Post on 29-May-2015
description
Drainage of Features
GREENS
USGA specification
Step 1: Site assessmentIdentify natural drainage route /low areasIdentify drain outlet(s)Sketch proposed contoursSketch directional flow
Step 2: Determine drainage pattern
Greens component:
Determine tile line pattern
location of collector
Specify lateral line
Step 3: Choose drainage tile
Step 4: Sketch the grid
Step 6: Collectors and lateralsPVC mainlineCorrugated 4”
Step 7: Prepare Specifications
Required for each drainage feature specified
USGA green: Drain LateralsLaterals
4” (100mm) laterals of 45 degrees from main15ft (5m) apart, extend to perimeter of greenFrom first lateral to first lateral
Drainage trenches6” (150mm) wide8” (200mm) depthMinimum slope .5%Rise/run=slope1:100 = 1% slope1:50 = 2% slope1:33 = 3% slopeFill gravel ¼” – 1” for drainage trench
TEE DRAINAGEPipe sizing and laterals
Step 1: Main lineAssume 8” sandy loam (topsoil cap)Hydraulic conductivity of .8”/hrMain line
Maximum diameter of 4” (100mm)Place along route of maximum fall
TeesDrain spacing
6.6ft apart – 16hrs to drain3.3ft apart – 8hrs to drainMaintain slope 1-3%
Interceptor drains4” corrugated to basin, french or collector Slope recommendations 1-3%
Tees: Specifications
Subsoil specifications
DRAINAGE OF FEATURES: BUNKERS
Bunker component:
Specify tile and fillSpecify liner and inner bank stabilization from washoutsUse 6.6ft spacingUse 4” corrugated tile
Specify variation of drain pattern (herringbone, random, etc)Include specifics of discharge:
to collector/ sump
Specify subsoil drainage pattern
Linking trap drainageCombined drainage systemLimited discharge areas
Route to basin or collector4” corrugated to basin4” main line6.6ft (2m) centers/spacing
Drainage AWAY from play
Completed bunker drain specifications
DRAINAGE OF FEATURES: FAIRWAYS
Fairways component: Recommend surface slope min 1-3%4” laterals and mainMainline and laterals 6.6ft apartMax combined length of laterals and mainline1170ft
Technical specifications:
Drain pipe section Interceptor drains
Drainage feature: Fairways
Recognize contour low areasIncorporate catch basinsIncorporate french drains if necessaryJoin laterals to main collector
Drainage features: Fairway
Herringbone grid
Identify the main collectorUtilize natural contours for direction to main collectorMultiple patterns are possibleUtilize french drains where distances are too greatIdentify wetland and other discharge areas.
Completed drainage feature: Fairway
Fairway Component: drainage specifications
Provide current fairway drainage issues
Specify avoidance of subsoil compactionSpecify siltation prevention in trenches and catch basins when re-gradingIdentify catch basinsIdentify laterals and pattern
Additional info:Include drainage specifications
Hand Sketchs, cited web photos acceptable.
Open stone drains identified with specsFrench drains specifiedIntercept drains specifiedCatch basins specified
Drainage Specs. :Roadways/cart paths
What is Slit drainage?
The remedial method of quickly removing surface water
Often done on fairways, or sports fields constructed with heavier soilA means of “fixing” poorly drained sportfields
Slit drainageSeries of narrow vertical trenches backfilled with sandSome have pipes in bottomConnected to larger connectors to stormwater outletsMany work for awhile, but then failA method improving surface drainage
Spacing
The closer spaced, the better they work
Average spacing is 6.6ft
Ensure pipes at bottom of trench can accept the surface water
Design and planning steps
Where is the water coming from
Designate a rainfall event (50mm/hr)
Design across slope trenches to maximize efficiency
Never space more than 6.6ft apart
Typical slit and collector
Lateral direction
Typical installationLaterals across slopeLarger collector drain
Slit Drainage: Greens Should ALWAYS include a
pipe in the trench
Use Geo fabric in the trenches below the pipes
Sand in slits fits USGA specification
Re sodded ONLY by washed turf
Trenching the surface
All trench material removed
Edges must remain sharp and clean
Mound the sand in trench
Perched water table in trenches? unecessary
Grassing trench linesGravel layer installPrevents dryingPerches the table
Summary of Slit drainageNone further than 6.6ft
Pipes in ALL trenches
Design for excessive rainfall event
Trench ACROSS slope
Use only USGA sand
Geofabric only at bottom of trench
Re-sod trench with washed only
Summary continued
Slit drainage is SURFACE drainage
Topdressing must continue with sand
used in the trenches
After time the sod must be stripped off the slits.
(contamination)
Slit drainage on FairwaysWhere surface slope exceeds 76yds
Large areas sloping in one direction
Where regrading/ insufficient funds an issue
In front of a boggy approach
Types of Golf Course Drains
CollectorInterceptorCatch basin
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Natural drainage
Identify the natural drainage of the site
Identify the watershed
Determine offsite drainage basin• Does run-off flow onto
site?
Existing slope will determine effective
drainage basin/discharge
locations
Rule of thumb: 3% slope, 150ft run to
basin
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Collection and TransportArtificial drainage
systems comprise of:
collector lines to gather the water
a transport system to carry the water
away
Relatively flat sites (<1% slope) require larger diameter pipe
• Smaller pipe is prone to plugging with sediment
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Golf Course Drainage
All turf area drains, should be designed to reach a collector line
Collector lines transfer surface and subsurface water to a discharge point
Discharge points are the lowest areas on the golf course
Good course design will incorporate these low area(s) to the irrigation source
Topographic maps will determine location of irrigation source/drainage discharge
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Collector drainsLateral drain lines
intersect collectors
Multiple lateral lines into collector should be calculated by an
engineer
Multiple collection drain sites are
common
Transfer by pump to irrigation source
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Collector drains
Maintain a grade of at least .5%; 1% is
preferable.
If the PVC transport system terminates in
a stream or pond, flooding may reach
the height of the exit pipe
a check valve must be installed to
prevent back flow through the drainage
system
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Collector discharge
Multi-Flow collectors6-inch ..................17 gpm12-inch.................29 gpm18-inch.................45 gpm
PVC transport pipe3-inch..................52 gpm4-inch..................119 gpm6-inch..................349 gpm8-inch..................718 gpm
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Collector Basin
Half inch stone is generally a good choice for back fill
Facilitating greater volume drainage
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Catch Basin
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Open Stone drains
Removes surface water
effectively
Not conductive to
playability
Not to be used in areas
subject to play
Damage to mowers in in maintainable
areas
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
French drains
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Flat tile green drainage
Multi-flow system Hybrid drainage pattern
Flat tile a useful technique to preserve sub
grade
Inexpensive trenching and
clean-up
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Multiple laterals meet collector
Drainage will reach larger lateral or main collector Main collectors often
alongside each hole
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Head Wall
Concrete wall surrounding a pipe
end
Important for storm
water intake
Capture surface water and channel it
Reduces erosion at
intake
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Sump wells
For low areas that need surface drainage assistance.
Vertical hole bored as deeply as possible, filled with drainage stone.
Provide surface drainage that cannot be French drained due to topography or location
Installed with tractor/auger, 6-12” diameter
4-5’ depth
Inexpensive, relieve surface water rapidly
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Mole Drains
Effective relief of impermeable baseTemporaryRisks
irrigation lines/wire cutCan tear through other drains not mappedRaises the soilRequires an open channel to subsoil
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Mowable swale
Fairways are graded to a collector Slopes are between 1-3%, unnoticed by golfersMowable with cutting units
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Commonly used drains
Interceptor ditch Sump style drain
Sump drainageDrill of dig past impermeable layer Facilitates drainage through to porus layer May need to be very deep
Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000
Intercept drains
Intercept drain specs Intercept drain detail
Drainage Routes
Irrigation source siteCollectors, laterals and catch basins
MAIN COLLECTORSImpounding water and discharge areas
Main Drainage Collectors8”-24” in diameterOften smooth PVC pipeSubsurface drain, deep installBelow all irrigation pipingDug into subsoil existing grade to water feature/pondUtilizes original grade, natural slope.
Collector DrainsStep 1: Determine lowest areas on mapDesignate impounded water siteUtilize natural drain routesTypically becomes irrigation source site
Main Drainage collectorsMains route along or across each fairwayConnects all lateral and basinsMain collectors consolidate to deliver to pond, irrigation source or discharge
Main drainage collectorsStorm water collectionUnderground tanks (often used for storm water) to existing facilitiesMay discharge to pond system
Pond construction-sub and surfaceSupplies valuable topsoilCreates fillProvides additional storage of runoff, storm waterPotential to transfer to other pondsBecomes design feature
Pond construction – Sub and surfaceFunctional and aestheticLocated for alternative outlets of discharge
Catch Basins – Surface drainageCollects surface waterConnects to a lateral or main collectorInstalled and graded into low areas, non traffic routesEffective for low areas on fairways, tees, and combined features of greens complex’s
Catch basins – Surface drainageMultiple used prfwyspaced 76ft, at 1% Connect to laterals
LATERALSFairway, tee, catch basins
Laterals
Drainage LateralsConnect features to the main collectorLaterals include
FairwaysTeesCatch basinsBunkersGreen complex’s
Laterals to Main collectorDrainage contractors specify pipe sizing and laterals to collectorMeasure of combined friction loss, to combined gpm Fairway lateral sizing 4” corrugated
Lateral to collector drainNumber of laterals connected determine collector sizingUtilizing natural drainage to a single lateral herringbone will save costs
Fairway drainageRead contours to determine natural drainage routeDesign surface catchment at lowest pointDesign pattern drains to connect to main collector
Tee sitesOutlets may connect to basinsOften connect to lateralsElevated sites often graded towards catchment
Green sitesDetermine lowest area off greenAway from trafficOften combines with other complex drains
Bunkers, approach