FairDealingAnalysisWorkshop

22February2017

copyright.ualberta.ca

WhatisFairDealing?

"FairDealing"isanimportantcomponentofusers'rightsinCanadiancopyrightlaw,allowingforthereproducEonanduseofselecEonsofcopyright-protectedworksforcertainpurposeswithoutrequiringpermission,providedthatuse/dealingis"fair”.

CopyrightAct,s.29Research,privatestudy,etc.

29Fairdealingforthepurposeofresearch,privatestudy,educaEon,parodyorsaEredoesnotinfringecopyright.Cri5cismorreview

29.1FairdealingforthepurposeofcriEcismorreviewdoesnotinfringecopyrightifthefollowingaremenEoned:

[aNribuEonofsourceandauthor]Newsrepor5ng

29.2FairdealingforthepurposeofnewsreporEngdoesnotinfringecopyrightifthefollowingaremenEoned:

[aNribuEonofsourceandauthor]

HubbardvVosper[1972]2Q.B.84

“Itisimpossibletodefinewhatis“fairdealing.”ItmustbeaquesEonofdegree.…[discussionofconsideraEons]...OtherconsideraEonsmaycometomindalso.But,aYerallissaidanddone,itmustbeamaNerofimpression.…Thetribunaloffactmustdecide.”

LordDenning,M.R.

HubbardvVosper(cont’d)ConsideraEons:•  “Youmustconsiderfirstthenumberandextentofthe

quota5onsandextracts.Aretheyaltogethertoomanyandtoolongtobefair?

•  “Thenyoumustconsidertheusemadeofthem.Iftheyareusedasabasisforcomment,criEcismorreview,thatmaybefairdealing.IftheyareusedtoconveythesameinformaEonastheauthor,forarivalpurpose,thatmaybeunfair.

•  “Next,youmustconsiderthepropor5ons.TotakelongextractsandaNachshortcommentsmaybeunfair.But,shortextractsandlongcommentsmaybefair.

•  “Otherconsidera5onsmaycometomindalso.”

CCH[2004]1SCR339

“…thefairdealingexcep5onisperhapsmoreproperlyunderstoodasanintegralpartoftheCopyrightActthansimplyadefence.AnyactfallingwithinthefairdealingexcepEonwillnotbeaninfringementofcopyright.”

McLachlin,CJC

CCH(cont’d)“DrawingonthedecisioninHubbard,supra,aswellasthedoctrineoffairuseintheUnitedStates,[Linden,J.A.]proposedthatthefollowingfactorsbeconsideredinassessingwhetheradealingwasfair:(1)thepurposeofthedealing;(2)thecharacterofthedealing;(3)theamountofthedealing;(4)alterna5vestothedealing;(5)thenatureofthework;and(6)theeffectofthedealingonthework.AlthoughtheseconsideraEonswillnotallariseineverycaseoffairdealing,thislistoffactorsprovidesausefulanaly5calframeworktogoverndetermina5onsoffairnessinfuturecases.”

McLachlin,CJC

AUCCGuidelines(2012)

Guidelines1.  Teachers,instructors,professorsandstaff

membersinnon-profituniversiEesmaycommunicateandreproduce,inpaperorelectronicform,shortexcerptsfromacopyright-protectedworkforthepurposesofresearch,privatestudy,criEcism,review,newsreporEng,educaEon,saEreorparody.

AUCCGuidelines(cont’d)4.Ashortexcerptmeans:

(a) upto10%ofacopyright-protectedwork(includingaliterarywork, musicalscore,soundrecording,andanaudiovisualwork)(b) onechapterfromabook(c) asinglearEclefromaperiodical(d) anenErearEsEcwork(includingapainEng,print,photograph, diagram,drawing,map,chart,andplan)fromacopyright-protectedwork containingotherarEsEcworks(e) anenErenewspaperarEcleorpage(f) anenEresinglepoemormusicalscorefromacopyright-protectedwork containingotherpoemsormusicalscores(g) anenEreentryfromanencyclopedia,annotatedbibliography, dicEonaryorsimilarreferencework

providedthatineachcase,nomoreoftheworkiscopiedthanisrequiredinordertoachievetheallowablepurpose.

FairDealingAnalysis

•  Purposes(CopyrightAct)•  Factors(CCH)

SampleforAnalysis

TeacherwantstomakeaPDFcopyofonebookchapter(oftwelve)tobemadeavailableonanLMSonlytothestudentsinherclass.

Purposes(CopyrightAct)

•  Research•  PrivateStudy•  EducaEon•  Parody•  SaEre•  CriEcism•  NewsReporEng

TheSixFactors(CCH)

(1) thepurposeofthedealing;(2)thecharacterofthedealing;(3)theamountofthedealing;(4)alterna5vestothedealing;(5)thenatureofthework;and(6)theeffectofthedealingonthework.

1.PurposeoftheDealing[54]“InCanada,thepurposeofthedealingwillbefairifitisforoneoftheallowablepurposesundertheCopyrightAct,namelyresearch,privatestudy,criEcism,reviewornewsreporEng.(…)“Asdiscussed,theseallowablepurposesshouldnotbegivenarestricEveinterpretaEonorthiscouldresultintheunduerestricEonofusers’rights.Thissaid,courtsshouldaNempttomakeanobjecEveassessmentoftheuser/defendant’srealpurposeormoEveinusingthecopyrightedwork.(…)“Moreover,…,somedealings,evenifforanallowablepurpose,maybemoreorlessfairthanothers;researchdoneforcommercialpurposesmaynotbeasfairasresearchdoneforcharitablepurposes.”

2.CharacteroftheDealing[55]“Inassessingthecharacterofadealing,courtsmustexaminehowtheworksweredealtwith.IfmulEplecopiesofworksarebeingwidelydistributed,thiswilltendtobeunfair.“If,however,asinglecopyofaworkisusedforaspecificlegiEmatepurpose,thenitmaybeeasiertoconcludethatitwasafairdealing.“IfthecopyoftheworkisdestroyedaYeritisusedforitsspecificintendedpurpose,thismayalsofavourafindingoffairness.“ItmayberelevanttoconsiderthecustomorpracEceinaparEculartradeorindustrytodeterminewhetherornotthecharacterofthedealingisfair.”

3.AmountoftheDealing[56]“Boththeamountofthedealingandimportanceoftheworkallegedlyinfringedshouldbeconsideredinassessingfairness.Iftheamounttakenfromaworkistrivial,thefairdealinganalysisneednotbeundertakenatallbecausethecourtwillhaveconcludedthattherewasnocopyrightinfringement.“AsthepassagefromHubbardindicates,thequanEtyoftheworktakenwillnotbedeterminaEveoffairness,butitcanhelpinthedeterminaEon.Itmaybepossibletodealfairlywithawholework.(…)“Theamounttakenmayalsobemoreorlessfairdependingonthepurpose.Forexample,forthepurposeofresearchorprivatestudy,itmaybeessenEaltocopyanenEreacademicarEcleoranenErejudicialdecision.However,ifaworkofliteratureiscopiedforthepurposeofcriEcism,itwillnotlikelybefairtoincludeafullcopyoftheworkinthecriEque.”

4.AlternaEvestotheDealing[57]“AlternaEvestodealingwiththeinfringedworkmayaffectthedeterminaEonoffairness.Ifthereisanon-copyrightedequivalentoftheworkthatcouldhavebeenusedinsteadofthecopyrightedwork,thisshouldbeconsideredbythecourt.“IagreewiththeCourtofAppealthatitwillalsobeusefulforcourtstoaNempttodeterminewhetherthedealingwasreasonablynecessarytoachievetheulEmatepurpose.Forexample,ifacriEcismwouldbeequallyeffecEveifitdidnotactuallyreproducethecopyrightedworkitwascriEcizing,thismayweighagainstafindingoffairness.”

5.NatureoftheWork[58]“ThenatureoftheworkinquesEonshouldalsobeconsideredbycourtsassessingwhetheradealingisfair.“AlthoughcertainlynotdeterminaEve,ifaworkhasnotbeenpublished,thedealingmaybemorefairinthatitsreproducEonwithacknowledgementcouldleadtoawiderpublicdisseminaEonofthework—oneofthegoalsofcopyrightlaw.“If,however,theworkinquesEonwasconfidenEal,thismayEpthescalestowardsfindingthatthedealingwasunfair.”

6.EffectoftheDealingontheWork

[59]“Finally,theeffectofthedealingontheworkisanotherfactorwarranEngconsideraEonwhencourtsaredeterminingwhetheradealingisfair.“Ifthereproducedworkislikelytocompetewiththemarketoftheoriginalwork,thismaysuggestthatthedealingisnotfair.“Althoughtheeffectofthedealingonthemarketofthecopyrightownerisanimportantfactor,itisneithertheonlyfactornorthemostimportantfactorthatacourtmustconsiderindecidingifthedealingisfair.”

CCH(2004)-reprise

“ThefairdealingexcepEon,likeotherexcepEonsintheCopyrightAct,isauser’sright.Inordertomaintaintheproperbalancebetweentherightsofacopyrightownerandusers’interests,itmustnotbeinterpretedrestric5vely.”

McLachlin,CJC

ToolsandFlowCharts•  AthabascaUniversity-FairDealingAnalysisTool

hNp://library.athabascau.ca/services/video/fair-use/FairUse_Main.html

•  BowValleyCollege-FairDealingCharthNps://bowvalleycollege.ca/Documents/Learning%20Resource%20Services/Copyright/Fair%20Dealing%20Chart.pdf]

•  BowValleyCollege-FairDealingAnalysis

hNp://bowvalleycollege.ca/Documents/Learning%20Resource%20Services/Copyright/Fair%20Dealing%20Anaylsis.pdf

•  CMEC’sCopyrightDecisionTool(FairDealingGuidelines)hNp://copyrightdecisiontool.ca/DecisionTool/

•  Queen'sUniversity-FairDealingEvaluatorhNp://library.queensu.ca/help-services/copyright-fair-dealing/fair-dealing-evaluator

•  UniversityofAlberta–FairDealingAnalysisFlowcharthNps://d1pbog36rugm0t.cloudfront.net/-/media/ualberta/faculty-and-staff/copyright-office/2017-fair-dealing-analysis-flowchart---24feb2017.pdf

Thankyou!

adrian.sheppard@ualberta.cacindy.paul@ualberta.ca

copyright.ualberta.ca