Ferns and Fern Allies

Ferns and Fern Allies

Ferns

Shoot Primary Growth: Apical Cell

Fern: Shoots (Stem, Leaves) and Roots

Leaves: Circinate Vernation

Fern Leaf: Frond

Fern Leaf: Pinna and Pinnule

Stem: Stele (Protostele)

Gleichenia

Stem: Stele (Siphonostele)

Ectophloic Siphonostele

Amphiphloic Siphonostele

Stem: Solenostele

Adiantum

Stem: Stele and Leaf Gaps (Non-Overlapping)

Fig. 13-21 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Solenostele

Polypodium

Stem: Dictylostele

Stem: Stele (Siphonostele) and Leaf Gaps Overlapping

Fig. 13-21 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Dictylostele

Pteridium

Double Dictylostele

Ecotophloic Siphonostele

Osmunda

Tree Ferns

Tree Ferns

Dicksonia Trunk Section

Fern Sporangium

Fern Sporangium: Annulus

Fig. 13-14 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Fig. 13-6 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sporangium: Sporangium Dehiscence

Fern Sori

Fig. 13-7 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori: Marginal Position

Hymenophyllum

Fern Sori: Marginal Position

Fig. 13-7 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal

Adiantum

Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal

Fig. 13-18 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”

Phanerophlebia

Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”

Fig. 13-18 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Leaves and Sporangia

Fig. 13-5

Psilophyton

(Early to Late Devonian)

Pertica

(Devonian)

Pseudosporochnus

(Middle Devonian)

Cladoxylon

(Middle Devonian)

Rhacophyton

(Late Devonian)

Origin of Leaves II: Telome Theory

Putative Leaf Origins

VS.

Telome TheoryEnation Theory

Megaphylls Microphylls

1 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/pteridophytes/lyccla_leaves01.jpg

2 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/ CellTissOrgan/LycoLeafX-sLab400.jpg

3 http://sols.unlv.edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Stems/LycopodiumStemSM.jpg

4 http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/sunstar/cornet92/nodalanat2.jpg