Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR)

(an upcoming accelerator centre at Darmstadt, Germany)

Subhasis Chattopadhyay

VECC-Kolkata &

Bose Institute, Kolkata

B3 Direction Frankfurt

B3 direction Darmstadt

Construction road

107 Bohrium (Bh) Niels Bohr, (1981) December 1997 108 Hassium (Hs) German State of Hesse, March 14, 1984 December 1997 109 Meitnerium (Mt) Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist, theoretical description of nuclear fission August 29, 1982 December 1997 110 Darmstadtium (Ds) Darmstadt, location of GSI

November 9, 1994 ,August 2003

111 Roentgenium (Rg) Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, December 8, 1994 November 2004 112 Copernicium (Cn) Nikolaus Kopernikus, February 9, 1996 February 2010

Elements discovered at GSI-Darmstadt , Germany

FAIR: Construction Field

4

FAIR: A reality in 2025

5 Sweden France India Finland Germany Poland UK Romania Russia Slovenia

Timeline-I

Timeline-II

LEP 2009: LHC 2025: FAIR

Cockcroft-Walton accelerator installation at

the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge

April 14, 1932

Nobel prize to Cockroft and Walton in 1951 for disintegrating the Li nucleus

Cyclotron

Courtsey : Mandelkern, CERN

Linear accelerator

Electrostatic accelerator Synchrotron

Courtsey : Mandelkern, CERN

CELLS Twenty

per mm

DNA Five hundred

thousand

per mm

Nucleus

Five hundred

billion

per mm

Quarks More than one

million billion

per mm

Extra

magnification?

x 2 thousand

x 25 thousand

x 1 million

Electron

microscope

Particle Accelerators

2 fm

< 1 am

50 μm

2 nm

Microscope

LHC fm=10-15m

am=10-18m

VECC

Do we really need High energy?

l = h / p (de Broglie, 1924)

where h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 Js

p = momentum of protons

Particle energies are measured in electron-volts (eV).

1 eV is the amount of energy an electron gains when it

moves through an electric field of one volt.

So CERN dug out Million tons of earth just to smash tiny particles

(Angels and demons)

Volts Size probed (meters) 1000,000 (Mega)

0.000 000 000 000 1 (10-3 nm)

7000,000,000,000 (7 trillion Volts-LHC)

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 01 (10-20 m)

World Wide Inventory of Accelerators in 2007 Total ~28,000 ~ 35,000 (2012)

Total number of industrial accelerators sold world wide (excluding medical accelerators)

~18700

Total number of medical accelerator installed world wide ~9100

Ref: Robert W. Hamm, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology, Vol. 1 (2008) 163-184. World Scientific.

ATLAS

ALICE

CMS

LHC-B

Pt-1

Pt-2

Pt-5

Pt-8

The LHC and its experiments …

2013 Physics Higgs, Englart Higgs discovery

Today’s accelerators: International mega-science

STAR ALICE TDRs

Rutherford

VECC expt

WA98

ALICE has 100 institutes, 1000 authors

FAIR – International Cooperation

• Realization and operation in international cooperation

• Ten international partners own the company

• More than 53 countries participate in the experiments

• Participation of 3.000 scientists from all continents

20

Shareholder

Collaborations

Ring accelerator SIS100

Production of new atomic nuclei

Production of antiprotons

Collector ring

Antiproton ring

Linear accelerator

Ring accelerator

100

meters

Existing facility

Planned facility

Experiments

• 1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+

• 1010/s 238U92+ up to 35 GeV/u

• 3x1013/s 90 GeV protons

• radioactive beams

• 1011 antiprotons 1.5 - 15 GeV/c,

stored and cooled

• radioactive beams up to

1.5 - 2 GeV/u; up to factor 10000

higher in intensity than presently

• antiprotons 3 - 30 GeV

• cooled beams

• rapid cycling superconducting magnets

• dynamical vacuum

Facility for Antiproton & Ion Research Primary Beams

Secondary Beams

Storage and Cooler Rings

Technical Challenges

21

Physics at FAIR

T[K]

1 TeV 1016

1 GeV 1013

1 MeV 1010

1 KeV 107

1 eV 104

1 meV 10

10-12 10-6 1 106 1012 1018 t[s]

Parlicles Nuclei

Atoms

Today 13.7 bln y. later

FAIR – QCD research programs (Quantum Chromodynamics

FAIR Research Indian proposed participation in 7

Experiments out of total 14

The evolution of the universe

2

3

FAIR – APPA research programs (Atomic ,Plasma Physics and Applications)

FAIR – NUSTAR research programs (Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions

The FAIR Modularized Start Version

Experiments

M0: APPA (Atomic Physics Plasma

and Applications)

M1: CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter)

M2: NUSTAR (Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions)

M3: PANDA

M0

M1

M2 M3

SIS100

24

FAIR Experiments

APPA

25

APPA: Atomic Physics, Plasma Physics, Bio Physics and Applied Sciences

Bio Physics

&

Materials

Science (BIOMAT)

Atomic

Physics (SPARC &

FLAIR)

Plasma

Physics (Hedgehob

& WDM)

High intensity beams stopped inside a target produce plasma

of extreme density (similar to the core of planets)

• Equation of state, phase transitions, transport phenomena

• Matter under high pressure

• Interaction of ions and photons with plasma

Dynamic electric fields (upto 1020 V/cm) produced in collisions of

heavy ion beams give access to

• Spectroscopy upto the limits of atomic matter

• QED in non-perturbative regime

• Precision determination of fundamental constants

• Infuence of atomic structure on nuclear decay properties

High intensity beams will be used on bio and material targets to

access:

• Cosmic radiation study: A hindrance in space

• Cancer therapy

• Material modifications, radiation hardness

• High-pressure irradiation 26

APPA Cave

HESR

Cold Relativistic Heavy Ions

CRYRING Cold High-

to Low- +

Energy

Heavy Ions

ESR

Later Anti-Protons

The APPA experimental facilities at FAIR

27

Example APPA Science:

Biophysics and Materials Research at FAIR

Biophysics Materials Research

Space radiation biophysics

Biological effects of very high

energetic ions

Shielding measures: new

materials

Particle therapy: “theranostics”

(use of high energetic proton beams for

simultaneous diagnostics and therapy)

Ion-matter interaction at highest energies

and highest charge states

Materials behavior under extreme

conditions (high flux irradiations)

Irradiations under multiple

extremes (high pressure,

temperature, dose)

Radiation hardness of accelerator and

spacecraft components

28

Health and medical therapy

Breakthroughs in medical research

29

FAIR Experiments

NuSTAR

Super-FRS

APPA

30

Example NUSTAR Science:

Synthesis of the chemical elements

• Unique particle accelerator facility

Where and how were the heavy elements made in the universe?

31

Example NUSTAR Science:

Synthesis of the chemical elements

• Unique particle accelerator facility

Where and how were the heavy elements made in the universe?

32

Halos

Neutron Skins Neutron stars Pygmy Resonance

EOS

33

Combine accurate nuclear physics with

precision astronomy to constrain

astrophysical scenarios

33

NuSTAR: Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics, Reactions

FAIR will provide unique access to many nuclei

relevant in explosive nucleosynthesis

Quest for the limits of existence

• Halos, Few Body Correlations

• Changing shell structure far away from stability

• Skins, new collective modes, nuclear matter, neutron stars

• Origin of the elements

Detector cell for BC501A liquid

Light Guide

After light guide and Photomultiplier Tube coupling

After assembly

Neutron detector for Nustar experiment (Indian contribution)

Proto-type detector with photonis PMT XP4512B

Neutrons

gamma

FAIR Experiments

PANDA NuSTAR

Super-FRS

APPA

35

Key Questions of Hadron Physics

36

• how does confinement work?

• how is the mass of hadrons generated?

• do also non-qq or non-qqq hadrons exist and where are they?

• what is the interplay of hadron and quark-gluon degrees of freedom?

_

Anti-Proton Annihilation @ DA

• Luminosity up to L~ 2x1032 cm-2s-1

• Stochastic & electron cooling • Resolution ~50 keV • Tune ECM to scan resonance • Get precise m and Γ

HESR: High-Energy Storage Ring

37

FAIR Experiments

CBM

PANDA NuSTAR

Super-FRS

APPA

38

States of strongly interacting matter

baryons hadrons partons

Compression + heating = quark-gluon matter (pion production)

Neutron stars Early universe

PbPb collisions at LHC

Courtesy of K. Fukushima & T. Hatsuda

Probing the QCD diagram at very high T and ρB 0 (early universe): ALICE, ATLAS, CMS at LHC STAR, PHENIX at top RHIC energies

Probing the QCD diagram at moderate T and very high ρB (neutron star): BES at RHIC, NA61 at CERN SPS, CBM at FAIR, MPD at NICA, J-PARC, NA60+ 40

Exploring the QCD phase diagram

Courtesy of K. Fukushima & T. Hatsuda

Exploring the QCD phase diagram

Baryon density

in central Au+Au

collisions

SIS100

41 time [fm/c]

Equation-of-state: Non-local SU(3) NJL with vector coupling M. Orsaria, H. Rodrigues, F. Weber, G.A. Contrera, arXiv:1308.1657

Quark matter in massive neutron stars?

42

Messengers from the dense fireball: CBM at FAIR

UrQMD transport calculation Au+Au 10.7 A GeV

Ξ-, Ω-, φ

ρ → e+e-, μ+μ-

p, Λ, Ξ+, Ω+ π, K, Λ, ...

resonance decays

ρ → e+e-, μ+μ- ρ → e+e-, μ+μ-

Particle multiplicity x branching ratio for min. bias Au+Au collisions at 25 A GeV (from HSD and thermal model)

SPS Pb+Pb 30 A GeV STAR Au+Au sNN=7.7 GeV

Experimental challenges

nuclear matter equation of state search for phase transition, phase coexistence, exotic phases onset of Chiral symmetry restoration hypernuclei, strange matter

CBM:Exploring QCD matter at neutron star core densities (> 5 ρ0)

45

New physics insights by “pushing” interactions rates up to 10 MHz

optimized for precision measurements of rare probes (hyperons, hypernuclei, dileptons, charm)

Dipole

magnet

Ring Imaging

Cherenkov

Detector

Transition

Radiation

Detector

Resistive Plate

Chambers

(TOF) Electro-

magnetic

Calorimeter

(parking

position)

Silicon

Tracking

System

Muon Detection System

(parking position)

Projectile

Spectator

Detector Vertex

Detector

HADES

The Compressed Baryonic Matter Experiment

46

• 105 - 107 Au+Au reactions/sec

• determination of (displaced) vertices (σ 50 m)

• identification of leptons and hadrons

• fast and radiation hard detectors

• free-streaming readout electronics

• high speed data acquisition and high performance computer farm for online event selection

• 4-D event reconstruction

CBM experimental challenges

47

Forefront Technologies

• Technological advancements in high-performance & scientific

computing, Big Data, Green IT

48

Hyperons from Au+Au 25 AGeV

1M central events

49

Di-lepton invariant mass spectra for central Au+Au collisions at 25 A GeV

50

Talk: C. Höhne Posters: T. Mahmoud J. Kopfer C. Pauli E. Lebedeva A. K. Dubey

Detector systems: STS, RICH+TRD or MUCH, ToF

e+e-

μ+μ-

no particle identification by

time-of-flight

D0 Kπππ

D0 Kπππ

D Kππ

D Kππ

30 GeV p + C (SIS100)

Au+Au 25 A GeV (SIS300)

D-meson production

51

GEM Detector Development at VECC

52

CBM detector and DAQ prototypes

53

Diamond

TRD

TOF

MUCH

DAQ

The strong Indian collaboration is evident in this group photo

Forefront Technologies

• Applications in accelerator science, detector instrumentation,

materials research, radiation biology, therapy

Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017

54

India: Construction of Accelerator

components

55

Signature Ceremony First Power Converter Contract

Cross-sectional view of actual coaxial cable

• Power Converters: 600 pieces (HEBT, SIS100, S-

FRS)

– Provider: ECIL, Hyderabad

• Vacuum chambers beam diagnostics: 68 pieces

– Provider: I-Design, Pune

• S-FRS LEB (low energy branch) superconducting

magnets:

– Provider: VECC Kolkata

• Beam Catcher (primary beam dump) systems for

S-FRS

– Provider: CMERI Durgapur

– Design: by CMERI

• Coaxial Power Cables

(magnet <-> p.c. connection, all machines)

First components from India

India

Power Converters from ECIL

the first in-kind contributions from India

Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017

56

1st contract signing ceremony: ECIL

Beam catcher for

FAIR designed at

CMERI Durgapur

Beam stopper

Structural Frame • Dimensions (LxBxH): 2838mm x 860mm x 3350mm • BC1, BC2 and BC3 frames are identical Vacuum Cavity • Dimensions (LxBxH): 1600mm x 600mm x 2520mm

BC1, BC2, BC3 Cavity Dimensions

Transverse section view Longitudinal section

view

BC3 Top Plug Assy (≈7.0t)

Hook Sub-Assy

Vertical drive Sub-Assy

Linear Drive Motor

(Radiation hardened)

Shie

ldin

g B

lock

Su

b-A

ssy

Metal Absorber (slow extraction)

Graphite Absorber (fast extraction)

18

10

58

Integrated Project Time Schedule – Level 1:

FAIR Buildings, Accelerators & Experiments

FAIR

Buildings

7/2017 –

12/2022

FAIR

Acc. &

Exp.

Install.

and

commiss.

w/o

beam

1/2021 -

8/2024

Excavation for the large

Synchrotron Tunnel

12 September 2017

19 September 2017

60

FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction

SIS 18: Retaining wall at SIS 18

FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction

SIS 18 in direction of pLinac : Preparation of western transfer channel (WTK)

61

FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction

62

SIS 18: Preparation table construction - reinforced concrete beams

Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017

Impression from construction area

63

APPA: Sophisticated & Versatile Instrumentation

64

Observables: Photons, electrons, positrons, ions

Targets 4D Position-sensitive solid-state detectors High-resolution spectrometers

Particle detectors Particle spectrometers High pressure cell

Traps X-ray optics, channel-cut crystals Laser systems

65

Ion Catcher LEB-MATS/LASPEC

O-TPC: discovered b-delayed

3p-emission of 31Ar

GADAST prototype measurements at S2 Full integrated S2 fiber tracker Simulations for a

pion detector

integrated at S2

Backward-angle neutron

detector for tensor-force

experiments

NUSTAR: Novel detectors developed for FAIR

PAN

DA

– D

etec

tor

Pro

gres

s PANDA: Straw Tube Tracker

Detector Layout 4600 straws in 21-27 layers, of which 8 layers skewed at ~3° Tube made of 27 µm thin Al-mylar, Ø=1cm Rin= 150 mm, Rout= 420 mm, l=1500 mm Self-supporting straw double layers at ~1 bar overpressure (Ar/CO2) Readout with ASIC+TDC or FADC

Material Budget Max. 26 layers, 0.05 % X/X0 per layer Total 1.3% X/X0

Project Status 3000 Straws produced Readout prototypes and beam tests Ageing tests: up to 1.2 C/cm2

India-NUSTAR collaboration

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Variable Energy Cyclotron Center, Kolkata Inter University Accelerator Center, New Delhi Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee University of Delhi, New Delhi University of Calcutta, Kolkata Punjab University, Chandigarh Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah Karnatak University, Dharwa Guwahati University

Continuation of activities at VECC,

IUAC and TIFR accelerator centres

India-CBM collaboration Aligarh Muslim Univ. Panjab Univ. Rajasthan Univ. Univ. of Jammu Univ. of Kashmir Univ. of Calcutta B.H. Univ. Varanasi VECC Kolkata SINP Kolkata IOP Bhubaneswar IIT Kharagpur Gowhati Univ. Bose-Institute, Kolkata North Bengal Univ, WB

India-PANDA collaboration (EOI) BARC-Mumbai (NPD) IIT Mumbai SINP- Kolkata VECC- Kolkata IIT Indore IIT- Gowhati Pune university AMU Aligarh South Gujarat Univ. NIT Jalandhar MSU Vadodara Magadh University TIFR- Mumbai

+ Industrial participation

Indian participation (Experiments) (41 groups)

Motivation of our participation is to take part in advanced scientific and technological activities

Are you interested??

• Training and education of the next

generation of scientists, engineers

and computing experts from all over

the world:

– Graduate Schools with currently more

than 300 doctoral students from all over

the world

– International Postdoc Programs

– Multiple training programs for students

– Bilateral Agreements with several

countries for training and education of

young scientists and engineers

68

69

Initiative – International Students New initiative called GET_INvolved program

for International students and early stage

researchers has been ongoing.

Goals:

Opportunity to perform Internships or

Traineeships and early research experience

in FAIR

Creating synergies between collaborating

Universities and advance technical institutes

by allowing – mobility opportunities

To get young researchers skilled within the

framework of the project

First promising and successful initiatives

Member countries: India, Poland, Romania

Non-member countries: Azerbaijan, China,

Mexico, Thailand and Turkey

First three Students (2 Indians) have

successfully accomplished a dedicated

internship and training experience from

our new program

• An world laboratory coming up for studying the universe, past and present

• India is a member state with a significant contributions both science and technology

• Young minds are welcome to join the journey