Post on 27-Mar-2015
EVs the Energy Infrastructureand the needed User Infrastructure
David FarrProject Manager
2
SSE
Our purpose: to provide people with the energy
they need – in a reliable and sustainable way.
31st largest company in the FTSE 100*
£10.5bn market capitalisation*
20,177 employees
UK’s broadest-based energy company
- Electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply
and services
- Gas production, storage, distribution, supply and services
- Telecoms networks and data storage
* As at 27 August 2010
3
Electric vehicles – the past
Lead Acid or power from overhead lines
4
Electric cars – present day
Lead Acid Batteries
Gee Whiz and Mega city
5
Vehicle 2-seater
Electric motor Output 150 kW/204 hp
Torque 220 Nm
Top speed 150 km/h (limited)
Energy storage Lithium-Ion battery
35 kWh,29 kWh available
Voltage 400 V
Number of battery cells
5,088
Cooling Air cooled dependingon cell temperature
Charging times (230 V)
2.4 hours at 50 A3.8 hours at 32 A10.1 hours at 12 A
Weight 260 kg
Range In real terms up to 180 km
The MINI E UK Field Trial
66
EVs and Generation Capacity
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Dem
and
GW
Time
Winter Peak Demand 2009
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Dem
and
GW
Time
Winter Peak Demand 2009
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Dem
and
GW
Time
Winter Peak Demand 2009
7
Carbon Intensity of Generation
Carbon Intensity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
00:0
002
:00
04:0
006
:00
08:0
010
:00
12:0
014
:00
16:0
018
:00
20:0
022
:00
Time
g C
O2
per
kW
h
http://www.earth.org.uk/_gridCarbonIntensityGB.html
88
kW
1.5kW
500kW
1.5kW
1.5kW
1.5kW
1.5kW
1.5kW
EVs and Distribution networks
Night time load
9
Energy Density of Batteries vs Petrol
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
En
erg
y D
ensi
ty W
h/k
g
LiFePO4 LiCoO2 TMO/TiOx Zn-Air Li-S Li-Air Petrol
6000kW in 15seconds
5000kW in three minutes
10
Energy Density of Batteries vs Petrol
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
En
erg
y D
ensi
ty W
h/k
g
LiFePO4 LiCoO2 TMO/TiOx Zn-Air Li-S Li-Air Petrol
Research
11
Power requirement vs recharge time - 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time for 25kWh (hours)
Pow
er R
equi
rem
ent
(kW
)
32 Amp single phase 13
Amp Plug
Three phase 32 Amp
Industrial
12
Power requirement vs recharge time - 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time for 25kWh (minutes)
Pow
er R
equi
rem
ent
(kW
)
Current “Rapid Charge” Zone
13
Activities while recharging
Increasing cost of chargers
14
Initial Results
1515
Overnight Demand Control - smart metering
16
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Home• Single phase only – 13 or 32 Amp• Smart Meter potential for flexible rate and
demand control
Work/Depot/Factory• Office Car parks and transport hubs• 3 phase supplies for larger vehicles –
busses, lorries• “Smart” to enable energy billing
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out• Access arrangements• Standardisation• Payment methods• Ownership models
17
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out
How many posts are needed?
Who pays the initial costs?
Where best to locate them
Normal charging @ 3kw (13amp), or fast charging @ 7kw (32amp)?
Public safety and insurance.
18
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out• Access arrangements
Free parking to encourage electric vehicles?
Free electricity? – Long term how does government replace fuel
duties?
Dedicated spaces – may annoy users of petrol cars
Any other incentives – such as no Congestion Charge in London
19
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out• Access arrangements• Standardisation
Plug and socket arrangements for fast charging
Mennekes mode 3
20
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out• Access arrangements• Standardisation• Payment methods
Free electricity included in parking fee or charge each time?
Local or National Schemes
Prepayment card, Credit card
21
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Public• Public points starting to be rolled out• Access arrangements• Standardisation• Payment methods• Ownership models - Interoperability
National government or Local government
Utility companies, Transport Hubs
Parking companies, Supermarkets
Independent franchises
22
Key Infrastructure Requirements
Charging points have the same public demands as public loos:
You would rather not use them, but its good to know they are there.
They need to be in the places that people need them
There has to be just enough - too many is a waste of resources, but not enough is a problem.
If they are closed or not working they are even worse than useless.
Someone has to take ownership and accept the costs even if they are not used – some will be free others will not.
We will accept reasonable costs for their use assuming you have the correct method to access them…….
EVs the Energy Infrastructureand the needed User Infrastructure
David FarrProject Manager