Fig. 13-00

Fig. 13-01

A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves

A flower mantid in Malaysia

A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

Fig. 13-01a

A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves

Fig. 13-01b

A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

Fig. 13-01c

A flower mantid in Malaysia

Fig. 13-02

1809Lamarck

publisheshis theory

of evolution.

1830Lyell publishes

Principles of Geology.

1837Darwin begins analyzing his

specimens and writing hisnotebooks on the origin

of species. 1844Darwin writes his essayon the origin of species.

1865Mendel publishespapers on genetics.

1858Wallace sends an

account of histheory to Darwin.

1859Darwin publishesThe Origin of Species.

1809Charles Darwinis born.

1831–36Darwin travels

around the worldon the HMS Beagle.

Green sea turtle in theGalápagos Islands

180

0

187

0

Fig. 13-02a

Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands

Fig. 13-02b

Fig. 13-02c

Fig. 13-02d

Fig. 13-03

Darwin in 1840

Galápagos Islands

NorthAmerica

South America

PACIFICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

Pinta

40 miles

40 km0 Florenza

0

Fernandina

MarchenaGenovesa

Equator

Santiago

Daphne IslandsPinzón

Española

Isabela SantaCruz

SantaFe San

Cristobal

Great Britain

Cape ofGood Hope

Europe

Africa

Cape Horn

Tierra del Fuego

Equator

Asia

HMS Beagle

Australia

Tasmania NewZealand

An

des

Fig. 13-03a

Darwin in 1840

Fig. 13-03b

HMS Beagle

Fig. 13-03c

Galápagos Islands

PACIFICOCEANPinta

40 miles

40 km0 Florenza

0

Fernandina

MarchenaGenovesa

Equator

Santiago

Daphne Islands

Pinzón

Española

Isabela SantaCruz

Santa Fe San

Cristobal

Fig. 13-04

Fig. 13-04a

Fig. 13-04b

Fig. 13-05

Fig. 13-06-1

Fig. 13-06-2

Fig. 13-06-3

Fig. 13-07

Commonringtailpossum

Red kangaroo

Common wombat

Australia

Koala

Fig. 13-07a

Common ringtail possum

Fig. 13-07b

Red kangaroo

Fig. 13-07c

Koala

Fig. 13-07d

Common wombat

Fig. 13-08

Human Cat Whale Bat

Fig. 13-09

Post-analtail

Human embryoChicken embryo

Pharyngealpouches

Fig. 13-09a

Post-analtail

Chicken embryo

Pharyngealpouches

Fig. 13-09b

Post-analtail

Human embryo

Pharyngealpouches

Fig. 13-10

Percent of selected DNA sequencesthat match a chimpanzee’s DNA

Chimpanzee

100%96%92%

Human

Gibbon

Orangutan

Gorilla

Primate

Old Worldmonkey

Fig. 13-11

(a) The largeground finch

(b) The small tree finch (c) The woodpecker finch

Fig. 13-11a

(a) The large ground finch

Fig. 13-11b

(b) The small tree finch

Fig. 13-11c

(c) The woodpecker finch

Fig. 13-12

Sporecloud

Fig. 13-13

Fig. 13-14-1

Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide

Insecticide application

Fig. 13-14-2

Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide

Insecticide application

Fig. 13-14-3

Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide

Reproduction

Survivors

Insecticide application

Fig. 13-15

Side horns(tip to tip)

Killed Live

KilledLive

Rear horns0

10

20

Le

ng

th (

mm

)

(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns(b) The remains of a lizard impaledby a shrike

(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard

Fig. 13-15a

(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard

Fig. 13-15b

(b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike

Fig. 13-15c

Side horns(tip to tip)

KilledLive

Killed

Live

Rear horns

0

10

20

Le

ng

th (

mm

)

(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns

Fig. 13-16

Tetrapodlimbs

Amnion

Feathers

Lungfishes

Mammals

Amphibians

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodiles

Hawks and other birds

Ostriches

Am

nio

tes

Tetrap

od

s

Bird

s

Fig. 13-17

(a) Two dense populations oftrees separated by a lake

(b) A nighttime satellite view ofNorth America

Fig. 13-17a

(a) Two dense populations oftrees separated by a lake

Fig. 13-17b

(b) A nighttime satellite view of North America

Fig. 13-18

Fig. 13-19

Fig. 13-20Allele frequencies

Genotype frequencies

Sperm

Eggs

p 0.8(R)

q 0.2(r)

p 0.8

R

q 0.2

r

RR

p 0.8

R

q 0.2

r

p2 0.64

rR qp 0.16

q2 0.04

rr

pq 0.16 Rr

(RR) p2 0.64 q2 0.04 (rr) 2pq 0.32

(Rr)

Fig. 13-21

INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,MAGNESIUM STEARATE,ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR,

ASPARTAME† (SWEETENER),

ARTIFICIAL COLOR(YELLOW 5 LAKE, BLUE 1LAKE), ZINC GLUCONATE.†PHENYLKETONURICS:CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE

Fig. 13-22-1

RR

rr

Rr

RR

RR

RR Rr

RR

Rr

Rr

Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3

Fig. 13-22-2

Only 5 of10 plantsleaveoffspring

RR

rr

Rr

RR

RR

RR

RR Rr

RR

Rr

Rr

rr RR

Rr

rr

RR

Rr

Rr Rr

rr

Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3

Generation 2p 0.5q 0.5

Fig. 13-22-3

Only 5 of10 plantsleaveoffspring

RR

rr

Rr

RR

RR

RR

RR Rr

RR

Rr

Rr

Only 2 of10 plantsleaveoffspring

RR

rr RR

Rr

rr

RR

Rr

Rr Rr

rr

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR RR

Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3

Generation 2p 0.5q 0.5

Generation 3p 1.0q 0.0

Fig. 13-23-1

Originalpopulation

Fig. 13-23-2

Originalpopulation

Bottleneckingevent

Fig. 13-23-3

Originalpopulation

Bottleneckingevent

Survivingpopulation

Fig. 13-24

Fig. 13-25

SouthAmerica

Tristan da Cunha

Africa

Fig. 13-25a

Fig. 13-25b

SouthAmerica

Tristan da Cunha

Africa

Fig. 13-26

Fig. 13-27

Fig. 13-28

Originalpopulation

Evolvedpopulation Phenotypes (fur color)

Fre

qu

ency

of

ind

ivid

ual

sOriginalpopulation

(a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection

Fig. 13-29

(a) Sexual dimorphism ina finch species

(b) Competing for mates

Fig. 13-29a

(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species

Fig. 13-29b

(b) Competing for mates

Fig. 13-30

Areas with highincidence ofmalaria

Frequencies of thesickle-cell allele

0–2.5%

10.0–12.5%

2.5–5.0%

5.0–7.5%

7.5–10.0%

12.5%

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 13-30a

Areas with highincidence ofmalaria

Frequencies of thesickle-cell allele

0–2.5%

10.0–12.5%

2.5–5.0%

5.0–7.5%

7.5–10.0%

12.5%

Fig. 13-30b

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 13-UN01

Frequency of

one allele

Frequency of

alternate allele

Fig. 13-UN02

Frequency ofheterozygotes

Frequency ofhomozygotesfor alternate allele

Frequency ofhomozygotesfor one allele

Fig. 13-UN03

Individualvariation

Overproductionof offspring

Observations

Natural selection:unequal reproductive success

Conclusion

Fig. 13-UN04

Frequency ofone allele

Frequency ofalternate allele

Frequency ofheterozygotes

Frequency ofhomozygotesfor alternate allele

Frequency ofhomozygotesfor one allele

Fig. 13-UN05

Originalpopulation

Evolvedpopulation Pressure of

natural selection

Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection