Post on 15-May-2018
Evolucija: predavanja za 4.
letnik programa Biologija in…
doc. dr. Andrej Šorgo, Oddelek za
biologijo FNM
4. 10. 2011
Študijski viri
BAJD, Barbara (ur.). Where did we come from? : current views on human
evolution. Ljubljana: Faculty of Education, 2010. 170 str., ilustr. ISBN 978-961-
253-055-6.
Biološka evolucija je osrednje vezivo za
razumevanje zgradbe in delovanja ţivega
• Title: NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE
EXCEPT IN LIGHT OF EVOLUTION
• Author(s): DOBZHANSKY, T.
• Source: AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER
• Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 125-129
• Published: 1973
• Times Cited: 453 (from Web of Science)
V bazi SCI je v kategoriji Evolucijska
biologija (Evolutionary Biology) indeksiranih
45 znanstvenih revij.
• Št. Naslov revije Leto ISSN Faktor vpliva 1. TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 2010 0169-5347 14.448 2. Annual
Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 2010 1543-592X 10.698 3. SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 2010 1063-5157 9.532
4. CLADISTICS 2010 0748-3007 6.74 5. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 2010 0962-1083 6.457 6. EVOLUTION 2010 0014-3820
5.659 7. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2010 0737-4038 5.51 8. Evolutionary Applications 2010 1752-4571
5.145 9. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010 0962-8452 5.064 10. AMERICAN
NATURALIST 2010 0003-0147 4.736 11. HEREDITY 2010 0018-067X 4.569 12. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND
EVOLUTION 2010 1055-7903 3.889 13. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY 2010 1477-2019 3.844 14.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 2010 0047-2484 3.843 15. BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2010 1471-2148 3.702
16. JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2010 1010-061X 3.656 17. Biology Letters 2010 1744-9561 3.651 18.
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 2010 1520-541X 3.075 19. PALEOBIOLOGY 2010 0094-8373 3.045 20. Evolutionary
Biology 2010 0071-3260 2.736 21. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010 0002-9483 2.693 22.
Evolutionary Bioinformatics 2010 1176-9343 2.684 23. Genome Biology and Evolution 2010 1759-6653 2.674 24.
SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010 0307-6970 2.568 25. INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS 2010 1445-5226 2.492 26.
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY 2010 0269-7653 2.398 27. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-
MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010 1552-5007 2.373 28. TAXON 2010 0040-0262 2.364 29.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 2010 0022-2844 2.311 30. BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN
SOCIETY 2010 0024-4066 2.166 31. DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION 2010 0949-944X 2.008 32.
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 2010 0363-6445 1.897 33. THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY 2010 0040-5809 1.8 34.
Molecular Ecology Resources 2010 1755-098X 1.631 35. ORGANISMS DIVERSITY & EVOLUTION 2010 1439-6092 1.581
36. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH 2010 1522-0613 1.507 37. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS
AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH 2010 0947-5745 1.384 38. PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION 2010 0378-2697
1.369 39. BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 2010 0305-1978 1.11 40. INSECT SYSTEMATICS &
EVOLUTION 2010 1399-560X 1 41. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 2010 1565-9801 0.974 42. AUSTRALIAN
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 2010 1030-1887 0.961 43. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 2010 0096-848X 0.889 44.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2010 0918-7960 0.829 45. JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOCHEMISTRY AND
PHYSIOLOGY 2010 0022-0930 0.573
Terminologija (SSKJ):
• Dejstvo: kar dejansko obstaja ali se je
resnično zgodilo
• Hipoteza: nedokazana, zgolj verjetna
trditev, domneva
• Teorija: skupek logično povezanih trditev,
domnev, ki kaj znanstveno določa, razlaga
• Zakon: kar s splošno in neizogibno veljavo
določa kak proces (biološki zakoni,
fizikalni zakoni, …)
Nujno moramo razlikovati med
pojmoma biotska evolucija in
evolucijska teorija
• Biotska evolucija = dejstvo
• Evolucijska teorija = najbolj verjetna
znanstvena razlaga
Nujno moramo razlikovati med
pojmi
• Lamarckova teorija - Lamarkizem
• Darwinova teorija - Darvinizem
Ljudje imajo o evoluciji mnoge,
a ne nujno pravilne predstave: • popularna kultura;
• ne dovolj natančne definicije;
• indoktrinacija;
• poenostavljeno šolsko znanje;
• naivne predstave;
• napačno razumevanje in povezovanje;
• ideologija;
• …
Kaj je evolucija
• Postopno spreminjanje nečesa, navadno v
popolnejše, bolj dovršene oblike, razvoj
(SSKJ);
• Spreminjanje organizmov iz preprostejših
oblik v popolnejše, zgodovinski razvoj
organizmov (SSKJ).
www.carlwozniak.com
http://www.carlwozniak.com/files.html
Definition problems (avtor diapozitiva: Carl Wozniak)
"evolution: The gradual
process by which the present
diversity of plant and animal
life arose from the earliest and
most primitive organisms,
which is believed to have
been continuing for the past
3000 million years."
-Oxford Concise Science
Dictionary
"evolution: ...the development of a
species, organism, or organ from its
original or primitive state to its
present or specialized state;
phylogeny or ontogeny"
- Webster's
"evolution: ...the doctrine according to
which higher forms of life have gradually
arisen out of lower."
- Chambers
Indoktrinacija http://creationmuseum.org/whats-here/photo-preview/
2800 Bullittsburg Church Rd.
Petersburg, KY 41080
* Located seven miles west of the Cincinnati Airport (see map)
Zastarele teorije, ki so še vedno del šolskega
znanja
E. Haeckel: ontogenija je rekapitulacija filogenije
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel
Znanstveno prepoznane
evolucijske stopnje sveta
1. kozmogonija
2. kemoevolucija
3. bioevolucija (= evolucija = biotska
evolucija)
4. “psihosocialna” evolucija
Kratka zgodovina vesolja
• Predlagano branje: http://www.kvarkadabra.net/article.php/20040207115526385
Nadškof James Ussher v letu 1654 objavi:
Prvi dan stvarjenja se je začel v noči pred
nedeljo 23. oktobra, 4004
http://ecmarsh.com/news/?p=102
http://www.bornagainpagan.com/other/020-ussher-chronology.html
Zemlja je bila ploščata
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/pages-4/Library-of-Congress-
receives-map-proving-the-Earth-is-flat-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html
http://kvmagruder.net/flatEarth/flatEarth.html
Zgodovina vesolja v šestih
besedah The History of the Universe in 6 Words or Less
Big Bang. Expansion. Contraction. Gnab Gib.
By Andrej Sorgo (andrej.sorgo@guest.arnes.si), with help from Eric Schulman.
Warning: The history above assumes that the mass density of the universe
is larger than 8 x 10^(-30) g/cc, which contradicts most current
astronomical observations. YMMV. HAND. HYBT?
Back to the Universal History Translation Project Page.
http://mysite.verizon.net/~vze3fs8i/hist/histbrief.html
The Guardian( London, 15. avgust,
1998)
• The Guardian (London)
August 15, 1998
• Our reads of the week: A history of the universe in 200 words
Last year an American astronomer, Eric Schulman, wrote this History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less for the Annals of Improbable
Research, a 'science humour magazine'. Since then, it has been translated into 20 languages, analysed in academic papers and studied
in classrooms around the world
• Quantum fluctuation. Inflation. Expansion. Strong nuclear interaction. Particle-antiparticle annihilation. Deuterium and helium production.
Density perturbations. Recombination. Blackbody radiation. Local contraction. Large -scale structure formation. Reionisation? Violent
relaxation. Virialisation. Galaxy formation. Turbulent fragmentation. Contraction. Ionisation. Opaque hydrogen. Massive star formation.
Deuterium ignition. Hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen depletion. Core contraction. Envelope expansion. Helium fusion. Carbon, oxygen, and
silicon fusion. Iron production. Implosion. Supernova explosion. Metals injection. Star formation. Stellar remnant production. Supernova
explosions. Star formation. Condensation. Planetesimal accretion. Planetary differentiation. Crust solidification. Volatile gas expulsion.
Water condensation. Carbon dioxide solution. Water photodissociation. Escaping hydrogen. Ozone production. Ultraviolet absorption.
Polymerisation. Coacervate formation. Molecular reproduction. Fermentation. Photosynthetic unicellular organisms! Oxidation. Mutation.
Natural selection and evolution. Respiration. Cell differentiation. Sexual reproduction. Multi-cellular organisms. Evolutionary
diversification. Fossilisation. Trilobite domination. Land exploration. Comet collision. Dinosaur extinction. Mammal expansion. Glaciation.
Homo sapiens manifestation. Animal domestication. Fermentation. Religion. Food surplus production. Civilisation! Innovation. Exploration.
Warring nations. Empire creation and destruction. Colonisation. Revolution. Constitution. Election. Expansion. Industrialisation. Rebellion.
Emancipation. Invention. Mass production. Urbanisation. Immigration. World conflagration. League of Nations. Suffrage extension.
Depression. World conflagration. Fission explosions. United Nations. Decolonisation. Population explosion. Space exploration.
Assassinations. Lunar excursions. Resignation. Computerisation. Terrorism. Internet expansion. Reunification. Dissolution. Union. World-
Wide Web creation. Composition. Extrapolation?
• Fans of the history have also come up with their own, even shorter versions.
In Six Words or Less, by Andrej Sorgo: Big Bang. Expansion. Contraction. Gnab Gib.
In Two Words or Less, by Don Symes: Bang. Expansion.
The History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less and the Annals of Improbable Research are at Eric Schulman's website:
www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/users/eric
Slika prikazuje padanje temperature od
velikega poka do sedanjosti (1010 let znese
pribliţno 3*1017 s).
Slika Natanek in anihilacija para
elektron-antielektron.
http://www.kvarkadabra.net/article.php/20040207115526385
Slika Štiri osnovne sile imajo pri nizkih
temperaturah različne lastnosti, pri
visokih pa se niso več razločljive. Slika V dobi jeder so fotoni pogosto trkali s
prostimi elektroni. Prosto so se lahko začeli
gibati šele, ko se je večina elektronov
vezala v atome. Fotoni, ki so se sprostili ob
koncu dobe jeder tvorijo sevanje
kozmičnega ozadja.
Nastanek vodika in helija
Slika Shema ene od moţnih različic reakcij
po katerih je nastajal helij v dobi nastanka
jeder. Slika Med sintezo helija je bilo v vesolju
sedemkrat več protonov kot nevtronov. To
pomeni, da je bilo le na vsakih 12
vodikovih jeder mogoče proizvesti tudi eno
helijevo jedro. Razmerje mas vodikovih in
helijevih jeder je bilo tako 12 proti 4 kar
ustreza razmerju 75% vodika proti 25%
helija.
27
Meglici
Nastanek našega Osončja
Oroţen Adamič, M, D. Kladnik, J. Moder & D. Perko (ur.), 1997: Veliki atlas sveta.
DZS.
Galaksije in osončja
30
S teorijo o tektoniki litosferskih plošč je mogoče
razloţiti mnoga
evolucijska dejstva
Grabnar, M. & T. Novak,
2000 : Genetika, evolucija.
DZS.
31
Terciarni geološki razvoj
predela z današnjo
Slovenijo
Grabnar, M. & T. Novak,
2000 : Genetika, evolucija.
DZS.
32
Predvidene spremembe v atmosferi pred okrog 2,5 milijarde let
Ramade, F., 1994: Éléments d`écologie. Ediscience, Paris.
Kemična sestava sonca (67
elementov v spektru)
Element Odstotek/ število atomov Odstotek/ delež mase
Vodik 91.2 71.0
Helij 8.7 27.1
Kisik 0.078 0.97
Ogljik 0.043 0.40
Dušik 0.0088 0.096
Silicij 0.0045 0.099
Magnezij 0.0038 0.076
Neon 0.0035 0.058
Železo 0.0030 0.14
Žveplo 0.0015 0.040
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/suncomp.html
Kemična sestava zemeljske
skorje
Element Deleţ
% masa
Kisik 46.6
Silicij 27.7
Aluminij 8.1
Ţelezo 5.0
Kalcij 3.6
Natrij 2.8
Kalij 2.6
Magnezij 2.1
Ostalo 1.5
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/elabund.html#c1
Element Symbol Atomic
Number
Percent in
Universe
Percent in
Earth
Percent in
Human Body
Hydrogen H 1 91 0.14 9.5
Helium He 2 9 Trace Trace
Carbon C 6 0.02 0.03 18.5
Nitrogen N 7 0.04 Trace 3.3
Oxygen O 8 0.06 47 65
Sodium Na 11 Trace 2.8 0.2
Magnesium Mg 12 Trace 2.1 0.1
Phosphorus P 15 Trace 0.07 1
Sulfur S 16 Trace 0.03 0.3
Chlorine Cl 17 Trace 0.01 0.2
Potassium K 19 Trace 2.6 0.4
Calcium Ca 20 Trace 3.6 1.5
Iron Fe 26 Trace 5 Trace
Common Elements Important in Living Organisms
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/elabund.html#c2
36
1.3.2. Kemoevolucija
Nastanek enostavnih in kompleksnih organskih spojin ( organska
kemija = kemija ogljikovih spojin = kemija ogljikovodikov in njihovih
derivatov); organske spojine v meteoritih
Energijski viri za kemijske spremembe na Zemlji:
• toplota
• kozmični in UV ţarki
• električna praznjenja (strele)
• radioaktivnost
37
V prvotni Zemljini
atmosferi ni bilo
prostega kisika, ali ga
je bilo zelo malo
Ramade, F., 1994:
Éléments d`écologie.
Ediscience, Paris.
O sestavi hipotetične prvotne Zemljine atmosfere še ni enotnih mnenj,
vsekakor je imela redukcijski karakter
38
Predvidene snovi - viri nastanka organskih spojin
molekule: H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, H2S, N2 (kasneje še CO in CO2)
prosti radikali: -CH3, =CH2, ≡CH, -NH2, =NH, -OH itd.
Nekaj reakcijskih poti
fotoliza vode (H2O h· ~~> HO· + ·H); oksidacija CH4 s kisikom
alkoholi, aldehidi, ketoni, organske kisline itd.
karbidi + H2O ogljikovodiki (npr.
CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + CaO)
acetilen + H2O + H2S heterociklični ogljikovodiki
39
enostavni aldehidi (+ katalizatorji) aldoze
enostavni ketoni (+ katalizatorji) ketoze
C, N, O in H molekule fotokemijska sinteza aminokislin (
Millerjev in Ureyev poskus)
urea + amoniak + nenasičeni ogljikovodiki (+ katalizatorji)
piridini, pirimidini
aldolna kondenzacija maščobne kisline
Nadalje je mogoč nastanek nukleotidov, fosforjeve kisline,
polinukleotidov, ATP, beljakovin itd.
40
Oparin, A. I., 1961: Postanak
ţivota na Zemlji. Zavod za izd.
udţbenika NR Srbije,
Beograd. /prevod dela:
Oparin, A. I., 1957: Vozniknovenie ţizni na Zemle.
Izdatelstvo Adademii nauk
SSSR. Moskva./
Originalna
Millerjeva
risba
Grabnar, M. & T. Novak, 2000 : Genetika,
evolucija. DZS.
Millerjeva in Ureyeva naprava
43
Velik pomen hidrosfere za nastanek sestavin ţivih bitij zaradi
raztapljanja, disociacije, mešanja, omogočanja reakcij in stika z
anorganskimi katalizatorji (minerali glin, silikati itd.)
44
Različni minerali glin imajo
katalizatorske lastnosti
Netwig, W., S. Bacher, C.
Beierkuhnlein, R. Brandl & G.
Grabherr, 2004: Ökologie.
Spektrum.
Nastanek ţivega
• http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/ori
ginoflife.html
• The Origin of Life
• by Albrecht Moritz