Post on 20-Jun-2020
Name:________________________________________________________________________________________________Period:_____________Date:________________________
Prior Knowledge: ________________________ - life from non-living
Ex: ______________________________________________
________________________ - life from living
What was the purpose of Miller and Urey’s experiment?
Explain the endosymbiotic theory. How did cells change?Early Earth – Place the following items in correct order by numbering 1-9
_______Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen
_______Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis
_______Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains
_______Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms
_______Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA
_______Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere
_______Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth
_______Multicellular eukaryotes form
_______Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria.
How has life changed (evolved)?What came first?
Circle one of the pairs of terms below Explanation
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Autotrophic (make own food – plants) or
Heterotrophic (must obtain food – animals)
Aerobic (used oxygen) or Anaerobic (did not use oxygen)
What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic organisms? Hint: What reaction produces oxygen??
Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck._______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ - Organisms with useful traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring.
___________________________ - measure of an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce.
____________________________________________ - we are changed forms of our ancestors.
Lamarck – Use Disuse Hypothesis or Passing on of Acquired Characteristics
Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*** ______________ mutate
_________________ are selected
_________________ evolve***
2 Models for evolution:
_________________________ - gradual change over time leads to species formation
___________________ ___________________ – evolution occurs in spurts in which there are periods of rapid change in a species followed by periods of little or no change ( usually do to major environmental changes
Microevolution
small genetic changes in the gene pool of a population
______________ ____________ – all the alleles in a population (look at the # of B’s vs. the # of b’s)
3 types of natural selection that causes changes in gene pool:o ____________________ ___________________ – “it pays
to be different” – individuals with traits at one end are more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered moths
o ___________________ __________________ – “it pays to be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex: birth weights
o ________________________ or _______________ ________________________ – both ends of the range are favored and those in the middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks
Example of Microevolution (Directional Selection)
Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of certain trees were
a light color. The lighter peppered moths had an advantage
over the darker moths. The lighter moths were more likely to
________________________________________ so there
were more of them in the population.
Now, with the Industrial Revolution came ___________________.
The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths had the advantage.
Adaptations are dependent upon the ______________________.
Macroevolution - How new species are formed
______________________________ – changes in a species so a new species is formed
__________________________________ can lead to the formation of a new species
Sometimes organisms of the same species
become physically separated. The evolution of
separate species is largely due to genetic drift
(chance). After a long period of time even if the
two groups were to meet back up the organisms
may refuse to mate. At this point they would be
considered separate species. When one species
becomes 2 separate species this is called
______________________ ___________________.
__________________________ - changes
due to chance. Affects small populations more.
Types of Evolution ____________________________ – changes in genetic
composition of one species in response to change in another
Ex: flowers & pollinators
_____________________________________ - the changing
of organisms to fit new environments.
_______________________ - accumulation of differences
between groups which can lead to the formation of new species
__________________________ - organisms that are not
closely related evolve similar traits due to living in similar
environments. These are ________________________
structures.
Evidence for Evolution –
1. ____________________ - show patterns of development
______________________________________ – fossils found deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older than those found closer to the top.
2. Anatomical structuresa. ____________________ structures - structures that are present in an organism but reduced in
size or have less important function (Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in whales)
b. ____________________ structures - structures that share a common ancestry (similar structure but different functions) Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper
3. Molecular Evidence (DNA, RNA & Proteins) If species change over time then genes have also changed (DNA fingerprinting)
________________________ _______________ – a species from which 2 or more species
have diverged
Scientists look at _________________ and ___________________. The more similar the DNA
or protein sequence, between 2 different organisms, the more recently they shared a common
ancestor.
______________________ & ______________________ ___________ – show how organisms
are related through evolution
4. ______________________________ development shows common ancestry – similarities in early development show similar genes are at work
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance:
Antibiotics used only when needed and as directed usually overwhelm the bacteria. Too much antibiotic use selects for more resistant mutants. When patients cut short the full course of drugs, the resistant strains have a chance to multiply and spread.
2 Types of Immunity
________________________ – short-term immunity when antibodies produced for a pathogen injected into the body or a mother gives a baby short term immunity until the infant can make its own antibodies
Ex: being injected w/ antibodies that attack a rabies virus after being bitten
Receiving vaccines before going to another country
________________________ - body makes own antibodies in response to an antigen
How do Viruses infect Cells?
Treatment of Bacterial Infections:
o ________________________________ – block the growth or reproduction of bacteria (can’t be used to fight viruses)
o Taken after an infection has started Ex: Take antibiotics for strep throat.
Treatment/Prevention of Viral Infections:
o _______________________________ – solutions containing weakened or killed pathogens (a pathogen is anything that causes disease)
o Taken prior to an infection to build antibodies against the pathogen
o Sometimes antibiotics were prescribed for viral infections. Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. There are ______________________ medications that treat viral infections by preventing the virus from developing.
Antibodies and Antigens:
________________ – substance not recognized by the body that causes an immune response
Antibody – __________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
How does your body fight an infection???