? Other less drastic processes e.g. annealing, for repair of the irradiation damage (embrittlement, formation of He…)
Breeder material: 17Li-83Pb => not regarded
Coolants: He & H20 => no tendency to activate, but watch out for impurities and erosion of the cooling tubes! Therefore filtration or chemical purification will be necessary.
Other materials => not regarded :• Boron• Materials of the coils
Materials and their properties
Dose rate of the materials
component 5 years 10 years 50 years 100 years
TF Coil 1.1E-05 5.8E-06 1.2E-07 9.1E-08
VV 0.173 0.088 5.0E-04 1.8E-05
LTS 2.5 1.3 0.011 5.3E-04
HTS 13.6 7.0 0.04 2.3E-04
blanket manifold 16.2 8.1 0.042 3.3E-04
blanket breeder 1 0.7 0.3 0.005 4.0E-04
blanket breeder 2 6.7 0.88 0.015 0.003
blanket FW 158.8 14.8 0.037 0.001
blanket armour 9.0 4.2 0.044 0.007
divertor 45.1 19.9 0.1 0.001
divertor tiles 7.3 3.5 0.030 0.003
Clearance (CI < 1?)
hands on recycling
Shielded recycling
Remote handling
Dose rate (Sv/h)
2.5 years
5 years
Life time
The dose rate of the materials remains an important parameter
in the recycling strategy.
• For life time components, one can apply deferred recycling
(decay can be a solution to apply (conditional) clearance on
these materials) e.g. TF-coil, Vacuum Vessel, LTS
• In Vessel components demand a remote handling system,
therefore immediate recycling (after interim storage) should be
applied.
Conclusions/ideas for discussion
• Stainless steel and Eurofer can be melted, but maybe a less
drastic processes can be applied for reuse of materials
• The feasibility to recycle Refractory materials (W and WC)
is still to be studied, although some options are noted.
• Coolants: He & H20 => watch out for impurities and
erosion of the cooling tubes!
• LiPb: re-utilisation is described in a paper (R. Pampin)
Conclusions/ideas for discussion
Material treatment
Report:
Categorisation based on Material recycling paths
TW5-TSW-001 D7
Draft in edit, final report end of November 2006
Final Meeting
TW5-TSW-001
Deliverable 8a
SCK•CEN, L. OomsCulham, October 23–24, 2006
Definition of the R&D needs
R&D needs
Different areas
Component handling
Design for Recycling
Material properties
R&D needs
Component handling
•Hot cell environment
•Shielded environment
•Hands on environment
•Interim storage
•Internal contamination hazards
R&D needs
Design for Recycling
•Maximum recuperation of structural materials
•Mechanical attachment techniques
•Specification on impurities
R&D needs
Material properties• Recycling possibilities of the “exotic” materials to be
studied in detail; e.g. LiPb, W, WC, Be
• Separation methods for components based on design.
• Build up of activation products when reuse is applied
Others• Removal of T in all necessary processes
• Waste fabrication during recycling, first estimate
Report:
Definition of the R&D needs
TW5-TSW-001 D8
Draft in edit, final report end of december 2006