Post on 04-Jan-2016
FCAT FCAT
Science Science ReviewReview
FCAT FCAT
Science Science ReviewReview
West Broward High SchoolWest Broward High School
• True False Questions– Read carefully– A single word can make the sentence false
• Multiple Choice Questions– If you come to an question you don’t know, skip it. Go
back later if you have time.– When you’re not sure, rule out answers you know are
not correct. When you are down to
2 choices, make an educated guess.
Essay QuestionsLook for key words that tell you what kind of essay to write• compare - what characteristics are similar, and which are different (focus on similarities)• describe - what happens or what is something like• contrast - discuss differences between things• discuss - write as completely as you can; give
favoring and differing viewselaborate
CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
MatterMatterConservation of MatterConservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
Organization of MatterOrganization of Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous
ATOMATOM• Smallest particle that has properties of Smallest particle that has properties of
an elementan element
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
MOLECULESMOLECULES
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
•Can’t be broken into simpler substances
•Smallest unit of a substance that has its characteristic properties
•Made of atoms of 2 or more elements
SUBATOMIC PARTICLESSUBATOMIC PARTICLES
• proton
•neutron
•electron
Positive charge, inside nucleus
neutral charge, inside nucleus
negative charge, orbitals outside nucleus
Isotopes
Atomic MassAtomic Mass
Atomic NumberAtomic Number = number of protons
(= number of electrons, when electronically neutral)
= mass of protons + neutrons
(mass of electrons is negligible)
**fly on a semi
= atoms of the same element with different
Masses due to differing number of neutrons
OCTET RULEOCTET RULE• Stability determined by atoms’
ability to have outermost energy level filled
…like the Noble Gases
Arrangement of electrons determines an element’s
physical properties
PERIODIC TRENDSPERIODIC TRENDSAtomic size
Ion formation
Electron attraction
Elements with unstable nuclei decay
Groups (Families) based on electron structure
Matter behaves as a wave, particle or something different
BONDINGBONDINGCovalent Bonding
Ionic BondingBonding
Formed by sharing electrons
Formed transfer of electrons
Cation - gives electrons --> positive ion
Anion - takes electrons --> negative ion
Only the outermost electrons are involved in bonding
Changes in Phase
Rates of ReactionsWhat effects rates?
CatalystsSurface areaTemperaturePressureNumber of molecules :
Concentration
PHYSICS
ENERGYConservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created or destroyed ; it
only changes forms
Forms of Energychemical
light
heatelectrical
mechanical
sound
nuclear
Bonds of chemicals
Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves
Differences in temperatures
Movement of electrons
Moving machines/objects doing work
Mechanical due to motion of air molecules
Stored in atomic nucleus; released during nuclear decay
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Stored energy/ energy of position
PE= mgh
Energy of motion
KE= 1/2 mv2
Sources of Energy
Nuclear Reactions
Fossil fuel
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Work & Energy
Work
Energy
Fuel
Force moves an object
Capacity to do work
Both are measure in joules (J)
Substance from which energy can be obtained
MOTION
Reference point
Frame of reference
Relative motion
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Distance traveled per unit of time
Speed & direction
Change in velocity over time
v= d/t
a= v f - v i /t f - t i
Velocity
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
A FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN ANY TWO OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE
4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
•STRONG NUCLEAR
•ELECTROMAGNETIC
•WEAK NUCLEAR
•GRAVITATIONAL
In order of decreasing strength
EARTH SCIENCE
FOSSILS
•Evidence of evolutionary changes in organisms
•Form in sedimentary rock
TIDES•Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun
•Neap tides high high tides
and low low tides
•Spring tides weak tides
ECLIPSES
Solar
the moon is between the Earth & the Sun, casting a shadow on
the Earth
Lunar
the Earth is between the Moon & the Sun, casting a shadow on
the moon
EARTH’S ROTATION
•Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, from West to East
-causing night & day
•Sun appears in the East and sets in the West
EARTH’S REVOLUTION
Movement around the Sun - causes seasons
PLATE TECTONICS
•Convergent - Divergent boundaries
•Faults
•Mountain formation
•Earthquakes/Volcanoes
CLIMATE PATTERNS
Temperature variations –
land vs. water
Air masses
GLACIAL FORMATIONS
MORAINE - ridges deposited by melting glaciers
KETTLES - sharp, steep ridges
GLACIAL FORMATIONS
CIRQUE - scooped out semicircular basin
HORN - pyramid-shaped peaks
ARETE - sharp, steep ridges
GLACIAL FORMATIONS
DRUMLIN - long,canoe-shaped hills;
made of TILL (unsorted rock deposits)
ESKERS - deposits from streams under melting glaciers
LIFE &
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CELLS
Basic unit of structure &
Function of living things
CELL MEMBRANES
•Semipermeable or selectively permeable
•Made up of phospholipid molecules
(hydrophyllic heads, hydrophobic tails)
•Materials move with concentration gradients
- diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
•Materials move against concentration gradients
-active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
ORGANIC MOLECULES
•PROTIENS made up of amino acids
-structural - marker - channel - enzymes
•LIPIDS glycerol & fatty acids
•CARBOHYDRATES simple sugars
•NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleotides (phosphate sugar nitrogen base)
•DNA
•RNA
HEREDITY
DNA - Double helixHeredity molecule
MUTATIONS - changes in DNA
ECOLOGY
•Organisms are adapted to specific environmen
•Mutations result in adaptations which make organisms better fit to their environmnet
•Types of organisms-decomposers (bacteria)-Producers (plants, algae)-Consumers (predators, prey)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
MAY CHANGE DUE TO NATURAL EVENTS-FIRES,
-VOLCANIC ACIVITY-WEATHER
MAN MADE CAUSES-POLLUTION
Scientific Method
Observation - state the problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
Steps to Solving Problems
List the given and unknown values1. ANALYZE
Write the equationDetermine the relationship between values
2. CALCULATEInsert the known values, and solve
3. EVALUATE
2. CALCULATE
USING GRAPHS 3 TYPES OF GRAPHS
1. LINE
2. BAR
3. CIRCLE
show trends or how the data change over time
Compares information collected by counting
show how some quantity is broken down into parts
INTERPRETING GRAPHS
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Controls
Depends on change of the independent variable
Unaffected by changes in the dependent variable
Graphed on the y-axis
Graphed on the x-axis
A constant used for a comparison