Post on 18-Dec-2015
Faunal Diversity
FISH 7380
Dr. e. irwin
Objectives Understand the basic structure of riverine communities Learn broad patterns of faunal diversity across N.AM.
river systems Understand mechanisms contributing to and underlying
differences in species richness among river systems
Know the “big five”, and other especially diverse N.AM. fish families
Wrestle with "ecological consequences of diversity"
Riverine communities: webs of the really well-known (fishes) and the totally undescribed (fungi & bacteria)
Functional Groups Heterotrophy vs. Autotrophy Food webs
Diversity: "the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur (Office of Technology Assessment 1987)"
Food webs
Microbes
Bacteria, protists and fungi- decomposers of POM, retain and transform
DOM
Meiofauna pass through 500 micron, retained 40 micron
sieve 58-82% of species in streams Rotifers (Bdelloidae=benthic group 2,500 species
30% planktonic) Gastrotrichs (Chaetonotida (mainly FW 350
species) e.g. rotifers, harpaticoids, cyclopoid copepods,
flatworms. gastrotrichs, young insects…. Interstitial, burrowing, epibenthic
Meiofauna
Macroinvertebrates > 15,000 aquatic invertebrates described, including:
4665 Diptera 1640 Coleoptera 1340 Trichoptera ("The queen order of insects") 400 Hemiptera 50 Megaloptera 635 Lepidoptera (aquatic!) 575 Ephemeroptera 550 Plecoptera 415 Odonates - 170 in AL (Krotzer abstract) 386 Crayfishes - 70 in AL (Johnson thesis) 500 Gastropoda 320 Bivalva
Diptera
Coleoptera
Tricoptera
Hemiptera
Lepidoptera
Megaloptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Decapoda
Fat pocketbook- Potamilus capax
GastropodaBivalvia
Interrupted rocksnail Leptotoxis formeani
“New species are described annually, and a total head count never will be complete” (Williams and Neves 1992)
"The conditions for speciation of stream dwelling animals has been nearly ideal in eastern North America for many million years. One of the results has been the origin of what is probably the richest freshwater mollusk fauna in the world." David H. Stansbery, 1970.
Fishes About 800 spp in North America, excluding Mexico,
mostly riverine compared to (best available underestimates!): about 10250 freshwater spp worldwide
South America 2800 spp Africa2000 spp North America (& Mexico) 1100 spp Europe 250 spp Australia 230 spp Alabama 328 spp
Floodplain rivers are diverse
Patterns of diversity of fishes in North America: Why?
The mighty Mississippi, the southeast, and the west
Ecological stability + geographic instability = spp diversity
Drainages are not equally blessed
NA drainages Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio : richest, 375 spp, 31
families; SE Province: Atl and Gulf Slope drainages,
Savannah R to Ponchartrain, 268 spp, 31 families Western systems: fewer spp, but high endemism.
Why impt from a management perspective? e.g., Colorado River Basin 32 spp, 7 families - 69%
spp endemic (22)
NA fishes
N. Am. fishes a relatively young fauna 60% Miocene or younger (about 26-23
mya) (Miller, cited in Hocutt and Wiley, p
443).
Sabretooth salmon (3 mya)
The big five Nearly 80% comprise 5 families -
Cyprinidae 302 spp (largest family of fishes; 1600 spp worldwide)
Percidae 165 spp This number is already out of date!)
Catostomidae 70 spp (This one is, too!)
Ictaluridae 48 spp (endemic to N Am; 27 spp are madtoms)
Centrarchidae 32 spp
Western Rivers Small fishes rule, except out west
Stability-diversity
N. M. Burkhead, S. J. Walsh, B. J. Freeman and J. D. Williams, 1997. Status and restoration of the Etowah River, an imperiled southern Appalachian ecosystem. In Aquatic Fauna in Peril: The Southeastern Perspective, G. W. Benz and D. E. Collins, eds.
Imperilment