Post on 31-Mar-2015
Exposure to Particulate Matter from Kerosene Lamps
James Apple, Ryan Vicente, Andrea Yarberry, Nathan Lohse, Jenny Tracy and
Dustin Poppendieck, Ph.D.
Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps
• Burns• Child poisoning due to
inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned
fuel• Compromised “visual
health” due to sub-standard luminance
• Indoor air pollution?
Geo Year Book 2006
How bad is indoor air in developing countries?
PM 10 concentration (mg/m3)
Indoor Air – Biomass Stoves 300-3,000
Outdoor Air – Major Cities in Developing Countries
150
USEPA 50
European Union 40
Geo Year Book 2006
• 2 – 2.8 million deaths/year
• ~4% of global mortality
• 1 million childhood deaths/year
• Women: • 2/3 with lung cancer are non-smokers
© Ron Giling Panos Pictures
Indoor Air Particulate Matter Impacts in the Developing World
Particulate Matter Health Impacts
• Acute• Irritation• Increased respiratory
infections (i.e.Tuberculosis)• Bronchitis• Asthma• Allergic reactions
• Chronic• Heart disease• Lung cancer
Particulate Matter Health Impacts
Problem 1
Is the particle mater from kerosene lamps in a size range that is dangerous?
The Experimental Kiosk
Kerosene Lamps
Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure
Cost
Vendor’s Kiosk - Particle Size
Vendor’s Kiosk - 0.02-0.3 micron Particles
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ult
rafin
e Pa
rticl
e Co
ncen
trati
on (#
/m3 )
Burn Rate (g/hour)
Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)
Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)
Small Hurricane Lamp
Large Hurricane Lamp
Pressure Lamp
Background
1
10
100
1,000
0 20 40 60 80 100
PM 2
.5 C
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
m3 )
Burn Rate (g/hour)
Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)
Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)
Small Hurricane Lamp
Large Hurricane Lamp
Pressure Lamp
24 Hour PM2.5 EPA Standard
Vendor’s Kiosk Burn Rate - PM2.5
Larg
e Hu
rrican
e
Pressu
re
Sim
ple
Wic
k Lam
p
Sm
all H
urrican
e
Kerosene Lamps
Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure
Cost
Particle Emissions
Problem 1: Big Picture
• PM2.5 health standards can be exceeded by an order of magnitude in homes using kerosene lamps
• Migration to improved lighting sources reduces exposure to particulate matter– Simple Wick => Hurricane => LED lights
PM2.5 Ultrafines
Problem 2
What is the relative contribution to particulate matter inhalation if you use both a kerosene light and fuel based cook stove?
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 -
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)
Burn Rate (mg/hr)
PM
2.5
Em
issi
on
Rat
e (m
g/h
r)Emission Rates
PM2.5 Concentrations Women and Children are Exposed to in Kenyan Homes
Particulate Mass Inhaled
Ambient Air Simple Wick Lamps
Cook Stoves
ug/day 302.686567164179 1560 9639.40298507462
1,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
11,000
Par
ticu
late
Mas
s In
hal
ed
(mg
/day
)
Take Home Message:
• Cook Stoves– 10th Global Disease Burden
• Intake of Particulate Matter from Simple Wick Lamps– ~5 times less than cook stoves– ~5 times more than ambient
air
• Likely ancillary health benefits from transition to LED lighting
Ambient Air; 3%
Simple
Wick Lamps;
14%
Cook Stoves;
86%
Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps
• Burns• Child poisoning due to
inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned
fuel• compromised “visual
health” due to sub-standard luminance
• Indoor air pollution
Bottom Line:
• Indoor air pollution – Impacting health
• Marketing LED Lamps– Fewer respiratory health
issues for consumer if NOT using fuel based cook stove
• Impacting countries GDP?– Subsidies? – Economic Incentives?
Problem 3
• ~1.6 billion people
• ~1.5% of the world’s crude oil– 38-77 billion liters of
Kerosene
Do kerosene lamps contribute a measureable amount to global warming?
What about Global Warming?
• After carbon dioxide what do we care about?– Methane– Black Carbon
• Removed in weeks rather than decades
5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricnePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC
Global Warming and Black Carbon Emissions
• 0.04- 0.33 Tg/year. – Global: 8 Tg/year – ~ 2 Tg/year by
residential solid fuel burning
• 0.5-4% of the global black carbon
6.0 8.0 10.012.014.016.018.020.022.024.00.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)Small Hurricane Lamp
Burn Rate (mg/hr)
PM
2.5
Em
iss
ion
Fa
cto
r (g
/kg
)
Thank You Students!
What about Global Warming
5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricanePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC
Fuelmass = 38 – 63 billion gallons kerosene burned per year
Fhurricane = 0.3-0.7
EFPM2.5/Hurricane = Experiments
Foutside/total= 0.7-1.0
FBC/PM2.5 = 0.95
CCV
EC
dt
dCo