Post on 11-Mar-2020
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK
THE SECOND NATIONAL FADAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FADAMA 11)
DRAFT E776Volume 2
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIANATIONAL FADAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(FADAMA - 11)
THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)(March 28, 2003)
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The Pest Management Plan (PMP)
1. Introduction
1.1 Pest and Pesticide Management Implications for Fadama-II activities.
The National Fadama Development Project - II is essentially an agricultural
project with the aim of sustainably increasing the incomes of Fadama Users
(Farmers, Pastoralists, Fishermen, Gatherers, Hunters and Service providers),
through empowering communities to take charge of their own development
agenda. As an agricultural project, there are a number of NFDP-II activities that
have implications for pest and pesticides management. The major agricultural
pests include insects, mites, nematodes, plant pathogens, vertebrate pests and
weeds. These pests have existed with humans as components of the natural eco-
system since the dawn of civilization. The relative importance attached to a given
group of pests depends on how humans perceive the damage done to food and
fibre supply by the pests group.
The aim of the proposed Pest Management Plan (PMP) is, therefore, to address
the concerns relating to the risks associated with potential increases in the
activities of pests problems as a result of the implementation of the proposed
Fadama II and to strengthen national capacities to implement mitigating measures
to minimize the risks. The plan would also highlights international and national
institutions that would be involved in the implementation of the Pest Management
programme.
The Pest Management Plan would be mainstreamed in to the major components
of the Fadama II in line with the requirements for compliance with the World
Bank's safeguard Policies, OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C. The plan would be
implemented within the frame work of existing national institutions and
government policies, regulations and operations which can be supported by the
National Fadama Development Project -II. The Projects Coordinating Unit will
cooperate with the Pest Control Unit of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and
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Rural Development for the purpose of supervising the implementation of the
PMP.
Since NFDP-II is to be implemented in eighteen states of Nigeria distributed
across varied ecological zones, the implemental of the PMP would be based on
wide national coverage. This is to minimize pest infestations in areas that may
not be covered by the Pest Management programme of NFDP-II.
The strategic issues under the NFDP-II that have implications for pest
management include:
* Increased crop/livestock diversification and intensification in cropping
areas for agricultural production;
* Continual invasion of the country side by migratory pests such as birds,
rodents, locust, army worms etc. which can completely wipe out field
crops being promoted by NFDP-I1; and
* Competition for food and fibre between the pests and humans in the
project areas.
The major pests issues under NFDP-II revolves around insect and weed pests
control. While substantial efforts have been devoted to the former, the latter has
remained largely under estimated in past projects. Incidentally, weeds have
influenced human social actions more than other crop pests. Weed infestation
have not received serious attention by both Government and farmers themselves
and their devastating effects have been grossly underestimated. Consequently,
weeds continue to take up more of the farmers' time than other crop production
inputs. Most of the cultural practices associated with crop production are directly
or indirectly related to the removal of weeds. Insects and weeds infestation are
the major agricultural problems of farmners and their presence on the farm is often
associated with poverty, uncleanliness and laziness.
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Table 1 presents a detailed review of the NFDP-II Components and their
implication for Pest Management.
Table 1: NFDP-II Components and Implications for Pest Management
S/N. Project Objective/Output Implication for Pest Management
1. Increased agricultural production activities Increase use and reliance onchemical pesticides
2. Introduction of new crops Introduction of new pests in to theWhat new crops? ecosystem and increased use of
pesticides to protect their seedlings.3. Increase in incomes of Fadama Community Change in current Pest
Associations from agricultural production Management Practices.4. Training and building of capacity of Inclusion of Integrated Pest
Fadama Community Associations in Management approaches in theagricultural Intensification techniques training curriculum.
5. Promotion of agricultural exports through Increased use of chemical pesticidesimproved processing, storage and marketing with implications for the quality ofpractices the agricultural products.
6. Improved advisory services Introduction of new chemicalpesticides for effective pest control.May be New pest managementpractices (inclUding new ere/saferpesticides)
7. Demand responsive advisory services Lack of attention for PestRedundant with no. 6 Management as farmers may be left
alone to manage their pest problem.8. Promotion of improved agricultural Training curriculum may be biased
technologies for increased use of chemicalpesticides.
9. Promotion of agricultural research and Inadequate focus to Integrated Pestsextension services Management and non-chemical
practices.10. Support to Fadama Community Association Inadequate attention to Pest
(FCAs) Management issues and capacity ofFCAs to implement the pestManagement Plan.
11. Use of underground and surface water Increase in disease vectorI____ ________________________________________ p o p u latio n .
1.2 Pest Management Practices and the Environment
World-wide, agricultural production has benefited, for decades, from improved
pest management practices. This has not been totally possible without the
ultimate prize of inadvertent pollution of the environment. Public concerns over
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environmental pollution has recently led plant protection professionals to initiate
search for pest control methods that will harmonize the relationship between
humans and other organisms with whom they share the environment.
I[tegrated ]Pest Management (RP'M) has been defined as "A pest management
system that in the context of the associated environments and the population
dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all available techniques and methods in as
compatible a manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels
below those causing economic injury" FAO 1966. An effective Pest Management
Plan strives to completely protect crops and animal from all pests. Integrated Pest
Management does not mean total abstenance from the use of chemical pesticides
but advocates their rational use in the context of environment friendly pest
management practices.
The essential of an acceptable IPM include; use of resistant or tolerant
crop/livestock varieties, improved cultural practices, regular pest and vector
monitoring and surveillance, and biological control using national enemies of the
major crops/livestock. Successful IPM derives from the farmers' ability to:
identify the pest, monitoring of the infestation level, determination of the
acceptable injury and action levels of the various pest groups and evaluation of
specific control method for a given pest group and their compatibility with control
methods used in other pest groups within the ecosystem. The IPM is farmers'
centered and thus address issues far beyond best management but offers
improvement for the entire agricultural production system.
A major unintended result of pesticide dependent pest control practices often
adopted is the misuse of such pesticides. The following impacts have been
associated with such practices:
(i) Reduction of yield by interfering with crops and animal growth.
(ii) Reduction in the productivity of crops and animals by destruction of
pollinators of crop plants.
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(iii) Reduction in the quality of harvested agricultural products.
(iv) Interference with cultural operations and increase cost of production.
(v) Pests may poison crops, animals and farmers.
(vi) Pest increase cost of agricultural production.
(vii) Contamination of the soil and water bodies.
(viii) Development of pest resistance to pesticides leading to increased use of
chemical pesticides.
(ix) Loss of bio-diversity in the environment, particularly of aquatic species
and wild life.
(x) Pests serve as alternate hosts for many plant diseases and animal pest.
(xi) Pests limit farm size and are source of hazards on the farm.
Despite all these, pests especially weeds have been identified to have some
positive impacts such as serving as a vegetative cover that protects the soil surface
from erosion, source of nutrient to crops, and source of drugs used in public
health.
It is, therefore, necessary to pay considerable attention to environmental impacts
of current pest management practices in Nigeria. With respect to NFDP-II and
based on the key activities that have implications for pest management, some
mitigation measures are proposed to address the identified issues as detailed in
table 2.
labRe2: Mazouu 1ssues znd Actioim Requared
S/N. Major Issues Actions Required
I1. Increased use and reliance on o Promote adoption of IPM practiceschemical pesticides through farmer's education and training.
o Undertake monitoring of adoption of IPMpractices.
2. Introduction of new pest into the o Ensure adherence to Pest Control andecosystem and increased use of prevention standard practices.pesticides
o Screen new crops for associated pests.3. Change in current Pest Management o Increase Integrated Pest Management
Practices awareness amend project beneficiariesand policy makers.
o Allocate project resources in pursuanceof a - - a sound crop protectlonpolicy.
o Monitor use of pesticide among farmers.
4. Inclusion of IPM approaches in the o Allocate project resources to supporttraining curriculum development of IPM training modules.
o Organize training of trainers andbeneficiaries on IPM.
o Produce leaflets and handbills on 1PM forcirculation among project beneficiaries.
5. Environmental hazards of pesticides o Undertake a study on remedial effect ofmisuse pesticide misuse on agricultural products.
o Create public awareness and sensitizationof project beneficiaries on the intentionalhazards of pesticide misuse.
o Monitoring of pesticide poisoning in thefarming and beneficiary communities.
6. Introduction of new chemical o Ensure strict adherence to existing policypesticide for pest control on use of new chemical pesticide in
project environment.
o Create public awareness on the bannedand approved chemical pesticide and safe
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use methods.
7. Lack of attention for Pest * Make adequate IPM practices one of theManagement by Government and eligible criteria for micro-projectproject beneficiaries assessment.
* FMARD/NAFDAC/FME to effectivelysupervise compliance with pesticidelegislation.
8. Training curriculum may be biased for * Screen training curriculum to de-increased use of chemical pesticides emphasize use of chemical pesticides.
* Create public awareness on the negativeand residual impact of chemicalpesticides.
9. Inadequate focus to [PM and other * Allocate project resource to supportnon-chemical practices limited research in non-chemical pest
control measures.
* Strengthen extension support to [PMpractices.
* Undertake periodic monitoring of pestmanagement practice in use duringproject implementation.
10. Inadequate attention to Pest * Screen micro-projects prepared by FCAsManagement Issues and Capacity of for proper Pest Management handling.FCA to Implement the Pestmanagement Plan * Allocate project resources to support
necessary pest management practices.11. Increase in vector population and of * Support health campaigns in the project
vector-borne diseases areas.
* Establish strong linkage between NFDP-II and national health programme.
* Conduct regular vector surveillance.
2.0 Pest Management Approaches in Nigeria.
2.1 Overview of Pest or Vector Problems.
Nigeria extends from latitude 04.03°N to 14.00°N and from 02.05°E to about
15.00°E. Out of its total land area of 91 million hectares, only 69 million hectares
have potentials for agricultural production. Annual rainfall ranges from 2500mm
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in the southern states of the country to 500mm in the North. The rainfall pattern
has led to the formation of a parallel vegetation zones across the country from the
mangrove swamps in the coastal areas of the south through the rain forest, forest
savanna, Guinea savanna to the Sudan savanna in the northern most parts of the
country.
The types of crops, animals and the production systems vary from one major
ecological zone to the other (Table 3). Consequently pest control practices will
vary with respect to the type of pesticide and rates to be used. The major crops to
be grown under the project include cereals namely maize, rice, millet, wheat and
sorghum, vegetables including Onion, Garlic, fleeted pumpkin, Cabbage, Garden-
egg, Carrots, Lettuce, Cucumber, potatoes, Pepper and Okra. However emphasis
is placed on vegetables under small scale irrigation in Nigeria. The commercial
crops are sugarcane, cotton and wheat in the Northem region.
Table 3: Major 1Pests by Agro-ecological Zomes
Agro-ecological Zone Participating State Principal Crops/Activity Major Pests/ WeedsHumid Forest Imo, Lagos, Ogun and Cereals, Vegetables o Army worms(including Coastal Oyo plantation and sugarcane, o Stem borersSwamp and rain- processing and storage o Birdsforest activities a Striga hermotheca
0 grassesSavanna (transition) Kaduna, Niger, Cereals, food legumes, o Aphids(including Guinea Plateau, FCT, Taraba, cotton, vegetable, sugarcane a Black Mothand derived Kwara and Kogi a White FliesSavanna) a Jassids
o Cotton Stainerso Defoliatorso Birdso Grasseso Striga Spp.o Sorghum Spp.
Sudan Savanna Adamawa, Bauchi, Cereals, cotton, onions, o AphidsGombe, Borno, tomatoes, vegetables and o Black MothKebbi, Katsina and sugarcan a White FliesJigawa 0 Jassids
a Cotton Stainersa Defoliatorso Birdsa Grasseso Striga Spp.
I I I | . Sorghum Spp.
2.2 Current Pest Management Approaches
The responsibility for Pest Management in Nigeria rests on the Federal Pest
Control Services (FPCS) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, National Research Institutes (NRIs) and State ADPs. These
agencies are involved in the management of general pests and diseases at various
levels. The activities of the Federal Pest Control Services are carried out through
their field offices located in the States. The state offices have qualified staff
mainly technician with few Professional (Agricultural officers/Senior Agricultural
Officers). Most of these staff have received special training in integrated pest
management. This staffs are responsible for:
* Monitoring and compilation of reports on the incidence of pests and diseases,
the amount of crop damage, weather condition and control measures adopted;
and
* Training of farmers on pesticide application methods and the safe and
effective user of pesticides.
Nigeria periodically suffers from invasion by the African migratory locust and
Qualea birds; however, their control is not beyond the resources and competence
of the FMARD. During an invasion, financial resources are mustered to acquire
necessary equipment and materials for organizing the control campaign; including
vehicles and drivers, acquisition of spraying equipment, pesticides, protective
gear and communication equipment. Such assistance is provided from the special
fund controlled by Ecological Disaster Fund.
2.3 IPM Experience in Nigeria
In Nigeria, though the concept of IPM is widely acclaimed and accepted as being
a multi-faceted approach to pest and disease control with its attendant advantages,
farmers have not benefited as much. Based on our existing knowledge of
methods of pest and disease control, the best mix methods of control being
advocated and/or implemented vary with the crop types. The IPM methods
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suggested for maize stem borer and Grasshopper, rice and vegetable pests are here
highlighted (figure 1):
MAIZE Resistant/ CulturatSORGHUM Certified Seed Practice Insecticide
MILLET for Planting Burning Stubbles (Minimum application)Mixed Cropping
Cultural Insecticide TimingResistant/ Practice application against
RICE Certified Seed Mixed Cropping stem borers Eta Pest Lures/ breeding season forGood Tillage Quelea Control
VEGETABLES Resistant/ Non- Insecticide(Tomato, Spinach Certified Seeds (Wood ash) Plant ExtractCucumber, Lettuce Against fungi, Bacteria (Neem)Cabbage, Okra and NematodesGarden egg, Pepper
SyntheticInsecticide(Pyrethroidsa Carbaryl)as last resort
Fig. 1: IPM Approach in Crop Pest Control
The major focus is the pest problems continually encountered by fadama farmers
and the most practicable control methods that can be combined into a single
unified system of pest management.....Farmers should be presented with a menu
of feasible/practical optioIIs to chose from. Prescriptions usually do not work!,
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which is environment friendly. It is envisaged that National Agricultural
Research Institutes will place more emphasis and provide funds for conducting
IPM research. On-going research programme lacks an IPM component and
thereby compromising the development of IPM technologies. The staff needs
additional training on the new approaches in participatory IPM techniques and
training methodologies to enable them recommend sound IPM advice to fadama
farmers.
It seems like there is some sort of identified need here, OK! Can we identify what
to do ? where ? how? And wlhat are the needed resources fbo it?
3. Pesticides Use and Management
3.1 Pesticides Use in Nigeria
Pests and Diseases attack crops and animal in the Fadama areas during the off-
season. Such attack often results into heavy crop losses. The damages done to
crops and animals are quite enormous because of the inability of the fadama
farmers to apply appropriate chemical pesticides as a result of high costs
Any estimates of Crop losses ??.
Funds are allocated by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development annually to purchase and distribute pesticides to states for the
purpose of controlling pests. Where chemical pesticides are applied, it is
achieved through the assistance of trained Pest Control Officers at the state
level. An amount of NIOO million was allocated on request in year 2001 through
the Ecological Disaster Fund. In addition, the Federal Government also
purchased and distributed spraying equipment and protective gears. The Federal
Pest Control Services Unit prepares the lists of pesticide formulations needs for its
operation and the list is sent to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development which now procures the pesticides through tender. The quality of
the pesticides is checked in the laboratory of the FPCS located in Kaduna. The
analysis for residue in the entire ecosystem sprayed is also part of the quality
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control activities of the FPCS. Table 3.1 provides information on pesticides
purchase in litres by FPCS for pest control in year 2001.
This could be a potential problenm (as far as com liance with WB safeguarsds
is concerned as the sytem is geared to buy/distribute/use pestficdesV
Also the list of pesticides purchased (most are in WIHOG class D )
Table 3.1 Pesticides Puirchased in Yiear 20M by IFPCS.
Formulation Litres
Fenitrothion ECFentthion ULV 30,000Perfecthion ECUltracide ECDiazinon ECNuvacron EC 23,000Dichlorvos EC 120Karate EC 20,000Deltamethrin ECCypemethrin EC 180Per4methrin ECClout EC 200Spot-On EC 350
3.2 Cnircumstances of Pestieide Use and Competemee to handle FProduct.
Pest Management in Nigeria has a long history spanning decades. However, the
adoption of integrated pest management approach is a recent development. The
Pest Control Services Unit has invested in supportive research on IPM including
specialized training for its field staff. Training courses are organized with
emphasis on critical issues such as safe transportation of pesticides, handling and
application of pesticides. The Federal Pest Control Services distributes protective
gears to applicants to protect them against pesticide poisoning. Currently the use
of protective gear during application of pesticides is hampered by the high cost
and poverty level of the fadama farmers
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This is not IPM ! Tt is saf'e use/handling.. .ol'pesticides.
3.3 Assessment of Risks
There is no established programme to monitor and assess the risks poised by the
misuse of chemicals. The Federal Pest Control Services will need to be assisted
with necessary equipment to be able to perform this function through its
established field offices in the States. Fadama II resources will be applied to
sensitize.and train members of the Fadama Community Associations on risks
associated with pesticide use and methods of reducing treating pesticides
poisoning when they occur.
This sounds like anotlher need for the proiect: How will it be addressed ? what
resources will be needed'? Where to find them?
3.4 Promoting Integrated Pest Management Practices
This is a good idea, hence needs a good strateg4y:
1. derine the message (s) needed
2. Define the target audience (Farmers, extension specialists, Pest control
agents ....
3. Chose the medium method (media) to be used (Individual, group, mass
methods ?)
4. Feedback mechanisms? (Impact & Evaluation)
In Nigeria, the adhoc approach which is mainly through the release of pesticides
to arrest sporadic outbreak of pests and disease encourages an "unreliable fire
brigade approach" and serves as a major setback to systematic adoption of
integrated pest management practices among the farmers. Available evidence
shows that the farmers, if well oriented are capable of doing better with respect to
pest management. A study conducted by the Federal Pest Control Services in
selected Northern States indicates that the farmers, with the assistance of the
extension workers, is willing to adopt improved pest management practices.
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The knowledge and practice of IPM is still at rudimentary stage in the face of
dwindling financial resources to the Federal Pest Control Services. Efforts are
been made to harness additional resources from the Ecological Fund to support
IPM campaign programmes. Some Federal Pest Control Services staff has
received IPM training in Kaduna and Kano.
To further, pursue the popularization of IPM practices among participating
farmers, programmes are being designed for an on-farm adaptive research in
collaboration with the coordinating Research Institutes. Under NFDP-II,
members of the Fadama Community Associations are to be trained on the benefits
of IPM practices. This technology would combine such methods like resistance,
cultural, mechanical, natural products (wood ash/plant extracts) and some
indigenous traditional knowledge for pest management and control.
Encouraging farmers to expand and adopt these pest management strategies,
creating greater awareness of the environmental benefits of IPM practices through
education and training of extensions agents and farmers and the establishment of a
lasting mechanism for recognizing farmers who successfully adopt and practice
IPM would not only facilitate the implementation of the PMP designed for NFDP-
II, but would also significantly minimize the identified risks associated with
current pesticide control practices in Nigeria.
4. Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity
4.1 Plant Protection Policy
I~If there is no clear Crop protection policy, then maV be the
project should consider putting some effort in promoting Policies
conducive to sound Crop protection practices.
Although there is no established Plant Protection Policy in Nigeria, however,
there are some organs of the FMARD that have mandate in dealing with specific
pest and disease problems. These are backed up by National Committee on Pest
14
Control Services which work within the framework of national pesticide
legislation. This National Committee on Pest Control has mandate to advise
government on the various options of pest management practices including the
IPM programme. This is enhanced by Federal Government Agencies such as
NAFDAC, FEPA that are backed up by Decrees, which enforce guidelines for
manufacturing, registration, advertisement and importation of pesticides used for
agricultural purposes.
4.2 National Capacity to Develop and Implement IPM
The capacity is weak, it souLnds to be geared towards prescribing pesticides. It
would be useful to invest in some organizational setting type of activities.
Promoting change will need elfective organizationis in place to assure better
sustainability.
There is awareness about IPM as the best alternative to chemical pesticides for
pest control. However, there is no definite research on IPM through well
documented experimentation to assist the farmers. It must be stated that the FPCS
as an arm of the FMARD and the ADPs from state MANR have personnel at the
Technician and Professional levels which can visit and training the farmers in
handling and use of pesticides such personnel are available to train the FCA in
aspects of the IPM techniques. There is the national capacity to promote the IPM
technologies among the FCA.
4.3 Control of the distribution and use of pesticides
The major types of pesticides used in Nigeria are imported. Some formulations
are however undertaken without adequate consideration for human health and the
environment during handling, storage, use and disposal. Only few pesticides such
as Lindane (this is part of the POPs), Butachlor and Rodenticide are formulated
and packaged in Nigeria by some companies. However, the active ingredients are
imported. The Federal Government has issued a number of legislation and
institutional framework using four main organizations (FMEV, FMH, NAFDAC
15
and FMLP) for the regulation of the distribution and use of pesticides, their efforts
being complemented by FMARD viz:
i) FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and 1999 but
complemented by rules and regulations such as FEPA S.1.5, FEPA S.1.9
dealing with disposal and distribution/use of pesticides.
ii) NAFDAC Decree 15 of 1993, as amended by Decree 19 of 1999.
iii) The Factories Acts 1990 being implemented by the Factories Inspectorate
Division of FMLP.
iv) The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Decree 42 of 1988
being implemented by FEPA.
Based on the approval of the agencies above, current list of banned and approved
Pesticides stocks in Nigeria and the FAO specification for pesticide formulation
are presented in Annex II, III and IV respectively.
Conclusion
Pest Management is a necessary component in any agricultural project. The level
of concern for pest management depends on the extent of production activity
undertaken under a project. Project with heavy reliance on use of pesticides
usually have serious health and environmental problems. Pests exert detrimental
effects on crops, including the reduction in product yield and quality, and
interference with harvest. These effects are most severe when crops are least able
to make the most efficient use of environmental resources for growth.
Pests are biological organisms. Therefore, knowledge of their biological -
including how to use environmental resources, their survival mechanisms,
relationships to other organisms in the ecosystem, and economic importance - is
important in their control.
The detrimental effect of pests on crops depends on pest's type and is population-
dependent in time and place. Pest Management involves reducing pest's
population to levels that will not adversely affect crops, using methods that are
both economically and ecologically sound. The residual effect of the use of
pesticide is a subject of concern in an agricultural project that will involve the use
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of pesticides. Fadama II project is not expected to support heavy use of
pesticides. Nonetheless, as an agricultural project that will support intensive
production activities which will eventually involve some level of pesticide usage,
the project will support training of the Fadama Community Associations in safe
and effective use of pesticides in the context of integrated pest management and
public awareness of the risk of misuse of pesticides to human health and
environment.
Fadamna TT could consider promoting legislations againist the use of Pesticides in
WHJO class f and restricting access to WH-[O class ll for example!
Under NFDP-II, the use of pesticides will be made to conform to the list of
approved products so that the project operates in the context of the standards in
the country. Concerted efforts should be made at introducing natural products of
plant origin (botanical pesticides) especially neem and neem products that have
been registered and marketed as pesticides. (margosan - 0).
This might not be economically feasible (This product is very expensive!)
Neem extract can also be prepared locally and used in integrate pest management
programme for vegetable insect pests control by fadama farmers. Neem extract
has been found to be environmentally friendly with no known mammalian
toxicity. Fadama farmers should, therefore, be trained in the local preparation and
application of neem extracts.
Ifthe project is consideiing this latter option, then a link with the Systemwide
programme on IPM would be Useful. A number of these CG centers have worked
on Neem and One Center might able able tohelp setting up Cottage-type industry
(small neem production facility!)
5.0 Implementing the Pest Management Plan: Strengthening National
Capacities.
The Pest Management Plan seeks to strengthen existing National capacities for
the implementation of Integrated Pest Management. The issues addressed are as
follows:
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o Activities of the Integrated Pest Management Plan.
o Actors and Partners
o Institutional arrangements for implementation of the Pest Management Plan.
o Cost implication of the PMP.
5.1 Activities of the IPest Managemnenot Plan.
In pursuance of the safeguard policy of the World Bank on Pest Management, OP
4.09 under NFDP-II, the following activities are recommended for
implementation.
A. Promotion of adoption of R11PM practices.
o Since the use of IPM practices is still relatively new in the Fadama
environment, the project will support the establishment of IPM action
committees within the Fadama Community Association (FCA).
o Support will be provided for IPM awareness campaign within and across the
FCAS.
o On farm - adaptive - research on IPM will also be supported.
O The project will develop the capacity of the FCAs in the implementation of
IPM practices. HOW ?
o The project will support the production of extension and field manuals, IPM
posters, and audio - visuals communication support. Refer to the
promotion/communiication strategy for IPM!
o Support activities of public and private institutes in the area of integrated
Pest management. This will take the form of Training of Trainers in IPM
practices.
o Project resources will be used to support workshops and seminar on IPM
practices.
1E3 lateracteon a1nd Study tours
In the first year of Project Implementation, interaction tours among the
FCAS, to be hosted by FCAS that are doing well in IPM practices, will be
supported. The project will also support limited study tours to other West
African Countries, where IPM practices has been integrated into their
18
agricultural production activities. The tour will involve both the regulatory
authorities (FPCS, NAFDAC & PCU) and members of the FCAs. The
project will also provide financial support to follow-up activities on the
study tours.
C. Training of Fadama Farmers in Pesticides Management.
Fadama II farmers would be trained on all aspect of safe use of pesticides.
The main issues will include appropriateness of decision to use pesticides,
transportation, storage, handling and distribution of pesticides, safe
application of pesticides, risks associated with the use of pesticides,
managing risks and pesticide poisoning, protective gear, use and
maintenance and public awareness campaign on safe method of applying
pesticides.
D. Capacity Building and Strengthening of National Regulatory Framework.
* The project will provide support for the Pest Control Services of FMARD to
undertake the National Coordinator of IPM activities under NFDP-II.
* The project will also support activities to ensure Nigeria respects
international conventions and policies on pesticides.
* The project will encourage interaction among collaborating agencies like
FPCS, PCU, FMEV and NAFDAC for effective implementation of the Pest
Management Plan.
E. Surveillance of Disease Vector Populations in FADAMA-II Areas.
To achieve an integrated vector management, surveillance teams will be
constituted among the FCAs to conduct regular survey on the incidence of malaria
and other water borne disease. Members of the FCAs would be trained in
environmental management for the control of water-borne disease. Training
provided to FCAs will covers such issue as use of impregnated bed-nets for
mosquito control and blue colour target/traps for tsetse fly control and the spread
of trypanosomiasis.
To what extent are these a serious problem in the Target area ?
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Too vague/i4eneral statement ( need some specifics)
6. Actors and Fairtnieir
A number of local institutions will be directly involved as actors in implementing
the PMP while other agencies (partners) will provide technical and other support
for implementation of the plan.
The major actors are as follows:
Fadama Community Association - as the principal beneficiaries of Fadama II
project will organize its members into Farmer Groups for training and adoption of
IPM practices. They will set up Community IPM Action Committees to
coordinate IPM activities in their areas.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture F1PCS - The FPCS of the FMARD provide
technical support to Fadama II project by contributing field staff to be trained as
IPM Trainers and who will subsequently train Fadama farmers in IPM practices.
The FPCS will provide policy guidance/oversight for implementation of the PMP.
NAERLS - will provide training to trainers in IPM practices.
A s - will provide extension agents to be trained as IPM Trainers who will
facilitate the conduct of IPM training for farmers in the FCAs.
Federal Ministry of Health - will supervise surveillance around the small-scale
irrigation sites on the incidence of disease vectors; use of impregnated bed-nets
and re-impregnation of bed-nets and blue targets/traps.
Federal Ministry of Environment - will supervise the environmental
management aspects of vector population including collaboration with the Federal
Ministry of Health on training Fadama farmers in environmental management for
vector control.
NA FDA C - will ensure compliance with the use of appropriate database.
Partners will include the following:
FAO and the Global 11PM Facility - to be a valuable source of technical
information and to give technical support for training, planning and field
implementation of IPM in FCA.
20
Institutes/Universities - Research Institutes and Universities will provide
expertise in planning, training and field implementation of IPM.
NGOs - that are working on agricultural production and primary health care are
also available to give technical support to the field implementation of IPM.
SP-IPM: Systemwide Progzramnine for 1PM (lARCs) is a great source of technical
support for Crop protection issues.
7. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the PMP
Effective supervision and monitoring of implementation of the PMP will be
accomplished through the organizational plan for Fadama II project as follows
and shown in a schematic form in Figure 4:
a. The Federal Pest Control Services in collaboration with other experts drawn
from FMARD/Research Institutes, FMH, NAFDAC and Universities will
undertake the monitoring, supervision and coordination of the IPM
activities.
b. Community IPM Action Committees will be set up among Fadama farmers
to act as the body to discuss general pest/vector problems and make
decisions about IPM programs with experts.
c. IPM Experts will serve as one of the Reviewers for sub-projects submitted
by FCAs. Such experts will be expected to undertake - technical review of
IPM proposals submitted for funding under NFDP-II.
d. IPM Experts will provide technical support to Fadama farmers in all IPM
activities, including diagnosis of pest and disease problems and preparing
sub-projects for participatory research to be funded under the project; IPM
training, Study tours, Community IPM networking,etc.
21
FRCS, NAFDAC,FMEV & PCUProvide policyframework and FMARD/NAERLS/Natural IPM ADPsCoordination Supply extension agents to be
trained as IMP TrainersProvide policy framework
FADAMAFARMERS IPM EXPERTS
In Community IPM Action FMARD/FMHCommittees Research Institutes
Universities
PROFE iSIONALS(AOs, 'Os), NGOsProvide technicalsuDDort for IPM
Figure 4: Institutional Arrangements for Imptementation of PMP.
§usftainabfity
The main objective of the PMP is to facilitate the adoption of IPM as the best
strategy for addressing pest problems in the field for sustainable agricultural
production. It is therefore necessary to establish a system for sustaining interest in
IPM practices amongst FCA members at the end of Fadama II project. From year
22
2 of project implementation, FCA will be held responsible for the inclusion of
IPM activities in the micro - projects submitted for funding under NFDP-II. The
IPM expert providing technical support to the FCA will assist them to plan the
activities at the beginning of each year. The pest management plan would be
internalized to ensure simplicity for easy adoption by Fadama farmers.
9. Monitoring and Evaluation
The Pest Management Plan would be regularly monitored. Periodic evaluation of
fadama responsiveness to IPM issues will also be undertaken. The monitoring and
evaluation will focus on assessment of capacity building in IPM by the Fadama
farmers and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in
crop/livestock production, and the economic benefits derivable by farmers
adopting IPM/IVM.
The inclusion of an IPM specialist in project supervision missions is strongly
recommended especially in the first two years of the project.
Activities that require regular monitoring and evaluation during project
supervision missions include the following:
1. IPM/IVM capacity building in membership of FCA. Numbers of farmers
who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluate
the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through
feedback.
2. Numbers of successful Fadama Community Association that nominated
members for IPM training; emphasize the number of women trained;
assess Fadama farmers' understanding of the importance of IPM/IVM for
sustainable crop/livestock production.
3. Rate of adoption of IPM practices on annual.
4. The impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of Fadama
farmers?
5. What are the major benefits that members of FCA derive by adopting
IPM?
a) Economic benefits:
23
i) Increase in crop/livestock production due to adoption of
IPM/IVM practices.
ii) Increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM
practices, compared with farmer conventional practices.
b) Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers.
6. Level of reduction of pesticide purchase and use by the Fadama farmers
for crop/livestock production. and
7. Number of FCA families using malaria prevention mechanisms.
8. Appropriate screening of micro-project for IPM.
10 MoonGftoig a nd superviionii K 0m
The implementation of the Pest Management Plan would be monitored. An
expert will be contracted in the first year of the project to design instruments to be
used in evaluation of IPM activities among the FCA. Since monitoring is a cross-
cutting issues in the fadama, it will be funded and managed from the Fadama
Development Office at the State level.
On the basis of the PMP activities, a flexible monitoring plan which is subject to changes
to reflect project realities is set out in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1: Monitooring and Supervision Plan.
Project Year Monitoring and Supervision Activities Listed
Year I 1, 2, 7, & 8
Year2 1,2,3,6,7,&8
Year3-5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,&8
1X SpecfNic Recommendations
In order to enhance success and wide acceptability of the Fadama II project across
the country, the following recommendations are here made:
24
1) Organising an initial workshop and study tours to train Fadama farmers on
diagnostic features of pests and diseases afflicting their crops/livestock.
2) Training of Fadama farmers in all practicable pest control options and
highlighting minimal or judicious use of synthetic pesticides of low
mammalian toxicity (Pyrethroids, Carbamates) with regards to
crops/livestock in various agro-ecological zones.
3) Use of plant products/extracts (neem) as alternative to synthetic pesticides
in combination with other non-chemical control methods should be
encouraged. Aspects of local production and application of plant products
should be included in the training programme for the Fadama farmers.
4) Existing capacities for integrated Pest Management should be enhanced
through training and retraining of experts and Fadama Farmer. Special
attention should be placed on surveillance of disease vector population in
the project area.
12. Detailed Cost Implications of the Pest Management Plan
The total cost of implementing the proposed pest management plan under the
NFDP-II is estimated at Three hundred and seventy six thousand Dollars (US$
376,000). This amount would be set aside under the project document for
effective implementation of the PMP.
Details of the total cost of Three hundred and seventy six thousand Dollars are as
follows;
(1) Building National Capacities in IPM
Purchase of equipment for demonstration and training
- FPCS 5,000- FMEV 2,000- NAFDAC 2,000- PCU 2,000- Research Institution 3,000- Universities 3,000- NGOs 3,000- Community Action Committees 18000
Sub-total 38,000
25
(2) International Study Tour for 12 officials of institutes and agencies and
Fadama Community Association for 7 days @ US$ 2,000 (covering
perdiem, Accommodation, travels etc.) 2SOOO
(3) Annual IPM Workshops for FCAs
15 FCAs per year for 3 years @ US $ 1,500 _____
(4) Extension Related IPM activities
Training of Trainers
2 week course for 32 @ US $ 1,000 32,000
Training of FCAs members (90 members) 90,000
Production of IPM extension materials 25,000
Public awareness campaign (Jingles, TV
Advertisement, sensitization workshops) 25,000
Data collection, analysis and reporting 8,000
Disease vector surveillance 8,000
(5) Promotion of impregnated bed-nets; nets
chemicals, impregnation and preparation of
botanical insecticide (neem) 25,000
(6) Support to IPM research and Development 20,000
(7) Monitoring and Evaluation cost 35gOD
G¢rand Total US $376,O00
26
Annex 1
Documents Consulted in the Preparation of this PMP
Agrochemical Association of Nigeria (1999). Inventory of Obsolete Pesticide
Stocks in Nigeria. A Country Report. pp28.
Akobundu 1.0.(1987). Weed Science in the Tropics Principles and Practices.
Anthony Youdeowei (2002): Pest Management Plan, for Agricultural Services
and Producers Organisations Project Chard.
Food and Agriculture Organisation, (1966). Proceedings of FAO Symposium on
Integrated Pest Control, Vol II,Rome, FAO, United Nations PP 129.
FMEN & UNITAR, (1999). National Profite to Assess Chemical Management
Infrastructure in Nigeria. A Report published by FMEN, Abuja,
FCT. pp68.
Ojuederie, B.M. (2000). Check list of Plants Pests in Nigeria, pp 133. A
publication of Plant Quarantine Service of Nigeria, Federal
Department of Agriculture.
Reissig, W.H. et al (1986). Illustrated Guide to Integrated Pest Management
in Rice in Tropical Asia, pp 411. A publication of International
Laguna, Philippines.
Teng, P.S. et al (1988). Integrated Pest Management in Rice-based Farming
Systems. A paper presented at the International Rice Research
Conference at the IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.
World Bank, Washington (2003): Project Appraisal Document on the Proposed
Nationat Fadama Development Project-II, AFTR African Regional
Office, World Bank Washington.
27
Annex HD
LUIFr OIF BANNED PESTE1fC1[DES
(1) Aldrin
(2) Chlordane
(3) DDT (Dichlochphenye trichloroethane)
(4) Dieldrin
(5) Endrin
(6) Heptachlor
(7) Toxaphene
(8) Chlordimeform
(9) Mercury Compounds
(10) Luidane
(1 1) Parathion
(12) Methyl Marathion
(13) Methyl bromide
(14) Hexachlorodenzene
28
Annex III
LIST OF AGROCHEMICALS APPROVED FOR USE BY NAFDAC
INSECTICIDES
i. ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
a. Endosulfan
b. Helpachlor
c. Lindane - (Restricted to use on Cocoa only)
ii. PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
a. Lambda - Cyhalothrin
b. Cypermethrin
c. Deltamethrin
d. Phenothrin
e. Permethrin
f. Tetramethrin
g. Cyfluthrin
h. Allethrin
iii. CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
a. Carbaryl
b. Carbofuran
c. Propoxur
d. Carbosulfan
e. Furathiocarb
f. Temik (Aldicarb)
iv. ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE
a. Diazinon
b. Dichlorvos (DDVP)
c. Chlorpyrifos
29
d. Chlorpyrifos - Methyl
e. Dicrotophos
f. Dimethoate
g. Monocrotophos
h. Perimiphos - Ethyl
i. Perimiphos - Methyl
j. Ethion
k. Rugby (Cadusofas)
1. Malathion
m. Temeguard (Temephos)
n. Isazofos
o. Parathion - Methyl
p. Phosphamedon
q. Methidathion
HRElRBlL ClDES
CARBAMATE HERBICIDES
Asulam
ORGANOPlH1OS PHlORUS H1ERBlClDES
a. Anilofos
b. Piperophos
c. Glyphosate
d. Glyphosate Trimesium (Touchdown or Sulfosate)
ii. AMIDE HERBfICIIDES
a. Acetochlor
b. Alachlor
c. Propanil
d. Butachlor
e. Metalochlor
30
iii. TRIAZINES AND TRIAZOLES
a. Atrazine
b. Ametryn
c. Desmetryn
d. Terbuthalazine
e. Terbutrex (Terbutryne)
f. Prometryn
g. Simazine
iv. CHLOROPHENOXY HERBICIDES
a. 2.4-D (2.4 Dichlarphenoxy acetiacid)
v. UREA AND GUANIDINES HERBICIDES
a. Diuron
b. Linurex (Linuron)
c. Fluometurone
d. Chloroxuron
e. Neburon
vi. QUATERNARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
a. Paraquat
b. Diguart
vii. OTHER HERBICIDES
b. Dimethachlor
c. Metazachlor
d. Monosodium Methyl Arsonate (MSMA)
e. Fluxixpyr
f. Imazaquine
g. Triassulfuran (Amber)
31
h. Osethoxydim
i. Oxadiazon (Ronster)
.j. Clomaone
k. Trifluralin
1. Stamp 500 (pendimethalin)
m. Fluazifop - P.butyl
viii. OlTIHER FUNGIICIHDES
a. Benomyl (Nitroheterocyclic Compound)
b. Dazomet (Thiadiazine Fungicide)
c. Folpet (Phthalimide Fungicide)
d. Metalaxyl (Acylalamine Fungcide)
e. Cyproconazole (Alto - IOOSL)
f. Bavistin (Carbon) - Benzimide
g. Triadmenol (Bayfidon GR Conzole Fungicide)
32
Annex IV
FAO SPECIFICATIONS FOR PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS.
DECLARED CONTENT in g/kg or g/l TOLERANCE
at 20+2°C
UP TO25 +- 15% of the declared content for
homogenous formulations (EC, SC, SL,
etc.), or
+/- 25% for heterogeneous formulations
(GR,WG, etc.)
ABOVE 25 UP TO 100 +/- 10% of declared content.
ABOVE 100 UP TO 250 +/- 6% of the declared content.
ABOVE 250 UP TO 500 +/- 5% of the declared content.
ABOVE 500 +/- 25% k/kg or g/l.
NB: In each range the upper limit is included.
Reference: Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant
protection products. 5 th Edition, 1999.
33