A. ManivannanScientist

(Genetics)DMR, New Delhi

Evolution of Vigna species

Introduction

Kingdom: PlantaeSub kingdom: TranchobiontaDivision: MagnoliophytaClass: MagniopsidaSubclass: RosidaeOrder: FabalesFamily: FabaceaeGenus: VignaSpecies: Many species Chromosome number 2n=22

Vigna species-6 sub genera viz., Haydonia, Plectotropis, and Vigna, Ceratotropis,Lasiopron, Sigmoidotropis

--90 species

-Vigna subgenus Haydonia of Africa may be the most primitive and well-diverged group within Vigna.

-Vigna subgenus Sigmoidotropis of the New World is more closely related to Phaseolus than to the other subgenera of the genus Vigna

-Species in section Vigna subgenus Vigna are more closely related to the New World subgenus Lasiospron, whereas species in section Catiang (containing cowpea) and Reticulatae are close to species in the subgenus Plectotropis.

-In Asia, the subgenus Ceratotropis represents a homogeneous and distinct group.

Cultivated Vigna species

1. Vigna aconitifolia (Moth bean)

2. Vigna angularis (Adzuki bean)

3. Vigna mungo (Black gram or Urd bean)

4. Vigna radiata (Green gram or Mung Bean)

5. Vigna trilobata (Pillipesara)

6. Vigna umbellata (Rice bean)

Major Pulse Cultivated form Wild form

Green Gram V.radiata var.radiata V.radiata var. sublobata

Black Gram V.mungo var.mungo V.mungo var. silvestris

Adzuki Bean V.angularis var.angularis V.angularis var. niponensis

Rice Bean V.umbellata var.umbellata V.umbellata var.gracilis

Cow pea V.ungiculata sub spp. ungiculata, V.ungiculata sub spp. sesquipedalis, V.ungiculata sub spp. cylindrica

V.ungiculata sub spp. dekindtiana, V.ungiculata sub spp. mensensis

Major Forms of Vigna sp.

Distinguishing charactersBLACK GRAM• Purple coloured stem• Dark green leaves• Densely hairy• Short pods, with erect long

hairs• Less shattering• Large oblong seeds with

square ends• Black seed coat • White cotyledon; pasty• Concave hilum

GREEN GRAM• Green coloured stem• Pale green leaves• Sparsely hairy• Long radiating pods with small

hairs• Highly shattering• Small round seeds• Green seed coat• Cream to yellow cotyledon not pasty; broken to bits• Flat hilum

• The legume has been under cultivation in India since ancient times.

• According to Vavilov (1926), this pulse originated in India, and central Asia which is recognized as a secondary centre for its spread.

• It is suggested that the Phaseolus mungo probably originated from the wild species Phaseolus trinervius or Phaseolus sublobatus commonly grown in India.

• It has been introduced in many tropical and subtropical regions by Indian immigrants.

Origin

Species Subgenus, Section Natural distribution

Uses

V. aconitifolia (Moth bean)

Ceratotropis, Aconitifoliae South Asia Pulse, green pods as vegetable, forage, cover crop, green manure

V. adenantha Sigmoidotropis, Laptospron Americas Medicinal uses, tuberous roots eatenV. angularis (Adzuki bean)

Ceratotropis, Angulares Himalaya to East Asia Pulse, sweet soup or paste, green pods as vegetable

V. caracalla (Snail flower)

Sigmoidotropis Caracallae South and Central America

Ornamental, minor pulse

V. luteola (Dalrymple vigna)

Vigna Vigna Africa Fodder and forage

V. marina (Dune bean,Beach bean)

Vigna Vigna Africa Fodder and forage

V. mungo (urd bean, Black gram)

Ceratotropis Ceratotropis South Asia Pulse , green pods as vegetable, forage, green manure, bean sprout

V. radiate (Mungbean,green gram)

Ceratotropis Ceratotropis East Africa through Tropical Asia to Papua New Guinea, tropical Australia

Pulse , green pods as vegetable, forage, green manure, bean sprout

V. radiata var.Sublobata (wildplants)

Ceratotropis Ceratotropis East Africa through tropicalAsia to Papua NewGuinea, tropical Australia

Boiled seeds eaten by humans

V. reflexo-pilosa var.glabra (V.glabrescens)(Creole bean)

Ceratotropis Angulares Southeast Asia, Oceania Pulse

V. subterranea(Bambara groundnut)

Vigna Vigna Sub-Saharan Africa Pulse, green pods as vegetable

V. umbellata(Wild )

Ceratotropis Angulares South and Southeast Asia

Flowers and young pods eaten as vegetables

V. unguiculata (Cowpea),

Vigna, Catiang Africa (cultivated worldwide)

Pulse,green pods as vegetable sweet soup or paste

V. vexillata (root cowpea)

Plectotropis, Plectotropis Pan tropical Tubers eaten by humans. Domesticated plantsgrown in Bali and Timor for edible tuber

Photographs depicting vegetative morphology of some wild Vigna species distributed in India. (A) V. radiata var. sublobata;(B) V. radiata var. setulosa; (C) V. hainiana; (D) V. khandalensis; (E) V. mungo var. silvestris; (F) V. aconitifolia; (G) V. trilobata;(H) V. bourneae; (I) V. umbellata; (J) V. vexillata.

DISTRIBUTION

GENE POOL

Cross compatibility

• The primary gene pool of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) consists of its wild, weedy and cultivated forms

• The secondary gene pool consists of two parts.

• Secondary gene pool(a) consists of species that cross relatively easily both as seed parent and as pollen parent with V,angularis,V.minima, V.nakashimae, V.nepalensis,V.riukiuensis and V.tenuicaulis

V. nakashimae has been successfully used as a bridging species along with other species in the V. minima complex(Tomook et al. 2006a)

Secondary gene pool(b) consists of V.hirtella that cross either

as female(seed) parent or can cross both directions, depending on the accession.

The tertiary gene pool would be species in section

Ceratotropis(Vigna radiata,V.mungo,etc)

Dana and Karmakar(1990) proposed two genome groups for the subgenus Ceratotropis,AA and A1 A1

Based on crossability, hybrid fertility and chromosome pairing.

AAVigna acontifolia,V.radiataV.dalzelliana,V.khandalensis,V.mungo and V.trilobata

A1A1

V.angularis and V.umbellata

Interspecific Hybridization in Vigna sp

Wild Species Genes of Agronomic Importance (GAI)

V. riukiuensis, V. reflexo-pilosa, V. radiata var. sublobata, V. nepalensis,

Resistance to bruchids

V. Stipulacea, V. reflexo-pilosa Resistance to powderymildew due to hypersensitive reaction

V. tenuicauli Low trypsin inhibitor activity

V. radiata var. sublobata High methionine content , High tolerance to saline and alkaline, Yellow mosaic virus resistance,

V. aconitifoliadrought tolerance, highest heattolerance

Utilization of Crop Wild Species

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