Types of Logical Types of Logical FallaciesFallacies

Types of Logical Types of Logical FallaciesFallacies

Hasty Generalisation

Sergey BrinCo-founder of Google

False analogy

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• Affirming the Consequent

• Denying the Antecedent

• Logical Inconsistency

If A is true, then B is true. B is stated to be true. Therefore, A must be true.

ExampleIf I am a human then I am a mammal. I am a mammal. Therefore, I am a human.

Non sequitur

• Affirming the Consequent

• Denying the Antecedent

• Logical Inconsistency

ExampleIf I am in Tokyo, I am in Japan. I am not in Tokyo. Therefore, I am not in Japan.

Non sequitur

If A then B.Not A.Therefore, not B.

• Affirming the Consequent

• Denying the Antecedent

• Logical Inconsistency

Mary is taller than Jane, and Jane is taller than Fiona, while Fiona is taller than Mary.

Non sequitur

Begging the question

Rising ERP charges begs the question

to buy that car or not?

Begging the question

Democracy must be the best form of government because the majority is always right

Your resume looks impressive but I need another reference.

Good. But how do I know that Jill is trustworthy?

Jill can give me a good reference.Certainly. I can vouch for her.

Unproven premise for argument to justify the war in Iraq:1) Saddam has WMD; and2) Saddam has a cooperative relationship with al-Quaida

Outlining & Presenting

Your Findings

PurposePurpose:

• To examine whether NUS students experience anxiety about their future

• To investigate the sources of anxiety

Anxiety about the future

Methodology

Personal• Competitiveness• Lack of direction

• Job-related• Material wealth-related

• Fear of failure

Societal• Society’s expectations

Familial• Parent’s expectations

• Siblings’ example

Questionnaire Survey• 5-point Likert Scale• 15 questions to test anxiety

Interviews

Findings

2.1 Extent of anxiety about future

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

HighAnxiety

ModerateAnxiety

LowAnxiety

Medicine

Business

Engineering

Findings

2.2 Sources of anxiety

2.2.1 Competiveness

2.2.2 Lack of direction

2.2.3 Fear of failure

Personal

Familial

Societal

Personal• Competitiveness• Lack of direction

• Job-related• Material wealth-related

• Fear of failure

Findings

2.2 Sources of anxiety

2.2.1 Competiveness

The most common source of anxiety cited by the interviewees ….. This was articulated by the following students:

I’m worried that my friends will get better-paying jobs than me, then very malu one leh. (Extract 1)

I want to be the first among my friends to earn my first million. That is my goal. Die die must achieve. (Extract 2)

General summary

Excerpt

Findings

2.1 Extent of anxiety about the future

2.2 Sources of anxiety

2.2.1 Competiveness

2.2.2 Lack of direction

2.2.3 Fear of failure

Findings

2.1 Survey Results

2.1.1

2.1.2

2.2 Focus Group Results

2.2.1

2.2.2

Findings

2.1 Problem

2.2 Suggested Solutions

2.2.1 Questionnaire findings

2.2.2 Interview findings

Findings

2.1 Problem

2.2 Suggested Solutions

2.2.1 Increase commission

2.2.2 Performance-based bonus

2.2.3 Well-defined career path