FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

Americans Fooled Aguinaldo

December 10, 1898The Treaty of Paris (SIGNED): Filipinos felt they were

deceived.Emilio Aguinaldo- sought in Singapore and Hongkong.

- Dewey wanted him to raise the standard of revolt to defeat the Spaniards.

General Ricarte- saw trough the façade , warned Aguinaldo.

Behaviour:

Friends- CONQUEROR

Results: Filipino Rebels,

not allowed to

enter Manila.

Threat: immedia

tely SHOT-DOWN.

Aguinaldo gave them a chance.Americans- demanded that he withdraw his forces.

- Aguinaldo was then convinced that he was fooled.

- No intention of leaving the country. - meant to stay and be masters; successors of the Spaniards.

Beginning:Filipino Disillutionment

“Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation

Before the treaty signing:

President McKinley -did not know what to do with the Philippines.- he fell on his knees and prayed to God, giving

him light on what he would do with the country.- surrounded by men who wanted Philippines as

an American colony.

1. American Business Interests:Not only a market for products– a

stepping stone to Asia’s Market.

2. Military and Naval:

Base for ships and

first line of defence.

3. Religious:

Base for Protestant

Missionaries.

Constituted “Pressure Groups”

After the Treaty Signing:

Officially announced the American Policy regarding Philippines

Ordered the American Military Commanders to extend the sovereignty in the entire archipelago by force.

President McKinley

General Elwell Otis (Successor of Gen. Merritt)

- did not publish the whole text of the proclamation.

FEAR: Arouse the anger of the Filipinos.

- Intead: he made revisions of the former proclamation.

FORCEFUL

SOFT

Not to antago

nize the

Filipinos.

Filipino Reaction to the Proclamation

General Marcus P. Miller (Iloilo) published the original contents of the proclamation. Copies: fell into the hands of the Filipinos.

●Antonio Luna- Author of “La Independencia”, attacked the proclamation severely and said that it was a trick to make the people quiet.- Americans would put into practice what the Spaniards did to Philippines.

January 5

- Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded proclamation:

“My Government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempted to take forcible

possession of the Visayan Islands.”

General Otis-realizing the meaning of the proclamation, quietly strengthened the American lines.

The Filipino-American relationship were passing through a very difficult stage.

Attempts to Relax the Tension

Settling by Talk

- Aguinaldo suggested to Gen. Otis:

Their representatives should meet to discuss ways and means to avoid conflict.

Gen. Otis’ Appointees:3 Military officers

Pres. Aguinaldo’s Appointees:3 Military Officers

The Filipinos were serious in solving the question of their relation.

The Shot that Started the War

February 1, 1899

-group of American Engineers were arrested by the Filipino troops.

- Gen. Arthur protested: presence of Filipinos in the American lines.

February 4, 1899Private William W. Grayson-shot a Filipino soldier (Balsahan bridge: San Juan

del Monte)- Filipinos response: rifle fire.

Gen. Otis:Protested

Aguinaldo’s response:

Not arrested, just detained because they were found in the Filipino

lines.

Filipino-American War: ON!

American Units:Deployed and mobilized throughout Manila and the Suburbs

Investigation of the Incident

Captain Fernando Grey

-sent a telegram to Malolos: Americans had commended hostilities.

Pres. Aguinaldo- sent General Otis an emissary:

“The firing on our side the night before had been against my order.”

-ordered an investigation to determine the truth.

Gen. Otis: Haughty and Arrogant“The fighting, having started, must go on to

the brim end.”

Findings:Early days of

February: Filipino

employees in the service of

American ships had

been dismissed.

February 4:Between 200-300 American

soldiers boarded 2 cascos for

CaviteSoldiers were returned to Manila to

rejoin their units.Sudden

attacks in all sectors

showed that they had been preparing for

the attack.

The American Commander did not mke

any ttempt to investigate.

He ordered an all-attack

on the Filipino soldiers.

American Drive to the North

American Troops- easily captured town after town (Rizal Province)-North: won victories in battle of La Loma, near

Chinese Cemetery, when Major Jose Torres Buggalon died: Combat.

Macrthur-procceeded to Kaloocan.-Generl Antonio Luna fought him; Luna was

defeted.- American arms could not be neuralized by

bravery and courage alone.

Luna: planned to recapture

Manila

March 22, Gen Luna led the attcak on

Manila.

2 days after, he reached Azearraga

Street.

Americans: realized the significance

of Luna’s victory.

Gen. Luna: forced to retreat to

Pulo, Bulacan.

Gen. Otis: offensive on the North.Gen. Henry W. Lawton: started the offensive

in South.-Pulo was captured.

March 30- arrived at Malolos.

Pres. Aguinaldo-evaluated and transferred the capital to

San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

Gen. Otis: ordered

MacArthur to rest in

Malolos

Lawton: to continue

his march against Cavite.

Filipinos won

very few victories;

very

costly to the Americans.

March 25

Filipino troops:

repulsed Gen. Lloyd

Wheaton in the Battle of

Pulo, killed an American Col. In Quinguia, Major James Bell Franklin:

killed in combat;

defeated by “boy” Gen.

Gregorio del Pilar

April 23

Gen. John M. Stotsenburg was killed.

December 18

Gen. Licerio Geronimo,

defeated the Americans under Gen.

Lawton (Battle of San

Mateo)

Gen. Lawton was killed.

The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet

Apolinario Mabini

Cabinet President; Prime Minister;

Secretary of foreign Affairs

He never used his

position to

enrich himself

Very poor when

he entered

Gov. service;

poor when

he died.

Powerful man outside Aguinaldo

Hardworking and honest;

incorruptible

Americans tried to win-over the Filipinos with promises:

Mabini:“This is a trick of the Americans”

Freedom and Autonomy

INDEPENDENCE

Enemies: Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino (wealthy & powerful) opposed him.

belief: Autonomy will be good for the Filipinos. accepted the offer. persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini.

May 7- Aguinaldo informed Mabini; Paterno formed a new

Cabinet.- Mabini sent a resignation letter of the Cabinet he

was heading.- spent his last years in his arm chair writing articles

against the Americans.

Assassination of Luna

Gen. Antonio Luna

- most brilliant among Filipino Military Officers.- born in Manila, district of San Nicolas.- Manila & Spain: studied Pharmacy.- defect: SHORT TEMPER.- exiled to Spain by the Colonial Government.

*1898

- passed Hongkong.- asked Felipe Agoncillo;

Letter of Recommendation to Gen. Aguinaldo.- given the materials and a revolver.

Luna: appointed (High Position)

- the army had no discipline.- instilled discipline did not like the attitude.- Filipino-American War: chief of Military Zone (Cen.

Luzon)- slapped soldiers when they do not meet his

standards.

Bayambang, Pangasinan- inspecting defenses. received a telegram from Kabanatuan, he was

needed.- his aide: Colonel Francisco Roman & soldiers.

Arrival in Aguinaldo’

s Headquart

ers: Luna; angry

Heard a rifle shot, ran down

and cursed the soldiers.Slapped one of them.

Captain Pedro Kastila (Cavite)Hacked

him.

The soldiers boloed

him, shot him.

Luna drew his

revolver; fell from

the covenant and died saying;

“COWARDS!”

“ASSASSINS!”

More than 40 wounds in his body and head.

Conquest of the Visayas

Marcus P. Miller- instructed by Gen. Otis: invade Iloilo.- Miller’s demand: Filipino troops surrender.

Gen. Martin Delgado- Bisayan patriots under him decided to fight.- to prevent encapturement: burned the city.

Americand landed in force.February 20 Jro, Santa Barbara, Oton and Mandurriao

fell.Sent an expedition force to Cebu.The City surrendered Cebu Patriots: not give up easily.Guerrilla Warfare: led by Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro

Fullom.

Negros- Wealthy Negrenses; symphatized with the

Americans.- arrival: raised the AMERICAN FLAG.- Committee was sent to Manila to ask Gen. Otis to

allow them of arming a battalion to maintain peace & order.- Gen. Otis approved; collaborated with them.

March 1- Gen. Otis issued an order: provide the creation for

Military District composed of Panay, Negros, Cebu.

Bisayan Military District- Negrenses allowed to meet in a convention to frame a constitution.

Negros ConstitutionSubmitted to Pres. McKinley

Did not take it seriously.

Bates Treaty

General John C. Bates

- dealt the Muslims: diplomatic way.- negotiations: bases of Equality.

Muslim Sultan of Sulu

- insisted that Americans should not occupy and Jolo except the Jolo proper.

- collecting customs duties in places not occupied by the Americans.

August 20, 1899- agreement: signed by Gen. Bates and Sultan of Jolo

and datus.

B A T E S T R E A T Y

PROVISIONS:1. Sovereignty of the United States over the whole archipelago f Jolo and it’s dependences should be recognized.

2. The rights of his Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be fully respected.

3. Americans promised not to interfere in religious matters and not to persecute anybody on account of his religious beliefs.

4. Americans agreed to pay the Sultan and his leading datus monthly salaries.

The Retreat of Aguinaldo to Palanan

Death of Gen. Luna

- many Filipino Commanders were demoralized.-led to Gen. Otis’ plan to capture Aguinaldo.

Pres. Aguinaldo

- ordered his troops and the people to conduct Guerrilla Warfare.

- fled to Pangasinan- followed by the Americans.- warned by the people about the trap.- walked town to town with very little rest.- left his family to spare them the hardship.- walked to Teirra Virgen, Cagayan.

September 6, 1900- reached Palanan, Isabella. Headquarters

Establishment.

The Battle of Pasong Tirad

Gregorio del Pilar

- ordered by Aguinaldo to remain behind.- purpose: to intercept the Americans.- chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, with 60

soldiers.

**Pasong Tirad- narrow pass 4,500 feet high; good view of the

country.

Major Peyton C. March

*December 2, 1899- proceeded against del Pilar.- Filipino troops hit the Americans at will and

were forced to retreat.- an Igorot guided the Americans to the secret

trail.- a fierce battle ensued and del Pilar was shot in

the neck.- Americans looted his body for souvenirs.- Igorots buried it in a shallow grave.

Capture of Aguinaldo

Americans took advantage of the cooperative attitude of the wealthy Filipinos and used them to persuade the people to cooperate with them.

Cruel Methods:a. Water Cure

- forcing water into the stomach and if full, forced to lay on their backs. An American soldier would jump on his stomach.

b. Rope Choke- placing a rope on the neck and twisting it to

choke.

c. Beat the Filipino until he was blue in the face.

Samar

- in order to avenge the death of their comrades who were massacred by the Filipino Guerrillas under Gen. Vicente Lukban, burned down the whole town of Balangiga and killed all men even boys under 10.

Colonel Frederick Funston- planned the capture of Aguinaldo.

Lazaro Segovia- Sapaniard who joined the Filipino forces against

Americans.- led the Macabebes and pretended to have captured

enemies.- walked to Palanan and informed Aguinaldo through a

courier.

Aguinaldo made preparations for the Filipino forces against Americans.

Segovia and his men signalled the men below to start the firing.

Aguinaldo rushed to the window as to what it was.Gen. Funston told him to surrender.

*Aguinaldo was brought to Manila*April 1, 1901

- took the oath of allegiance to the United States Government.

April 19- Aguinaldo appealed to the Filipinos to accept the

Sovereignty of the United States.

End of the Guerrilla Warfare

Gen. Miguel Malvar (Batangas)

- took over the leadership of the Filipino Government and fought the enemy in running battles.

-Americans tried to frighten the civilian population by reconcentrating them in a place and killing anybody found outside the zone.

- called the “Sona System,” during the Japanese Period.

February 27, 1902- Gen. Vicente Lukban was captured in

Samar.-marked the end of the Guerrilla Warfare in

that province.

April 16- Gen. Malvar surrendered: to save his allies

from the brutality of the enemy and of hunger.- systematic opposition to American

Sovereignty ceased.

E N D