Exam Review Questions

Identify the type of bone that each of the following bones would be• Ribs• Radius • Vertebrae • Metatarslas • Femur • Carpals • Ulna • Skull• Tarsals • Tibia • Coccyx

• Flat• Long• Irregular• Long• Long• Short • Long• Flat • Short• Long • Irregular

What is the longest bone in the body?

• femur

What are the functions of the vertebral column?• Support and protect spinal cord

7. Name the types of bones. Which type is important for movement?• Long (movement- muscle attachment)• Short• Flat• Irregular

How do the axial and appendicular skeletons differ in terms of their main function?

Axial Skeleton protection, attachment, movement, support

Appendicular Skeleton attachment, movement, support, blood cell formation & mineral reservoir.

(calcium & phosphorus)

What would you find in the medullary cavity of a long bone?• Yellow bone marrow

What factors affect the stability of a joint?• Shape of bones• Area over which the bones are in contact• Flexibility of the ligaments• Other soft tissue (muscles, tendons, joint capsule) how

strong , loose they are…• The more mobility the less stability.

Name and describe the types of synovial joints in the body. Which type of joint has the most movement?

• Gliding- btwn tarsals/carpals• Hinge- elbow joint• Pivot- radioulnar joint• Condyloid- radius and carpals• Saddle- carpal-metacarpal joint• Ball & socket- shoulder,hip (most movement)

How do fibrous, cartilagenous & synovial joints differ?• Fibrous- no movement (skull)• Cartilagenous- limited movement (vertebral column)• Synovial- freely moving.

What type of joint is the elbow?

• hinge

Where is articular cartilage found and what is its function?• Ends of long bones• Protect the ends of bones, reduce friction

Where is synovial fluid found and what is its function?• In a synovial joint• Lubricates, reduces friction and provides nutrients to joint

Where are the bursae commonly found?

• Found where two structures rub together• Reduce friction

A tendon connects ______to _____.

• muscle to bone

A ligament connects _____ to _____.

• bone to bone

Name the layers of fascia in a muscle and identify where they are found.

• Epimysoium- around the whole muscle• Perimysium- around a muscle bundle• Endomysium- around each muscle fiber (cell)

Label the long bone on page 28. •epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, diaphysis, compact bone, bone marrow, marrow cavity, blood vessel and periosteum.

Label synovial joint on Page 28

articular cartilage, synovial membrane,synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments andarticular capsule.

What are the opposites of these joint movements: flexion, abduction, medial rotation?

• Extension• Adduction• Lateral (external rotation)

Describe pronation of the forearm.

• Medial rotation of the radioulnar joint, not the wrist.

How do concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle contractions differ?

• Concentric- muscle shortens during contraction• Eccentric – muscle lengthens during contraction• Isometric- muscle does not move during contraction

Based on your understanding of error bars which data point would you conclude as not being as accurate as the others?

What type of relationship is this?

What type of relationship is this?

Outline the functions of connective tissue.

1. Cartilage:2. Ligament:3. Tendon:

1. It acts as a cushion between joints and reduces friction in movement (articular, meniscus, hyaline)

2. Connects bone to bone at a joint (attach to periosteum).3. Connect muscle to bone (attach to periosteum)

What is the name of the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle?

• Epimysium

What fluid filled sacs are associated with certain synovial joints?• Synovial membrane

Describe why reliability is important with regard to administering the sit and reach test. • Reliability- the degree to which a measure would produce the same

results from one occasion to another. If we see improvements in fitness tests, improvements must be due to fitness and not because there is something wrong with the reliability of the test.

Explain DOMS in relation to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions.

• DOMS results primarily from eccentric muscle action and is associated with structural muscle damage, inflammatory reactions in the muscle, overstretching and overtraining.

Outline what is meant by correlation.

• Correlation measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Outline the importance of specificity, accuracy, reliability and validity with regard to fitness testing.• Specificity- When testing fitness it must be specific to the sport. • Accuracy- the instruments used to measure the fitness

component must be accurate. Equipment working properly. • Reliability- the degree to which a measure would produce the

same results from one occasion to another. If we see improvements in fitness tests, improvements must be due to fitness and not because there is something wrong with the reliability of the test. • Tests are unreliable when there is a learning or habituation

effect i.e. a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.

• Validity- the fitness test measures what it claims to measure.

Name this movement

Name this movement

Name this movement

Name this movement

Name this muscle

Name this muscle

Name two of the muscles that form the quadriceps • Rectus femoris • Vastus intermedius • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis

Name two of the muscles that form the hamstrings • Biceps femoris • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus

Name this muscle

State a motion in the sagittal plane and give an example 84• Flexion of bicep at elbow joint.

State a motion in the frontal plane and give an example• Adduction of the leg at the hip joint

State a motion in the transverse plane and give an example• Eversion of the ankle joint

What is the role of agonist, antagonist and synergistic muscles in accomplishing joint motion?

• Agonist- mover contracts concentrically i.e. muscle shortens to move the bone relative to the joint.

• Antagonist- during joint movement contracts eccentrically i.e. muscles lengthens

• Synergist- helps agonist by contracting isometrically, i.e. muscle does not shorten but is contracted, to prevent unwanted movements